对虾—罗非鱼—缢蛏封闭式综合养殖的水质研究

研究了对虾,罗非鱼和缢蛏封闭式综合养殖的环境状况,结果表明,混养各组环境状态总体要优于单养组,实验期间混养组DO的波动幅度略小于单养组,最低值则高于单养组;各混养组COD值和水层细菌数量相互差异不显著,但各混养组均显著低于单养组（t-检验,α＜0．05）,混养围隔水体有机质含量明显低于单养;混养各围隔组中浮游生物生物量,Chl.a均低于且,滤食性动物对浮游生物的压制作用明显,在底泥中,混养组N,P的积累量比单养组低39．76％和51．26％,混养组细胞总数则比单养组低7．63％,本研究表明,封闭式综合养殖可以大大减少注入近海的养殖污水的排放量,从而降低对近海水质的污染。     

不同放养和管理模式下三角帆蚌养殖水体中的浮游生物和初级生产力

通过围隔实验研究了3种放养(单养三角帆蚌,蚌与鲢、鳙混养,蚌与银鲫混养)和2种管理(施肥、投饵兼施肥)模式下养殖水体的浮游生物和初级生产力.结果表明:围隔内浮游植物主要为＜20 μm粒级的种类,其中蓝藻、绿藻和裸藻占优势,硅藻、隐藻、黄藻和甲藻的数量和质量较低;实验期间,围隔内浮游植物数量和质量平均值分别为0.35×109～1.26×109 ind·L-1和32～86 mg·L-1,其中三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养的围隔内浮游植物数量和质量较高,蓝藻和硅藻数量和质量明显高于其它围隔;围隔内浮游动物数量以原生动物最多,其质量则以轮虫占优势,枝角类和桡足类等大型浮游动物的数量较少;单养蚌的围隔内浮游动物质量最高;与混养围隔相比,单养蚌的围隔内轮虫质量在浮游动物中的比例较低,桡足类的比例相对较高;蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内浮游动物数量最多,原生动物数量在浮游动物中的比例分别高于单养蚌和蚌、银鲫混养的围隔,而轮虫的比例低于后者;实验期间,围隔内初级生产力平均值为4.11～5.45 g O2·m-2·d-1,水呼吸为2.39～4.12 g O2·m-2·d-1,初级生产力与水呼吸的比值为1.25～1.99;单养蚌的围隔内初级生产力最高,蚌、银鲫混养的围隔内初级生产力最低.结果表明:三角帆蚌养殖水体内浮游植物和浮游动物均表现出小型化的趋势;较高的浮游植物数量和质量,特别是较高的硅藻数量和质量,可能是三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内二龄蚌生长较好的原因之一;浮游植物种类组成较初级生产力对蚌生长的影响更大.     

对虾综合养殖围隔中浮游细菌生产力的研究

用5个养虾实验围隔研究了对虾综合养殖生态系浮游细菌的生产力。结果表明,生产量(μgC/L·d)变动在90～909之间,平均为292±141。对虾-罗非鱼-缢蛏混养及对虾-扇贝混养生态系细菌生产量相对稳定;对虾单养及对虾-缢蛏、对虾-罗非鱼混养生态系细菌生产量却变化较大。细菌生产量与水温、细菌生物量及浮游生物群落呼吸量均呈现显著相关性。细菌的日P/B系数变化在0.22～1.67(d-1)之间,平均为0.93±0.37(d-1)。细菌生产量与浮游植物毛生产量比值平均为0.15。     

不同草鱼池塘混养系统结构优化的实验研究

研究采用陆基围隔实验法,对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophythalmichthys molitrix)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)和凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)不同混养系统的养殖产量、投入产出比、氮磷利用率和综合养殖效果进行了研究。实验设置6个处理组,分别为草鱼单养(G)、草鱼和鲢鱼二元混养(GS)、草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼按照不同比例放养的三元混养(GSC1和GSC2)和草鱼、鲢鱼和凡纳滨对虾按照不同比例放养的三元混养(GSL1和GSL2)。研究结果表明,各处理组总产量在770480—11492.50 kg/hm2之间;饲料系数在1.00—1.38之间,以GSC1最低,各处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。N、P总相对利用率在2.01—7.37之间,以GSL2最高,G最低;投入产出比在1:1.41—1:2.12之间,以GSL2最高,G最低;综合效果指标在0.59—1.39之间,以GSL2最高,G最小。研究结果表明,混养组能显著提高养殖系统的产量,降低饲料系数,提高N、P利用率,从而有效提高草鱼养殖的经济效益和生态效益。     

