基于自然地理特征的长江口水域分区

河口分区是营养盐基准制定的前提,也是进行河口资源管理的得力工具。基于长江口2005-2006年的调查数据,参考国内外相关研究成果,结合长江口本身的特征,提出以自然地理特征为基础,利用层级分区方法,对长江口水域进行分区。经一、二级分区后,长江口水域可划分为长江口过渡区、长江口外近海区、杭州湾和舟山海区等4个海区。4个海区的自然地理特征各具特色,且各海区间的分界线具有明确的地理学意义。采用单因素方差分析法对各分区的水体特征和沉积物特征进行一致性检验,不同分区间的差异性较为显著,说明分区结果较为合理。     

基于陆海统筹的九龙江-厦门湾海岸生态过渡带综合监测体系构建

海岸带是陆地和海洋之间的生态过渡带,生态保护和开发利用矛盾突出。而生态与环境监测是海岸带环境污染治理与生态保护的重要基础,是海岸带可持续发展的关键。在分析目前海岸带监测存在的问题基础上,以九龙江-厦门湾为研究对象,通过遥感和生物监测、标准衔接、采样和分析仪器以及在线监测系统研发等技术集成,构建了从污染源、环境质量到生态系统以及景观层次的一体化综合生态监测体系。该体系基于常规监测,建立了基于生态系统的河流-河口（近海）生物、水体和沉积物的生态环境一体化监测;探索制定了适用于九龙江河口不同盐度区的营养盐基准/标准系列推荐值;基于营养盐污染入海总量控制目标,构建了河流入海污染物通量在线监测系统;通过遥感监测和实地调查相结合,实现了从关键生态系统到景观的海岸带综合生态监测。基于综合监测体系,构建了兼顾陆海的河口湾区域生态安全评价指标体系,实现区域生态系统可持续发展或生态安全的动态评价。因此,通过上述系统的集成,成功实现了从陆域（流域）到河口（近海）一体化综合生态监测,可为海岸带地区的生态质量改善、污染防治、主要污染物排放总量控制、生态安全评价、生态保护与修复等提供科学支撑。     

长江口及邻近海域富营养化指标原因变量参照状态的确定

河口区参照状态的确定是营养盐基准制定的核心步骤.采用参照点或观测点指标频数分布曲线法,利用长江口及邻近海域1992-2010年的调查数据,针对长江口外海区及舟山海区富营养化指标的原因变量,即无机氮和活性磷酸盐,进行参照状态值的确定.经分析,长江口外海区无机氮各季节参照状态可确定如下:春季为0.317mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.211mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.014mg/L、夏季为0.009 mg/L、秋季为0.018 mg/L;舟山海区无机氮各季节参照状态确定如下:春季为0.372mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.441 mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.020mg/L、夏季为0.018 mg/L、秋季为0.029 mg/L.     

生态系统营养结构多样性的测度

生态系统层次上的生物多样性是指生物圈内生境、生物群落和生态过程以及生态系统的多样性,营养结构和营养过程的多样性是其中最重要的一个方面。本文通过宏观营养动力学的理论和方法,对生态系统营养结构进行分析,定义了反映生态系统营养结构多样性的两类指标,即营养物与流通量沿宏观营养链分布特征的多样性(D_Ⅰ),以及所有宏观营养级上营养物与流通量在不同分室上分布特征的多样性(D_Ⅱ)。这两类多样性是度量生态系统营养结构多样性的两个基本测度。     

河口生态系统健康评价研究进展

河口生态系统一方面能提供多样化的生态服务和较多的经济产出,但同时也更易受到人类活动的影响。合理评价河口生态系统健康有利于了解河口生态系统现状,为可持续利用河口生态系统提供科学依据。本文在查阅国内外大量文献的基础上,对河口生态系统的特征、健康内涵以及健康标准进行了归纳和分析,并系统论述了河口生态系统健康的评价指标、评价方法、指标筛选原则以及主流评价指标体系和评价模型,概述了RS和GIS技术在河口生态系统健康评价中的应用。针对目前研究中存在的主要问题,提出了河口生态系统健康评价研究的发展方向,认为今后开展河口生态系统健康评价研究还需要在概念、影响机理、空间尺度选取以及新技术新方法的应用等方面进一步加强。     

