国土空间规划体系下风景园林规划研究

风景园林是绿色发展的重要载体,在国土空间规划变革的背景下,明确其在国土空间规划体系中的任务迫在眉睫。通过回顾国土空间规划的推进历史,总结风景园林规划对接国土空间规划体系的关键点,厘清目前风景园林的定位与职能。提出风景园林规划应有效地纳入国土空间规划体系,其内容不仅包括自然保护地规划与国家公园规划,还应发挥面向全域统筹的风景治理作用,从国土空间的空间格局开发保护、 城乡区域的统筹调适、城镇功能控制区的提升增质3个层面全面参与国土空间规划,从而构建中国特色风景园林规划体系。风景园林规划不仅顺应了国家治理的基本价值导向,而且对坚持生态文明、促进人与自然和谐共生、建设美丽国土空间、面向美好生活意义重大。     

生态韧性视角下绿色空间时空演变及优化研究进展

在快速城镇化以及全球气候变化的背景下,城市面临着严重的生态环境挑战。如何提升生态系统韧性,增强城市抵抗内外干扰的能力对区域可持续发展至关重要,已引起学界及社会各界的高度重视。绿色空间是协调生态环境与城乡发展的重要抓手,也是落实生态韧性提升的重要载体,结构完整、功能完善的绿色空间能够有效提升城市应对环境风险的能力。因此,在梳理多学科背景下绿色空间研究视角与研究内容的基础上,阐述绿色空间时空演变、驱动机制、情景模拟等方面的研究进展。此外,基于对生态韧性理论发展历程以及国内外相关研究的梳理,总结不同尺度下以生态韧性提升为导向的绿色空间优化路径,探讨各尺度绿色空间生态韧性分析及优化与现行绿地系统规划、国土空间规划体系的衔接。最后,对比国内外研究进展,提出国内未来研究应更加关注多层级生态韧性评价体系构建、社会-生态系统的整体分析以及阈值视角下不同生态韧性绿色空间的分区治理,以期扩展绿色空间规划与建设的思路,助力自然和社会空间的协调配合与共同发展。     

生态文明背景下三生空间研究：内涵、进展与对策

“三生空间”作为人类活动与自然资源的空间载体,是一个多要素交互作用、多尺度空间嵌套的复杂空间系统。科学认识“三生空间”的理论内涵与实现路径是生态文明建设面临的核心命题,更是当前国土空间规划所面临的空间协同管控问题。从历史维度、理论维度、实践维度探讨了“三生空间”的科学内涵、研究进展与对策;通过历史溯源梳理了人类文明进程中“三生空间”从“混沌”到“协同”演进过程与趋势,探究了“三生空间”在生态文明背景下的科学性与学理性;遵循“根本性-规律性-操作性”的逻辑综述了国内外学者在“三生空间”的研究成果;从关系机制、方法体系、空间表征、管控方案四个方面探讨了“三生空间”协同管控的对策。未来“三生空间”研究应是着眼复杂的国土空间现状与协同的空间管控模式,提升对空间本质的认识维度,建立以人为本的科学研究范式,为国土空间规划提供科学的理论支撑。     

山水园林城市生态空间规划研究——以南宁市为例

生态空间是维持城市可持续发展的自然基础，其组成、规模及分布对国土空间生态安全具有重要影响。国土空间规划和城乡规划建设管理必须遵循"山水林田湖草是生命共同体"理念，优化国土空间开发保护格局，合理保护与利用生态空间。以南宁市为例，在梳理国土空间用途管制相关概念的基础上，提出了以生态控制线为核心的生态空间管控体系，通过生态安全评价与生态敏感性评价，识别研究区关键生态问题与核心生态资源，构建区域生态安全格局并划定生态控制线，制定空间管制方案，建立了一种基于"本底评价-格局构建-底线管控"的生态空间规划方法。结果表明：（1）研究区整体生态安全状态较好，但建设用地侵占生态空间的问题有待解决。（2）研究区生态高度敏感区占比40.70%，在空间上集中连片分布，生态连通性较高，是生态安全格局和生态控制线的主要载体。（3）研究区生态安全格局由"一轴、一环、五区，多廊道、多节点"的生态要素构成。（4）研究区生态控制线占比达86.03%，通过实施分级管制，严格保护核心生态资源，合理利用次级生态资源。（5）生态控制线实现了对全域生态空间的管制，是国土空间规划和城乡规划建设管理的前提和基础。研究成果可为南宁市国土空间规划和生态保护修复提供技术与决策支撑，也可为其他城市的生态空间规划提供参考。     