盐碱池塘围隔生态系统的悬浮物结构及有机碳库储量

1 998年 4～ 7月对高青盐碱池塘单养鲢和罗非鱼围隔生态系统颗粒悬浮物构成和各有机碳库储量及动态进行了研究。结果表明 ,浮游生物的干重 (PZ)占总颗粒悬浮物干物质 (TS)的 4.2 6%～ 2 5 .97% ,平均 1 2 %。各围隔浮游植物干重(DWP)平均值变化范围为 0 .1 6～ 0 .70 mg/L,有鱼围隔均比无鱼围隔的大。浮游动物干重 (DWZ)平均值变化范围为0 .3 2～ 2 .81 mg/L,养鲢围隔中最小 ,小于无鱼对照围隔 ,养罗非鱼围隔明显高于养鲢围隔。颗粒悬浮物的灰分含量平均值为 42 .3 8%。溶解有机碳 (DOC)、颗粒有机碳 (POC)库储量平均值分别为 5 .40± 1 .61 mg C/L和 1 .96± 0 .96mg/L。各处理围隔间颗粒有机物的 C/N比的平均值比较接近 ,总平均值为 6.97± 0 .2 4。 TOC、DOC和 POC比例为 1∶ 0 .73∶0 .2 7。浮游生物碳和腐质颗粒碳占 POC的比例的平均值分别为 3 4.65 %和 65 .3 5 %。腐质颗粒碳、浮游动物碳与浮游植物碳的比例为 9.2 9∶ 3 .71∶ 1。浮游生物碳中浮游动物碳占 78.8% ,浮游植物碳占 2 1 .2 %。浮游动物碳比浮游植物碳高 ,这可能是内陆盐水的通性。盐碱池塘围隔生态系统颗粒有机碳 (POC,mg C/L)与浮游植物叶绿素 a(Chla,μg/L)和悬浮颗粒有机物 (SO,mg/L)之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,其回归方程分别为     

鱼虾混养生态系中细菌动态变化的研究

中国对虾和黑鲷混养生态系中几种主要细菌的动态变化研究结果表明 ,养殖初期 ,鱼虾混养池水体中异养菌总量和硝酸盐还原菌数量较低 ,但高于对照的对虾单养池 .随着养殖时间的推移 ,对照池的两种菌的菌量急剧增加 ,8、9月份菌量仍维持在较高水平 ;而混养池的菌量在高温季节虽有增加 ,但仍保持在 10 4 cells·ml-1范围内 ,增长幅度远远低于对照池 ,且 9月底开始下降 .底泥中的细菌数量与水体中细菌有相似的变化规律 ,但一般高于同期水中菌量 1～ 2个数量级 .混养池中的弧菌数量一直低于同期对照池 .可见 ,鱼虾混养可通过对养殖生态系中细菌的激活和调节作用 ,调节生态系统的物质循环 ,使其保持高速、稳定运行 ,为对虾生长提供一个健康而稳定的环境 ,同时增加综合养殖效益     

鲢放养和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响

报道了单养链（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响,链的放养使浮游植物丰度,叶绿素a 含量和和初组生产力增大,浮游植物小型化,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势,裸藻和金藻占有相当比重;浮游动物生物量减少,特别是枝角类的生物量无鱼围隔大于有鱼围隔,且多是较大型的种类,施肥特别是施无机肥能显著地提高浮游植物丰度和初级生产力,浮游动物生物量也增大,施有机肥围隔浮游植物和浮游动物生物量虽高于有鱼对照围隔,但其浮游植物初级生产力,叶绿素a含量,浮游生物多样性指数,P／R系数均较低,链鱼的生长最差,文中讨论了滤食性鱼类和施肥对浮游生物的影响。     

