饲养黑熊和引流熊胆汁供药用

熊胆是名贵中药材,素称胆中之王。所含主要成份有牛磺熊去氧胆酸、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸、胆红素、氨基酸等。性味苦寒,具有清热、解毒、消炎化瘀、明目、镇痉安神的功效。用以治疗各种肿疼、惊风。含熊胆的中成药处方多达50个以上。熊胆常被用做制药工业的原料。熊胆的来源,长久以来是靠猎熊取胆。每一个乾燥的熊胆囊是以猎杀一只野生熊为代价而获得的。每个熊胆囊的平均重量为50克。故此药源紧缺而价格昂贵。尤其是常年性大量猎取野熊,与积极保护野生动物、合理利用祖国动物资源的矛盾很大。随着人口的增长所     

顶空气相色谱法测定熊去氧胆酸中3种有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法同时测定熊去氧胆酸原料药中3种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:用0.25 mol·L-1的氢氧化钠溶液溶解样品,采用顶空进样-气相色谱法,应用FID检测器,在DB-WAX毛细管色谱柱(30.0 m×320μm×1.0μm)上程序升温(起始温度70℃,保持5分钟,再以15℃·min-1的升温速率升至180℃,保持5分钟),载气为氮气,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度230℃。结果:待测组分均能得到有效分离,各组分在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9976~0.9996,平均回收率为91.00%~99.09%。结论:本方法可准确测定熊去氧胆酸原料药中丙酮、乙醇及N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的残留量,操作简便、准确度和灵敏度高,可达到有效控制其质量的目的。     

熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化临床观察

目的探讨熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床效果。方法选取某医院于2014年7月至2015年7月收治的原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者98例作为临床研究对象,随机将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组49例。两组患者均给予基础治疗,之后对照组患者采用通胆汤进行治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上加用熊去氧胆酸进行治疗。比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果根据分析结果,观察组患者的完全反应率明显高于对照组,并且肝功能指标明显优于对照组,比较结果具有显著差异性(P0.05)。结论熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床效果良好,值得推广使用。     

牛磺熊去氧胆酸抑制两种病毒的研究

熊胆汁是自古就被用于消炎祛火的重要中药。牛磺熊去氧胆酸(tauroursodeoxycholic acid,TUDCA)为熊胆汁的主要成分,人胆汁中也有低水平的存在。为了探究TUDCA对儿童手足口病重要病原体柯萨奇病毒A16型(coxsackievirus A16,CVA16)是否有抑制作用,在病毒感染不同阶段加入TUDCA处理,通过MTT法、流式细胞术等技术检测CVA16感染的细胞存活率以及TUDCA对人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(rhabdomyosarcoma cell,RD)内吞效率的影响。结果发现,TUDCA在病毒吸附进入阶段抑制CVA16感染细胞,但不影响宿主细胞的内吞活性。研究还发现TUDCA能在病毒入侵阶段抑制水泡口炎疱疹病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)的感染,这提示TUDCA的抗病毒作用不具有特异性。本研究发现了TUDCA抑制CVA16和VSV病毒感染这一新用途,为抗手足口病和口炎疱疹药物的研发提供了新的思路和方案。     

培养牛黄中胆酸及去氧胆酸薄层色谱荧光扫描定量测定

应用薄层色谱荧光扫描法对培养牛黄中胆酸及去氧胆酸的含量进行了测定,为控制其质量提供了依据。     

三株梭菌通过生物转化形成熊去氧胆酸的研究

用改进的薄层层析法定量测定了三株厌氧梭菌——产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfr-ingens)HS-10、丁酸梭菌(C.butyrium)DL-20和LQ-29形成熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)的生物转化能力,并用正交法确定了HS-10菌株的最佳转化条件。发现该菌株在含O．2mmol／L鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)的RCM培养基中培养6-48小时内,UDCA转化率均在80％以上。而且,当CDCA的浓度高达0．8-1．0 mmol／L时,其转化率仍在70％以上。此外,还初步发现未加任何营养成分的豆腐废水也可作为良好的转化培养基。本文是这两种菌能单独将CDCA 转化为UDCA的首次报道。     

肝纤维化程度及自身抗体表达对熊去氧胆酸单药治疗自身免疫性肝病重 叠综合征患者临床疗效的影响

目的:肝纤维化程度及自身抗体表达对熊去氧胆酸单药治疗自身免疫性肝病重叠综合征患者临床疗效的影响。方法:回顾性收集2007年-2011年住院的20例做过肝穿活检的经熊去氧胆酸单药治疗达到满意效果的自身免疫性肝炎和原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征患者的临床资料。结果:20例患者中,12例患者(60%)的肝穿标本活检评估处于肝纤维化S3或S4期,其初诊时基线特征与肝纤维化处于S0-S2期的患者基线特征无统计学差异。此外,该20例患者的血清抗平滑肌抗体的阳性率较低(1/20)。结论:肝脏纤维化程度不会引起熊去氧胆酸治疗效果的下降。     