基于形态学空间格局分析的汝州市蓝绿生态网络构建与规划应用

国土空间规划是实现生态文明建设的重要工具和手段，在国土空间规划过程中提升城市蓝绿空间生态服务能力并与规划策略结合至关重要。本研究以河南省汝州市为研究区，采用形态空间格局分析、连通性分析和最小累积阻力模型等方法构建现状蓝绿生态网络，并探索廊道构建在国土空间规划中的应用。结果表明：汝州市域范围内1级核心斑块共有7个，主要分布在市域西南部与东北部的山林空间和中部汝河构成的带状生态空间，2级核心斑块共有9个；筛选出256条生态廊道，135个生态节点，廊道大部分穿越汝河。应重点保护汝河及其周边环境，为生物南北迁移提供临时栖息地，提高整体生态网络的稳定性，并重点关注市域西侧与南侧廊道断裂点的修复；在国土空间规划的应用中，一方面可引导城镇开发边界的划分，另一方面可为规划视角下廊道的功能定位与分类管控提供科学依据。     

国家公园规划制度功能定位与空间属性

我国将构建统一的国土空间规划体系, 整体谋划国土空间开发保护格局, 强化对各类专项规划的指导约束, 这必将对国家公园保护制度产生重大影响。本文分析了国土空间规划视角下国家公园规划制度的定位, 阐述了国家公园规划承载空间规划与发展规划两大体系的基本属性, 应在国土空间规划体系中具有优先权和前置权; 重点分析了各国家公园总体规划在国家规划体系中的功能与属性特征, 作为空间规划应承接好上位空间规划对国家公园的控制指标和管控要求, 作为建设规划应承接好上位或同域国民经济发展规划等对国家公园的目标任务要求, 作为管理规划要明确国家公园顺畅运行的要求。国家公园应在分区规划、控制性详细规划等专项规划方面寻求创新, 探索国家公园用途管制的实现模式。     

国土空间规划体系背景下市县级蓝绿空间系统专项规划的编制构想

蓝绿空间系统规划作为市县级国土空间规划的专项规划之一,是传导和落实国土空间总体规划要求、引导蓝绿空间分类细化和建设实施的重要途径,是空间规划体系改革的突出亮点。编制的重点是中心城区的城镇发展区层次,应包括总则、系统布局、用地分类规划、蓝绿空间控制规划、专业建设规划、规划实施等内容,应遵循生态优先、安全优先、高品质生活、高质量发展和高水平治理的编制技术路线。作为专项规划,还应在现状评估体系、多元规划实践的技术体系、相关规划协调、规划传导机制、面向实施的政策保障措施等诸多方面开展深入研究。     

生态空间区划体系的理论内涵及关键技术研究

生态空间是维护区域可持续发展的重要组成部分,是国土空间规划体系的核心领域。生态空间区划是国土空间管控的重要内容,是解决区域供需矛盾,维护国土安全的重要手段。研究在系统总结现有生态区划理论、技术和方法的基础上,探讨了目前生态区划存在的不足,进一步提出新时代生态空间区划的理论、内涵和国土空间规划背景下生态空间区划技术要点。生态空间区划是以生态空间提供生态系统服务,维系生态安全为基础,从区域尺度以山水林田湖草生命共同体理念综合辨识分类生态空间。评价指标体系应基于生态功能区划和环境功能区划,结合政策目标、居民需求并参考区域城镇化特征及未来发展定位,以生态系统服务、生态敏感性、生态质量、生态健康等多因子评价为主。生态空间区划的目的是对生态空间开展保护、修复、和高质量开发建设,因此生态空间区划阈值的选取要立足于政策目标、居民需求和可持续发展,按照生态系统服务供需耦合机制划定生态空间分区,并及时调整。研究还基于现阶段区域尺度下生态空间区划的难点,从加强生态空间区划体系的应用、加强生态空间基础数据库的构建、加强命名规范等方面进行了工作展望。     