基于Miseq测序技术分析黄颡鱼不同养殖模式下池塘微生物群落结构多样性

利用Miseq测序技术分析了黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)三种养殖模式[(黄颡鱼单养、黄颡鱼混养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Valenciennes)和黄颡鱼混养草鱼、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis, Richardson)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes)]下养殖水体及底泥微生物群落结构多样性。结果显示, 12个样本共获得了655100条合格16S rDNA序列, 每个样本获得的有效序列数目为41256—77508, 可归纳为608—3686个分类操作单元。α多样性指数结果表明, 在三种养殖模式下末期水体的微生物群落丰度和多样性均高于养殖初期, 黄颡鱼混养草鱼模式下水体的群落丰度最高(Chao1指数: 2199.25, ACE指数: 2374.60), 黄颡鱼混养草鱼、鲢、鳙模式下水体微生物群落多样性最高(Shannon指数: 4.88, Simpson指数: 0.021)。样本聚类分析及PcoA主坐标分析结果表明, 黄颡鱼单养及黄颡鱼、草鱼混养模式下的水体和底泥的菌群组成及群落结构相似性较高, 黄颡鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙混养模式下样本单独形成一类。从门水平的比较分析发现, 所有样本检测到细菌有8门, 其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的物种丰度在所有样本中占绝对优势地位。放线菌门(Actinobacteria)在养殖末期升高成为水体中占比第二的优势门, 尤其是黄颡鱼混养草鱼模式下(37.6%)。黄颡鱼在单养模式下, 养殖末期水体拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌含量均明显增加(1.95%到10.98%)。从属水平的比较分析发现, 各样本之间的优势属组成有较大差异, 其中黄颡鱼在单养模式下水体样本中气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)在养殖末期丰度占优势(5.81%)。从微生物群落结构和多样性的角度考虑, 黄颡鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙混养是一种值得推荐的养殖模式。     

对虾养殖围隔生态系浮游生物群落有机碳的代谢

浮游生物是虾池养殖生态系统生物群落的重要组分 ,在系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着重要作用。开展对虾养殖水体浮游生物群落有机碳代谢的研究 ,对阐明虾池养殖生态系统的结构与功能以及指导水质管理均有重要意义。本采用原位实验生态学方法 ,用中尺度实验围隔开展了研究。1　材料与方法1 1　实验围隔及管理实验围隔为 5ｍ× 5ｍ的陆基围隔。以高密度两面涂塑的聚乙烯编织布做围隔幔 ,围隔幔下部埋入池塘底泥 0 5ｍ ,并以木桩和青竹为支架架设于池塘中 (围隔内水深 1 0ｍ )。为了模拟池塘水体的自然混合状况 ,在围隔中间架设了一台 90Ｗ…     

稻田不同放养规格的克氏原螯虾生长性能及养殖效果

通过稻田原位围隔(每个20 m2)试验,比较了不同规格的克氏原螯虾生长、存活及养殖效果。试验设计了三个不同放养规格处理组,小规格平均体重为3. 35 g,中规格为6. 49 g,大规格为10. 35 g,每个处理组有3个重复,试验开始时投放的虾种生物量均为1 000 g。试验结果为:小规格组围隔内伊乐藻生物量和覆盖度急剧减少,可能与放养密度过高有关;虾体重特定生长率与放养规格呈现负相关的趋势;大规格组的存活率(77. 3%)最高,显著高于中规格组(58. 1%)和小规格组(60. 1%);大规格组试验前后的性比出现了显著的变化,但中规格组和小规格组试验前后的性比均无明显变化;经过45 d养殖,大规格组平均体重为45. 15 g、单个围隔平均产量为3. 64 kg;中规格组平均体重37. 64 g、围隔平均产量3. 32 kg;小规格组平均体重27. 47g、围隔平均产量5. 08 kg;大规格组饲料系数为1. 85,中规格组1. 77,小规格组2. 34;大规格组单个围隔毛利润为165元,中规格组79元,小规格组96元。这些结果表明放养大规格(10 g左右)虾种时,养殖死亡率低、产品档次高,因而能以较低的产量获得最好的经济效益。     

大黄鱼池塘不同混养模式生态学特征比较

利用菊花江蓠、双齿围沙蚕和大黄鱼在陆基围隔中构建鱼+藻(FG)、鱼+藻+沙蚕(FGP)以及鱼+沙蚕(FP)3种复合养殖模式,以单养鱼(F)模式为对照,探讨不同模式系统的沉积物、水体环境状况、养殖效益及氮、磷元素的回收效率.结果表明:菊花江蓠主要作用于系统水体中氮和磷的净化,具藻处理中氮、磷含量均显著低于无藻处理,对于水体环境中磷的利用效率达到投入量的33.8%～34.0%;沙蚕作用主要体现在对沉积物环境的改善,具沙蚕处理中氮、磷含量低于不具沙蚕处理,且在沉积物表层(1～2 cm)和次表层(2～4 cm)差异均显著.相对于F处理,FGP及FP处理总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和无机磷(IP)分别下降了8.9%～9.2%、6.1%～6.3%和8.0%～8.1%.沙蚕对于沉积物中磷的回收达到投入量的7.5%～7.8%,有效减缓了磷在沉积物中的积累.FGP系统具有最佳的物质利用率及资源效益.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution pattern of nitrogen fixing bacteria in fish ponds under different management systems