基于稳定同位素的湿地食物源判定和食物网构建研究进展

湿地生物营养动力学是湿地生态系统结构和功能评价研究的基础.碳、氮稳定同位素作为识别营养关系的方法,已在湿地生态系统食物来源、组成和食物链传递研究中得到广泛运用.本文系统综述了稳定同位素食物贡献度计算模型和营养级确定的基本方法和理论;讨论了动物营养分馏值和基线的选择依据;概括了湿地生态系统典型食物源及其稳定同位素变化特征;总结了草食、杂食和肉食等不同营养级动物的食物来源.指出了稳定同位素在湿地食物源溯源和食物网研究中的不足;基于国内外研究现状和发展趋势及需求,展望了未来同位素技术在湿地食物网生态学研究中的运用前景和研究重点,提出需要加强稳定同位素营养分馏和基线的影响因素、样品处理和保存方式研究以及胃含物、分子标记物和多元素同位素结合分析.     

参照点位法下的参照状态在草原生态系统损害基线判定中的应用分析

生态环境损害基线的判定是环境损害鉴定与评估的基础与前提。参照点位法作为目前损害基线判定中使用最为广泛的方法之一,有效弥补了历史数据不完善的问题。在基线判断的过程中,参照点位选择的不同,会导致判定基线的参照状态不同,进而影响对人类干扰程度的判定和损害基线的基准值的设定。但目前缺乏统一的对草原生态系统参照状态的讨论与分析。提出了草原生态系统参照点位法的评价指标体系,对文献资料中的样点进行分类和筛选,形成4种参照状态,选择最优的参照状态对损害基线进行判定,并以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特典型草原区为案例进行实例分析。结果表明:对于自然保护区、草原实验站宜采用极小干扰状态和历史状态作为基线标准。对于实施了人为正向干扰的地区宜采用最佳可获得状态作为基线标准。对于草原的其他大部分地区,宜采用最低干扰状态作为基线标准。     

珠江河口的浮游细菌生态学研究进展

河口地区是海陆交互作用的集中地带,生态环境十分脆弱敏感,物质循环机制复杂,而浮游细菌(bacterioplankton)参与的生态过程是河口生态系统物质循环的重要环节。珠江河口是独特的典型亚热带河口。近年的研究表明,浮游细菌在珠江河口生态系统物质循环中占有重要地位,其生产力和丰度受噬菌原生动物(鞭毛虫)和病毒的控制,而且其生物量与浮游植物的数量具有显著的相关性。珠江河口的优势浮游细菌类群为变型菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝藻菌(Cyanobacteria)等,浮游细菌丰度和群落结构变化主要受到盐度、温度、营养盐水平等因素的影响。珠江河口浮游细菌与地球物质循环功能鲜有报道,而且珠江河口生态系统中有机质的浮游细菌转化机制和生态学效应更是没有深入研究。基于此,本文全面综述了珠江河口浮游细菌种类组成、分布、生物量、地球物质循环及其环境影响因素等方面的研究进展,有助于系统性地揭示近海生态系统的特征;同时,本文作者还对珠江河口浮游细菌生态学研究今后值得关注的科学问题进行了探讨。     

生态系统服务流定量化研究进展

生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的形成、输送、转化和维持等均有重要作用,且能够在生态系统服务的供需之间建立时空连接,对生态系统服务流的量化有利于生态系统服务的准确评估,对生态系统保育和管理以及制定积极有效的生态补偿等具有重要意义.本文阐述了生态系统服务流的理论基础,在总结不同学者对生态系统服务流定义的前提下,分析了定量化服务流的侧重点,并对生态系统服务流进行分类;探讨了影响生态系统服务流定量化的关键因素,分析了生态系统服务供给、流和需求之间的相互作用关系;提出了生态系统服务流定量化的具体过程,并详细介绍了各个步骤.     