基于胆汁酸代谢网络分析绞股蓝总皂苷降脂作用的机制

绞股蓝总皂苷具有显著的降低血脂的作用,然而其机制尚未明确。课题组在前期研究的基础上,将33只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为3组,对照组(ND组)、模型组(HFD组)和绞股蓝皂苷组(HFD+GP组),分别给予维持饲料和高脂饲料,从16周开始,每日分别灌胃给予绞股蓝总皂250 mg/kg和等体积的空白溶剂,至38周,收集小鼠的血清和肝脏样本。通过HE染色观察肝脏组织的病理变化,检测血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平,利用UPLC-MS/MS技术对小鼠肝脏14种胆汁酸含量进行分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测Cyp7a1、Cyp8b1、Fxr、Shp、Lrh1、Hnf4α基因表达水平。与对照组比较,模型组有明显的脂肪泡结构,给予绞股蓝总皂苷可以明显减轻肝脏组织的病理改变。与模型组比较,绞股蓝总皂苷可以显著降低血清中TC和LDL-C含量,显著降低肝脏中牛磺熊去氧胆酸(TUDCA)、甘氨鹅去氧胆酸(GCDCA)和甘氨脱氧胆酸(GDCA)含量,显著升高肝脏中鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)、脱氧胆酸(DCA)和牛磺脱氧胆酸(TDCA)含量,并在上调肝脏Cyp7a1、Cyp8b1、Fxr和Lrh1基因表达的同时下调Shp的基因表达。绞股蓝总皂苷降脂作用的潜在靶点可能与FXR介导的胆汁酸代谢通路有关,为进一步深入探讨绞股蓝总皂苷降脂作用及其机制提供了参考。     

牛磺胆酸作用下副溶血弧菌全基因组比较转录谱的表达分析

目的利用DNA芯片技术研究副溶血弧菌对牛磺胆酸刺激反应的全局性基因转录变化概况,找出其中的表达调控变化规律,为副溶血弧菌基因转录调控网络的构建提供实验和理论依据。方法副溶血弧菌分别在正常和添加了50mmol／L牛磺胆酸的培养基中孵育至对数中期,收集菌体,提取RNA,利用全基因组DNA芯片分析比较两者基因转录变化。并应用聚类分析比较其中的变化规律。结果比较转录谱分析证实一共有255个基因的转录表达发生显著性变化,和对照组相比,上调的基因明显占主导优势。而在这些变化的基因中,关于蛋白合成和硫代谢以及谷氨酸合成相关的基因均呈现明显的转录上调变化。结论我们利用DNA芯片技术描绘出了副溶血弧菌在添加牛磺胆酸后全部基因转录水平变化的概图,并发现了蛋白合成,硫代谢和谷氨酸合成相关的基因的变化规律,这给我们下一步的转录调控网络研究提供了良好的靶标。     

广东眼镜蛇蛇胆的鉴别及质量控制的研究Ⅳ：广东眼镜蛇蛇胆中牛磺酸、甘氨酸、牛磺胆酸和甘氨胆酸的测定

本文采用日立８３５－５０型氨基酸自动分析仪测定比较了广东眼镜蛇蛇胆及牛、猪、兔、鸡胆中牛磺酸、甘氨酸和其他氨基酸的成分与含量,并间接测定了牛磺胆酸与甘氨胆酸的含量和比值。结果表明广东眼镜蛇蛇胆中牛磺酸（６．６６７ｇ／１００ｇ干重）与牛磺胆酸（２７．４７ｇ／１００ｇ干重）的含量最高,而甘氨酸（０．５９８ｇ／１００ｇ干重）与甘氨胆酸（３．７０ｇ／１００ｇ干重）的含量最低,其他氨基酸的含量甚微。实验结果为蛇胆的真伪鉴别及内在质量控制提供了有实用价值的科学依据,同时也提供了一个准确、灵敏、微量的测定方法。     

Bile acids in treatment of ocular disease

Bear bile has been included in Asian pharmacopeias for thousands of years in treatment of several diseases, ranging from sore throat to hemorrhoids. The hydrophilic bile acids tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are the major bile acids of bear bile. Both of these are available as synthetic formulations and are approved by the health administrations of several countries for treatment of cirrhosis and gallstones. This review briefly covers the use of bear bile in Traditional Chinese Medicine, bile acid physiology, approved use of UDCA and TUDCA in Western medicine, and recent research exploring their neuroprotective properties, including in models of ocular disease.     