Enumeration of nitrogen fixing bacterial population in water and sediment samples of six fish farming ponds (polyculture, monoculture and traditional systems) over a period of two and a half years revealed significant differences between the culture systems with maximal and lowest counts in the monoculture and traditional systems, respectively. Polynomial equations of the 2nd to 4th degree were used to represent the observed seasonal data in these ponds. The bacterial populations peaked in summer, while the lowest count was observed in winter. The environmental factors such as pH, different species of nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon were responsible for the seasonal changes in nitrogen fixing bacteria.     

Effects of water-column mixing on bacteria,phytoplankton, and rotifers under different levels of herbivory in a shallow eutrophic lake

Water-column mixing is known to have a decisive impact on plankton communities. The underlying mechanisms depend on the size and depth of the water body, nutrient status and the plankton community structure, and they are well understood for shallow polymictic and deep stratified lakes. Two consecutive mixing events of similar intensity under different levels of herbivory were performed in enclosures in a shallow, but periodically stratified, eutrophic lake, in order to investigate the effects of water-column mixing on bacteria abundance, phytoplankton abundance and diversity, and rotifer abundance and fecundity. When herbivory by filter-feeding zooplankton was low, water-column mixing that provoked a substantial nutrient input into the euphotic zone led to a strong net increase of bacteria and phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton diversity was lower in the mixed enclosures than in the undisturbed ones because of the greater contribution of a few fast-growing species. After the second mixing event, at a high biomass of filter-feeding crustaceans, the increase of phytoplankton biomass was lower than after the first mixing, and diversity remained unchanged because enhanced growth of small fast-growing phytoplankton was prevented by zooplankton grazing. Bacterial abundance did not increase after the second mixing, when cladoceran biomass was high. Changes in rotifer fecundity indicated a transmission of the phytoplankton response to the next trophic level. Our results suggest that water-column mixing in shallow eutrophic lakes with periodic stratification has a strong effect on the plankton community via enhanced nutrient availability rather than resuspension or reduced light availability. This fuels the basis of the classic and microbial food chain via enhanced phytoplankton and bacterial growth, but the effects on biomass may be damped by high levels of herbivory. Received: 3 May 1999 / Accepted: 13 April 2000     

Fish-zooplankton interactions and their effects on water quality of a tropical Brazilian reservoir

The influence of zooplanktivorous fishes on the plankton community and water quality of Americana Reservoir, Brazil was studied experimentally in 4 floating enclosures during the dry seasons (July–September) of 1982 and 1983. Two enclosures were stocked with adult fish (Astyanax bimaculatus in 1982;A. fasciatus in 1983) at near maximal densities measured in the reservoir upper surface waters (35 m^–2) and two were fish-free during each experiment lasting about one month. Marked differences were evident between the fish and fish-free enclosures after a 2–3 week period in each experiment, particularly with respect to water transparency, phytoplankton biomass, and zooplankton abundance as well as species and size composition. By the end of each experiment water transparencies were lower and phytoplankton biomass higher in the fish enclosures compared to those without fish. Also at that time Rotifera were the prominent zooplankters in the fish enclosures and Cladocera in the fish-free ones. Larger or more conspicuous species of Cladocera asDaphnia gessneri, D. ambigua, andMoina micrura were present in the fish-free enclosures but not in the fish enclosures. The interactions between fish predation, zooplankton grazing, phytoplankton biomass and water quality conditions are discussed in relation to eutrophication of a tropical aquatic ecosystem.     