附着生物在浅水富营养化湖泊藻-草型生态系统转化过程中的作用

不同营养盐水平下附着生物对水生植物影响的实验结果表明, 随营养盐浓度的升高, 附着生物的生物量随之增加, 且对水生植物光合作用的抑制作用也相应增强. 结合其他研究的风浪、光照、营养盐形态和鱼的牧食对水生植物的影响, 得出在浅水富营养化湖泊中, 草型生态系统与藻型生态系统互相转化的先决条件是营养盐水平, 当其浓度发生变化时, 对生态系统造成胁迫, 导致生态系统不稳定, 此时, 外部的任何一点扰动(如风浪、高水位、鱼等)就有可能使得原来的生态系统发生崩溃, 新的与环境相协调的生态系统得以建立. 从理论上解释了湖泊生态系统在草型和藻型之间转化的机理, 为湖泊富营养化治理与生态修复提供了理论依据.     

Site-specific chlorophyll reference conditions for lakes in Northern and Western Europe

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires EU Member States to assess the “ecological status” of surface waters. As a component of ecological status, many European countries are developing a classification scheme for chlorophyll concentrations as a measure of phytoplankton biomass. The chlorophyll classification must be based on the degree of divergence of a water body from an appropriate baseline or ‘reference condition’. This article describes the development of a series of regression models for predicting reference chlorophyll concentrations on a site-specific basis. For model development, a large dataset of European lakes considered to be in reference condition, 466 lakes in total, was assembled. Data were included from 12 European countries, but lakes from Northern and Western Europe dominated and made up 92% of all reference lakes. Data have been collated on chlorophyll concentration, altitude, mean depth, alkalinity, humic type, surface area and geographical region. Regression models were developed for estimating site-specific reference chlorophyll concentrations from significant predictor ‘typology’ variables. Reference chlorophyll concentrations were found to vary along a number of environmental gradients. Concentrations increased with colour and alkalinity and decreased with lake depth and altitude. Forward selection was used to identify independent explanatory variables in regression models for predicting site-specific reference chlorophyll concentrations. Depth was selected as an explanatory variable in all models. Alkalinity was included in models for low colour and humic lakes and altitude was included in models for low colour and very humic lakes. Uncertainty in the models was quite high and arises from errors in the data used to develop the models (including natural temporal and spatial variability in data) and also from additional explanatory variables not considered in the models, particularly nutrient concentrations, retention time and grazing. Despite these uncertainties, site-specific reference conditions are still recommended in preference to type-specific reference conditions, as they use the individual characteristics of a site known to influence phytoplankton biomass, rather than adopt standards set to generally represent a large population of lakes of a particular type. For this reason, site-specific reference conditions should result in reduced error in ecological status classifications, particularly for lakes close to typology boundaries.     

中国主要入海河流河口集水区划分与分类

采用GIS技术开展中国主要入海河流的流域边界及其汇水单元、河口集水区的划分及其分类。基于ArcGIS水文分析模块划分出15条入海河流的汇水单元,并通过5种不同汇水单元面积等级的划分来表达各入海河流汇水单元的详细程度;划分的流域面积与相关文献资料对比偏差在10%以内;在流域与汇水单元划分的基础上,基于感潮河段的数据收集,确定出88个中国主要入海河流的河口集水区。通过建立分类指标体系,采用聚类分析方法,划分出5类河口:第一类EDA主要分布在环渤海地区、山东半岛和广东沿海;第二类EDA主要分布在长江口和杭州湾周围;第三类EDA主要分布在江苏北部沿海和辽东半岛;第四类包括山东江苏交界处沿海、江苏南部沿海;第五类主要分布在福建浙江沿海、珠江口、长江口、海河口附近、辽河河口附近,并利用快速生物评价法验证河口分类的合理性。研究成果可为进一步开展我国近海河口和海域营养盐基准制订与生态分区提供基础空间数据与方法借鉴。     