Neuroprotective Effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid on N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration

Retinal ganglion cell degeneration underlies the pathophysiology of diseases affecting the retina and optic nerve. Several studies have previously evidenced the anti-apoptotic properties of the bile constituent, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, in diverse models of photoreceptor degeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of systemic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced damage in the rat retina using a functional and morphological approach. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid was administered intraperitoneally before and after intravitreal injection of NMDA. Three days after insult, full-field electroretinograms showed reductions in the amplitudes of the positive and negative-scotopic threshold responses, scotopic a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials. Quantitative morphological evaluation of whole-mount retinas demonstrated a reduction in the density of retinal ganglion cells. Systemic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid attenuated the functional impairment induced by NMDA, which correlated with a higher retinal ganglion cell density. Our findings sustain the efficacy of tauroursodeoxycholic acid administration in vivo, suggesting it would be a good candidate for the pharmacological treatment of degenerative diseases coursing with retinal ganglion cell loss.     

Binding Studies of Bile Acids using the Native Fluorescence of the Tryptophan Residue Of Bax Protein

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its taurine-conjugate, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), play a unique role in modulating the apoptotic threshold in cells. The mechanism is thought to involve, in part, inhibition of translocation for Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria. Here, we attempted to use the native fluorescence of the tryptophan residues of Bax to determine whether bile acids bind directly to recombinant Bax protein. The results showed that UDCA had no effect on the tryptophan fluorescence of Bax. Similarly, there was no evidence of direct binding between Bax protein and the more hydrophobic bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA). In contrast, the fluorescence change detected for Bax solution titrated against TUDCA in dimethylsulfoxide was greater than that observed with solvent alone. In conclusion, data from fluorescence spectroscopy does not support a direct interaction of UDCA or DCA with Bax protein, whereas it suggests that there may be some potential interaction with TUDCA.     

Ursodeoxycholic acid prevents apoptosis of mouse sensory neurons induced by cisplatin by reducing P53 accumulation

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a component of bile acid, which is abundant in the gall bladder of bears, has been used in clinical medicine for cholestatic liver diseases. Recently, it was demonstrated that UDCA and its derivative tauroursodeoxycholic acid block apoptotic cell death in both hepatic and non-hepatic cells. Cisplatin, an effective anti-cancer drug, is known to cause sensory neuropathy in patients receiving the drug. In the present study, whether UDCA is effective in blocking cisplatin-induced cell death in mouse hybrid sensory neurons was conducted. N18D3 mouse hybrid sensory neurons exposed to cisplatin were found to undergo apoptotic cell death. Preincubation with UDCA completely blocked cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in the sensory neurons, and cisplatin-induced p53 accumulation was suppressed by UDCA treatment. These results indicate that UDCA has a neuroprotective effect on the cisplatin-induced neuronal cell death of sensory neurons via the downregulation of the p53 signaling pathway.     

Identification of the Authenticity and Geographical Origin of Bear Bile Powder by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Charged Aerosol Detector Fingerprints Combined with Chemometrics

Bear bile powder (BBP) is a rare animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine, and it has been widely used to treat visual disorders and hepatobiliary diseases in East Asia. However, there is still a lack of reliable quality control methods for BBP. This study was designed to establish a comprehensive quality map of BBP based on bile acids. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) was used for fingerprint establishment and quantitative analysis of BBP. The similarities of HPLC-CAD chromatograms for 50 batches of BBP were more than 0.95, while the similarities of reference chromatograms between 6 other animal bile and BBP were low than 0.7. Additionally, five bile acids in BBP, including tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, ursodesoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid, were simultaneously quantified. This method has been validated with good regression as well as satisfactory precision, sensitivity, stability, repeatability, and accuracy. Using this method, the contents of five bile acids in BBP samples from five producing areas were determined and compared. Furthermore, Fisher linear discriminant analysis was performed to discriminate the geographic origins of BBP. The result demonstrated that HPLC-CAD fingerprint combined with multi-components quantification is an effective and reliable method for quality control of BBP, it could be a meaningful reference for the quality evaluation of medicinal bile.     

Effects of bile salt supplementation on biliary secretion in estrogen-treated rats

The aim of the present study was to determine whether bile acid feeding to rats can reverse ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis. Animals received ethinyl estradiol (2 mg/kg/day) for 6 days or were coinfused with estrogen plus various bile acids (60 mg/kg/day). Cholestasis could be significantly prevented by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, was partly corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid, and was unchanged by chenodeoxycholic acid. Total bile salt secretion was increased in every group. The secretion of the major primary bile acids (cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid) was restored to a large extent in rats supplemented with tauroursodeoxycholate but not in chenodeoxycholate-fed rats. In the former group, the canalicular transport of taurocholate and the bile salt pool size were identical with those of control rats. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the administered bile salt species appears to be an essential factor in the restoration of bile secretion, the more hydrophilic bile salt having the more hepatoprotective effect.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric method for the determination of ursodeoxycholic acid and its glycine and taurine conjugates in human plasma