硝化细菌对加州鲈池塘水质影响及底质净化作用

为研究有益菌硝化细菌(Nitrifying bacteria)对加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)高密度养殖池塘水质及底质的影响,在模拟加州鲈高密度养殖池塘单独施用硝化细菌,通过检测养殖水体pH、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)等水质指标,底质沉积物中有机物、全氮及全磷等指标以及池塘浮游动植物量,以评价硝化细菌处理对加州鲈高密度养殖水体水质影响及底质净化作用。结果表明,硝化细菌能够稳定养殖水体pH,降低水体亚硝酸盐氮浓度,减缓养殖水体TN浓度上升,去除底质沉积物中有机物及全磷含量,有机物去除率达54.17%,全磷去除率达43.34%。硝化细菌处理前期浮游动植物总量高于对照池塘,后期逐渐减少并趋于稳定。     

Planktonic and sediment bacterial communities in an integrated mariculture system

An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, with one fish cage model surrounded by an island and shellfish rafts, was used in the current study. Planktonic and sediment bacterial communities in the IMTA system were monitored over four seasons in 2019. In both plankton and sediment samples, the most dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. Sediment bacterial samples were more similar and had higher levels of biodiversity than planktonic bacterial samples. Obvious seasonal variations were found in plankton samples, but not in sediment samples. No obvious inter-site variations in planktonic and sediment bacteria (fish cages, shellfish rafts and control sites) were found and the results suggested that no obvious impact of feeding operations in fish culture cage model on bacterial communities in the IMTA system was observed in this study. Based on the sequence data, some faecal indicator bacteria and potentially pathogenic bacterial species were detected. According to the results, the bacterial water quality in the IMTA system was acceptable. PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) analysis revealed that the primary difference in potential functional roles of planktonic and sediment bacteria was amino acid transport and metabolism, which was active in different seasons.     

Does a multi‐plant diet benefit a polyphagous herbivore? A case study with Bemisia tabaci

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a highly polyphagous herbivore. This research was conducted to compare the development of B. tabaci reared in a multi‐plant treatment (polyculture) with those in single‐plant treatments (monocultures). Adult B. tabaci females fed on a mixture of tomato, cabbage, cotton, cucumber, and kidney bean survived longer and laid more eggs than those fed exclusively on one of these plant species. Egg numbers per plant laid in the polyculture treatment were positively correlated with those laid on the same plant species in the monoculture treatments, and egg numbers per plant laid on tomato, cotton, and cucumber in the polyculture were significantly higher than those laid on the same plants in the monocultures. Concentrations of total protein and trehalose in B. tabaci were not significantly different after 7 days of feeding in the respective treatments, but activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) of B. tabaci in polyculture were lower than those in monoculture. Conversely, activities of trehalase, sucrase, and amylase in B. tabaci kept in polyculture were higher than those of insects from the monoculture. In each of the monoculture treatments, there was a negative correlation between AKP in B. tabaci and oviposition, and also between AKP and amylase. SOD and sucrase activities in B. tabaci were positively correlated with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities in plants. In the plants damaged by whiteflies in the polyculture treatment, activities of SOD in cucumber, PPO in cotton and kidney bean, and POD in tomato and cucumber were lower than those in the monoculture treatments, whereas SOD in cabbage and catalase (CAT) in tomato in the polyculture treatment were higher than those in the monoculture treatments.     

海水混养池塘虾蛤肠道与养殖环境的微生物多样性

【背景】海水混养池塘环境微生物以及动物肠道微生物的群落结构已有研究,但对混养环境中多品种动物肠道与环境微生物群落的关系尚未见报道。【目的】研究海水虾蛤混养环境中微生物多样性以及与养殖动物健康之间的关系。【方法】采用Illumina高通量测序技术测定冬季莆田市北江养殖区2个混养池塘中水体、底泥以及虾蛤肠道的菌群结构。【结果】同一池塘水体与底泥之间、不同池塘水体或底泥之间的微生物结构存在一定的差异;同一养殖区2个混养池塘虾与蛤肠道微生物结构之间具有极高的相似性,与养殖环境存在显著的差异。微生物多样性和丰富度差异很大,表现出底泥水体肠道;虾蛤肠道微生物以厚壁细菌和γ-变形细菌为主;池塘水体以放线菌、α-变形细菌以及拟杆菌为主,底泥以γ-变形细菌和δ-变形细菌为主。养殖动物肠道微生物主要优势种为乳球菌属和假单胞菌属,池塘环境内存在较高丰度的黄杆菌类潜在致病菌,而在虾和蛤的肠道中基本未检出。2个池塘底泥硫还原细菌含量较高,增加了底质产生硫化氢等有害物质的风险。【结论】比较混养池塘中水体、底泥以及虾蛤肠道三者之间微生物群落结构的差异,揭示虾、贝混养模式微生物与养殖环境的关系,为池塘养殖虾、贝疾病防治和混养结构的优化提供参考。