长江口及邻近海域富营养化指标响应变量参照状态的确定

对长江口富营养化指标中的响应变量进行了筛选,并在长江口分区的基础上,运用参照点或观测点指标频数分布曲线法,对1992年-2010年的数据进行分析,确定了长江口外海区和舟山海区富营养化指标中响应变量的参照状态.选择叶绿素a和底层溶解氧作为响应指标的必选指标,浮游植物密度和CODMn作为辅助指标.经分析,长江口口外海区叶绿素a、浮游植物密度、CODMn和底层溶解氧的春夏秋3个季节的参照状态分别为0.87mg,/m3,17.44× 103个/L,0.42mg/L,8.36mg/L;1.88mg/m3,25.96×103个/L,0.56mg/L,4.22mg/L;0.84mg/m3,12.10×103个/L,0.46mg/L,6.95mg/L;舟山海区叶绿素a、浮游植物密度、CODMn和溶解氧的春夏秋3个季节的参照状态分别为0.73mg/m3,6.77×103个/L,0.51 mg/L,8.75mg/L;1.00mg/m3,9.72×103个/L,0.37mg/L,5.94mg/L;0.78mg/m3,4.59×103个/L,0.55mg/L,7.40mg/L.本研究确定的参照状态值能较为客观的反映该海域的富营养化参照状态,且不同分区,不同季节间的指标的参照状态亦存在着显著的差异.     

论生态保护红线的类型划分与管控

生态保护红线划定的目的是为了保护支撑人类经济社会可持续发展的自然生态系统, 实施最为严格的管控措施, 不断改善生态系统服务功能。本文根据《环境保护法》规定和国内相关研究与实践积累, 明确了生态保护红线的概念, 提出了以重点生态功能区保护红线、生态敏感区/脆弱区保护红线、禁止开发区保护红线为核心的生态保护红线体系构成。并进一步将重点生态功能区保护红线区分为陆地重点功能区(包括水源涵养区、水土保持区、防风固沙区和生物多样性维护区)和海洋重点功能区(包括海洋水产种质资源保护区、重要滨海湿地、特殊保护海岛、珍稀濒危物种集中分布区、重要渔业水域等); 将生态敏感区/脆弱区保护红线区分为陆地生态敏感区/脆弱区(土地沙化区、水土流失区、石漠化区、盐渍化区)和海洋生态敏感/脆弱区(海岸带自然岸线、红树林、重要河口、重要砂质岸线、沙源保护海域、珊瑚礁及海草床等); 禁止开发区则包含了自然保护区、世界自然文化遗产地、风景名胜区、森林公园、地质公园、湿地公园、饮用水水源地等类型。基于国家关于生态保护红线管控的最新要求, 提出了分级划定、分类管理的生态保护红线基本管控思路与措施, 按照管理分级和围绕生态功能保护来确定具体管控措施, 旨在为增强生态保护效果, 优化国土空间开发格局, 促进生态文明建设提供理论依据。     

Effects of Mississippi River water on phytoplankton growth and composition in the upper Barataria estuary,Louisiana

Diversion of river waters to adjacent estuaries may occur during wetland restoration, navigation channel development, or storms. We proposed that diversions of nitrogen- and phosphorus-enriched waters from the river to estuarine waters would result in increased phytoplankton biomass and shifts to noxious or harmful algal blooms. We tested this hypothesis by conducting four seasonal microcosm experiments in which Mississippi River water was mixed at different volume ratios with ambient estuarine waters of three lakes in the upper Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA. These lakes included two brackish lakes that were in the path of diverted Mississippi River water, and a freshwater lake that was not. The results from the 3- to 8-day experiments yielded a predictable increase in phytoplankton biomass related to nutrient additions from Mississippi River water. The subsequent decreases in the dissolved nitrate + nitrite, soluble reactive phosphorus, and silicate concentrations explained 76 to 86% of the increase in chlorophyll a concentrations in the microcosms. Our experiments showed that cyanobacteria can successfully compete with diatoms for N and P resources even under non-limiting Si conditions and that toxic cyanobacteria densities can increase to bloom levels with increased Mississippi River water inputs to ambient waters in the microcosms. Diversions of Mississippi River into adjacent estuarine waters should be considered in relation to expected and, possibly, unexpected changes in phytoplankton communities to the receiving waters and coastal ecosystems.