管控视角下生态空间与生态保护红线关系研究

国土空间规划背景下, 生态保护红线是在生态空间的现有基础上提出管控要求, 但其与各类生态空间的管控要求之间是否兼容以及如何协调, 仍需要梳理。本研究首先将生态空间划分为自然和管理两大属性和宏观、中观和微观三个层次进行类型体系梳理; 然后, 基于管控视角, 从管理目标、管控内容与管控强度三方面着重探讨13类生态空间与生态保护红线的差异。在管控目标方面, 两者的支持与调节目标兼容度较高, 供给与文化目标定位差异较大; 在管控内容方面, 差异主要表现在培育修复类和人工利用类; 在管控强度方面, 生态保护红线两级管控强度和生态空间三级管控强度不完全匹配。建议以“两大属性三个层次”系统完善生态空间类型体系, 从管理目标、管控内容与管控强度三方面进行生态空间管控要求体系化构建; 进一步完善生态保护红线管控内容和管控强度, 使其与对应的各类生态空间管控要求更好地协调。     

面向生态修复的自然资源资产评估与应用研究——以广州市为例

生态修复是国土空间治理的重要内容。做好生态受损、功能退化地区的辨识并因地施策,是科学编制国土空间规划、实施生态修复重大工程的优先任务。基于自然资源资产评估方法,探索提出一种面向生态保护与修复规划的应用路径。在自然资源资产理念与方法评估辨析基础上,以广州为例,构建在地化的自然资源实物核算、生态系统服务功能价值评估框架,开展生态修复空间辨识,提出空间规划应对策略。主要研究结论：(1)2009年广州市自然资源资产总值约8334亿元,2019年为12025亿元;(2)自然资源资产价值总体呈上升趋势;剔除价格上涨因素后,调节与支持服务价值有所下降,生态保护与修复工作仍待强化;(3)提出自然资源资产评估在国土空间规划生态重要性地区识别、生态空间主导功能分区、生态治理重点研判等规划应用。最后,就如何提高自然资源资产评估的合理性与准确性,自然资源资产评估方法在不同层次国土空间生态修复规划中的适应性,如何基于自然资产评估推动生态修复规划实施等方面进行了讨论。     

稳定与变革：德国景观规划在空间规划中的基础作用及社会变化下的挑战

中国的国土空间规划体系正在经历变革,规划编制和管控技术需要风景园林的视角。针对空间规划和风景园林的衔接问题,通过总结相关文献和报告,介绍德国景观规划的发展经验。德国作为实行空间规划体系的国家其景观规划对自然保护和景观多种功能的平衡做出了重要贡献。研究梳理德国景观规划的目标、层级、基础作用、模块设置以及对社会发展需求的灵敏反应。德国景观规划对中国风景园林衔接新的空间规划体系具有借鉴意义,特别是模块式的任务构建,在各尺度层级保持连贯的目标体系,以及系统地革新理论框架。     

Making the Case for Marine Spatial Planning in the Maltese Islands

Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been gaining in stature recently as an ecosystem-based tool for the management of marine space that promotes the sustainable and optimal use of resources with minimal stakeholder conflicts. Malta is the quintessential maritime nation, with a disproportionately large marine area compared to its terrestrial area. Nonetheless, its limited coastline, a considerable portion of which is inaccessible, poses inevitable conflicts between multiple marine activities and designations, including aquaculture, fishing, bunkering, coastal tourism, navigation, renewable energy installations, conservation of biological diversity and protected areas (on ecological criteria). This article makes the case to implement MSP-based policies and an applicable legal framework in the Maltese Islands.     