A novel sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its glycine and taurine conjugates, glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TDCA). The procedure involved a solid phase extraction of UDCA, GDCA, TDCA and the internal standard, 23-nordeoxycholic acid from human plasma on a C18 Bond Elut cartridge. Chromatography was performed by isocratic reverse phase separation with methanol/25 mM ammonium acetate (40/60, v/v) containing 0.05% acetic acid on a C18 column with embedded polar functional group. Detection was achieved using an LC-MS/MS system. The standard curve was linear over a working range of 10-3000 ng/ml for all analytes and gave an average correlation coefficient of 0.9992 or better during validation. The absolute recovery for UDCA, GDCA, TDCA and the internal standard was 87.3, 83.7, 79.5 and 95.8%, respectively. This method is simple, sensitive and suitable for pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence or clinical studies.     

Disease mechanisms and neuroprotection by tauroursodeoxycholic acid in Rpgr knockout mice

Mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene are the predominant cause of retinitis pigmentosa. RPGR plays a critical role as a scaffold protein in the regulation of protein trafficking from the basal body to the axoneme, where the cargoes are transported to the outer segments (OSs) of photoreceptors. This trafficking process is controlled directly by intraflagellar transport complexes and regulated by the RPGR protein complex, although the precise mechanisms have yet to be defined. We used an Rpgr conditional knockout (cko) mouse model to investigate the disease mechanisms during retinal degeneration and to evaluate the protective effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Rhodopsin, cone opsins and transducin were mislocalized in Rpgr cko photoreceptors, while localization of NPHP4 to connecting cilia was absent, suggesting that RPGR is required for ciliary protein trafficking. Microglia were activated in advance of retinal degeneration in Rpgr cko mouse retinas. TUDCA treatment suppressed microglial activation and inflammation and prevented photoreceptor degeneration in Rpgr cko mice. Our data demonstrated that TUDCA has therapeutic potential for RPGR-associated RP patients.     

Similar patterns of mitochondrial vulnerability and rescue induced by genetic modification of alpha-synuclein, parkin, and DJ-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

How genetic and environmental factors interact in Parkinson disease is poorly understood. We have now compared the patterns of vulnerability and rescue of Caenorhabditis elegans with genetic modifications of three different genetic factors implicated in Parkinson disease (PD). We observed that expressing alpha-synuclein, deleting parkin (K08E3.7), or knocking down DJ-1 (B0432.2) or parkin produces similar patterns of pharmacological vulnerability and rescue. C. elegans lines with these genetic changes were more vulnerable than nontransgenic nematodes to mitochondrial complex I inhibitors, including rotenone, fenperoximate, pyridaben, or stigmatellin. In contrast, the genetic manipulations did not increase sensitivity to paraquat, sodium azide, divalent metal ions (Fe(II) or Cu(II)), or etoposide compared with the nontransgenic nematodes. Each of the PD-related lines was also partially rescued by the antioxidant probucol, the mitochondrial complex II activator, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, or the anti-apoptotic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Complete protection in all lines was achieved by combining d-beta-hydroxybutyrate with tauroursodeoxycholic acid but not with probucol. These results show that diverse PD-related genetic modifications disrupt the mitochondrial function in C. elegans, and they raise the possibility that mitochondrial disruption is a pathway shared in common by many types of familial PD.     

Taurolithocholic acid exerts cholestatic effects via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanisms in perfused rat livers and rat hepatocyte couplets

Taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) is a potent cholestatic agent. Our recent work suggested that TLCA impairs hepatobiliary exocytosis, insertion of transport proteins into apical hepatocyte membranes, and bile flow by protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon)-dependent mechanisms. Products of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) stimulate PKCepsilon. We studied the role of PI3K for TLCA-induced cholestasis in isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) and isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (IRHC). In IPRL, TLCA (10 micromol/liter) impaired bile flow by 51%, biliary secretion of horseradish peroxidase, a marker of vesicular exocytosis, by 46%, and the Mrp2 substrate, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, by 95% and stimulated PI3K-dependent protein kinase B, a marker of PI3K activity, by 154% and PKCepsilon membrane binding by 23%. In IRHC, TLCA (2.5 micromol/liter) impaired canalicular secretion of the fluorescent bile acid, cholylglycylamido fluorescein, by 50%. The selective PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin (100 nmol/liter), and the anticholestatic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, 25 micromol/liter) independently and additively reversed the effects of TLCA on bile flow, exocytosis, organic anion secretion, PI3K-dependent protein kinase B activity, and PKCepsilon membrane binding in IPRL. Wortmannin also reversed impaired bile acid secretion in IRHC. These data strongly suggest that TLCA exerts cholestatic effects by PI3K- and PKCepsilon-dependent mechanisms that are reversed by tauroursodeoxycholic acid in a PI3K-independent way.