     

基于国际经验的我国国家公园遴选探讨

建立科学的遴选方法可以为我国国家公园体系建设提供决策依据。本文通过系统梳理典型国家的国家公园遴选方法,总结国际普遍采用的技术程序和手段,针对我国国情提出了渐进式评价法,采用"全局评价、类型比较"的研究思路开展国家公园建设潜在区域的选择。研究认为,国家公园是我国自然保护地管理体制改革、自然文化资源利用方式转型和优化国土空间利用保护的重要措施,肩负着自然生态保护、资源利用和区域发展的重要作用。国际上国家公园可以划分为地域广阔型、地域限制型和本土特征保护型,3种类型的区别在于分层划分、同级比较和程序复杂性。我国可参考地域广阔型国家的遴选方法,从自然生态系统类型(代表性和重要性)、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观、文化遗产等六大方面进行评价,区分国家公园建设的潜在区域和可建设区域。研究能够为国家公园的科学优选提供理论参考。     

Impacts of Nutrient Reduction on Coastal Communities

Eutrophication due to high anthropogenic nutrient loading has greatly impacted ecological processes in marine coastal waters and, therefore, much effort has been put into reducing nitrogen and phosphorus discharges into European and North-American waters. Nutrient enrichment usually resulted in increase of biomass and production of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, often coinciding with shifts in species composition within the primary producer community. Consequences of increasing eutrophication for higher trophic levels are still being disputed, and even less is known about the consequences of nutrient reduction on coastal food webs. Here, we present 30-year concurrent field observations on phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos and estuarine birds in the Dutch Wadden Sea, which has been subject to decades of nutrient enrichment and subsequent nutrient reduction. We demonstrate that long-term variations in limiting nutrients (phosphate and silicon) were weakly correlated with biomass and more strongly with community structures of phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos and estuarine birds. Although we cannot conclusively determine if, and if so to what extent, nutrient enrichment and subsequent nutrient reduction actually contributed to the concurrent trends in these communities, it appears likely that part of the variance in the studied coastal communities is related to changes in nutrient loads. Our results imply that nutrient reduction measures should not ignore the potential consequences for policies aimed at bird conservation and exploitation of marine living resources. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Eutrophication in Australian Rivers, Reservoirs and Estuaries – A Southern Hemisphere Perspective on the Science and its Implications

Australian science has made rapid advances in the last decade in understanding eutrophication processes in inland waters and estuaries. The freshwater research on which these advances are based was triggered by well-publicised blooms of cyanobacteria during the 1980s and early 1990s, particularly a 1000 km long bloom on the Darling River. In estuaries the study which greatly enhanced our understanding but simultaneously served to stimulate further research into estuarine eutrophication, the Port Phillip Bay Study, was initially designed to address perceived problems of toxicants in the Bay but provided profound insights into drivers for, and ecosystem responses to, eutrophication. Subsequent estuarine research has largely been stimulated by management questions arising from Australia’s increasing coastal development for residential purposes. The research has shown that some of the beliefs extant at the time of the blooms were incorrect. For example, it is now clear that stratification and light penetration, not nutrient availability, are the triggers for blooms in the impounded rivers of southeastern Australia, although nutrient exhaustion limits the biomass of blooms. Again, nitrogen seems to play as important a role as phosphorus does in controlling the biomass of these freshwater blooms. The research has also shown that aspects of eutrophication, such as nutrient transport, are dominated by different processes in different parts of Australia. Many of the biophysical processes involved in eutrophication have now been quantified sufficiently for models to be developed of such processes as sediment-nutrient release, stratification, turbidity and algal growth in both freshwater and estuarine systems. In some cases the models are reliable enough for the knowledge gained in particular waterbodies to be applied elsewhere. Thus, there is now a firm scientific foundation for managers to rely upon when managing algal blooms. Whilst these findings have already been presented to managers and communities throughout Australia, there is still a considerable way to go before they are absorbed into their modus operandi.