Planning oral health care for the elderly in Israel for the years 2000 and 2025

The methodology and conclusions of this workshop arc reported here because the problems requiring solution are not unique to Israel. They will increasingly have wide geographical and political application. The population of Israel since its establishment in 1948 has increased about sixfold. The numbers of the elderly (65+) have increased about tenfold. The current situation must be examined and estimates obtained for the next ten years. Only thus can the system be enabled to cope with the problem as it develops. The chosen method was a carefully preplanned, multisectorial workshop. Recommendations were discussed, amended and finalised. The recommendations of the workshop included: Baseline national data is urgently required. Guidelines are required for selecting specific target populations to which priority should be given. The current favourable situation of adequate oral health manpower in Israel makes it possible to encourage providers of oral health care towards treatment for the elderly. It is essential that the appropriate health authorities allocate sufficient funds for the following urgent purposes: the conduct of a national survey of the elderly population; the establishment of oral health units on a trial basis in some selected hospitals; support institutions of higher education to facilitate training in geriatric dentistry. Conclusions. The workshop was multidisciplinary because it was necessary to include all the expertise and experience available as vital elements of the policy making process. This type of workshop was found to be an effective tool for planning oral health services.     

Toward an applied human ecology for Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning

The case study, located in the Kennett region of southeastern Pennsylvania, illustrates an approach to planning which uses ethnographic and ecological research. Here, information was gathered concerning local values with reference to land use in an effort to consider the consequences of the use of particular sets of values in the planning process. The approach is illustrated by reference to water resource use by different groups in the region.     

Planning for Implementation: Landscape‐Level Restoration Planning in an Agricultural Setting

The conservation of biodiversity in highly fragmented landscapes often requires large‐scale habitat restoration in addition to traditional biological conservation techniques. The selection of priority restoration sites to support long‐term persistence of biodiversity within landscape‐scale projects however remains a challenge for many restoration practitioners. Techniques developed under the paradigm of systematic conservation planning may provide a template for resolving these challenges. Systematic conservation planning requires the identification of conservation objectives, the establishment of quantitative targets for each objective, and the identification of areas which, if conserved, would contribute to meeting those targets. A metric developed by systematic conservation planners termed “irreplaceability” allows for analysis and prioritization of such conservation options, and allows for the display of analysis results in a way that can engage private landowners and other decision makers. The process of systematic conservation planning was modified to address landscape‐level restoration prioritization in southern Ontario. A series of recent and locally relevant landscape ecology studies allowed the identification of restoration objectives and quantitative targets, and a simple algorithm was developed to identify and prioritize potential restoration projects. The application of an irreplaceability analysis to landscape‐level restoration planning allowed the identification of varying needs throughout the planning region, resulting from underlying differences in topography and settlement patterns, and allowed the effective prioritization of potential restoration projects. Engagement with rural landowners and agricultural commodity groups, as well as the irreplaceability maps developed, ultimately resulted in a substantial increase in the number and total area of habitat restoration projects in the planning region.     

试论城市景观生态规划

１引言从１９世纪末英国社会活动家Ｅ．Ｈｏｗａｒｄ的“田园城市”设想,到现代城市的园林规划设计,充分体现了城市需要自然,城市是自然的一部分。随着城市环境问题的出现,以及人们需求的提高,城市景观生态规划就显得更加重要。景观生态规划是景观生态学研究的领域之...     

The Need for Strategic Planning in Passive Restoration of Wildlife Populations

There are two reasons for strategic planning in passive wildlife restoration: first, to maximize the potential for colonization of restoration sites in challenged landscapes, and second, to maximize the contribution of each restoration project to regional, management area, ecosystem, or target species goals. Landscape configuration and the demographic/dispersal characteristics of target species can govern the level of wildlife response to habitat restoration projects. This is particularly true for fragmented habitats in rapidly suburbanizing areas, where the widely held notion that wildlife can colonize any restored habitat is challenged by barriers to dispersal. Because habitat restoration is a passive means of restoring wildlife populations, equal weight needs to be given to the context (likelihood of site colonization by target species) as well as the content (habitat) of restoration projects. Defining spatial patterns of demography, dispersion, and dispersal allows restorationists to place projects where they can have the greatest impact on the threats and sensitivities of target species, and the greatest contribution to the persistence and/or recovery of populations. Further, it provides a means of evaluating the relative potential worth of different restoration sites. If passive wildlife restoration is to be successful, the constraints to colonization need to be interpreted with regional goals of ecosystem and species management in mind.