Purification of recombinant budgerigar fledgling disease virus VP1 capsid protein and its ability for in vitro capsid assembly.

A recombinant system for the major capsid VP1 protein of budgerigar fledgling disease virus has been established. The VP1 gene was inserted into a truncated form of the pFlag-1 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. The budgerigar fledgling disease virus VP1 protein was purified to near homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. Fractions containing highly purified VP1 were pooled and found to constitute 3.3% of the original E. coli-expressed VP1 protein. Electron microscopy revealed that the VP1 protein was isolated as pentameric capsomeres. Electron microscopy also revealed that capsid-like particles were formed in vitro from purified VP1 capsomeres with the addition of Ca2+ ions and the removal of chelating and reducing agents.     

Intranasal administration of an Escherichia coli-expressed codon-optimized rotavirus VP6 protein induces protection in mice

We are developing rotavirus vaccines based on the VP6 protein of the human G1P[8] [corrected] [J. Virol. 73 (1999) 7574] CJN strain of rotavirus. One prototype candidate consisting of MBP::VP6::His6, a chimeric protein of maltose-binding protein, VP6 and hexahistidine, was expressed mainly as truncated polypeptides in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. A possible reason for this extensive truncation is the high frequencies of rare bacterial codons within the rotavirus VP6 gene. Expression of truncated recombinant VP6 was found to be reduced, and expression of complete VP6 protein was simultaneously increased, when the protein was expressed in Rosetta(DE3)pLacI E. coli cells that contain increased amounts of transfer RNAs for a selection of rare codons. The same observation was made when a synthetic codon-optimized CJN-VP6 gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 or Rosetta cells. To increase protein recovery, recombinant E. coli cells were treated with 8M urea. Denatured, full-length MBP::VP6::His6 protein was then purified and used for intranasal vaccination of BALB/c mice (2 doses administered with E. coli heat-labile toxin LT(R192G) as adjuvant). Following oral challenge with the G3P[16] [corrected] [J. Virol. 76 (2002) 560] EDIM strain of murine rotavirus, protection levels against fecal rotavirus shedding were comparable (P>0.05) between groups of mice immunized with denatured codon-optimized or native (not codon-optimized) immunogen with values ranging from 87 to 99%. These protection levels were also comparable to those found after immunization with non-denatured CJN VP6. Thus, expression of complete rotavirus VP6 protein was greatly enhanced by codon optimization, and the protection elicited was not affected by denaturation of recombinant VP6.     

Expression and purification of recombinant polyomavirus VP2 protein and its interactions with polyomavirus proteins.

Recombinant polyomavirus VP2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (RK1448), using the recombinant expression system pFPYV2. Recombinant VP2 was purified to near homogeneity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroelution, and Extracti-Gel chromatography. Polyclonal serum to this protein which reacted specifically with recombinant VP2 as well as polyomavirus virion VP2 and VP3 on Western blots (immunoblots) was produced. Purified VP2 was used to establish an in vitro protein-protein interaction assay with polyomavirus structural proteins and purified recombinant VP1. Recombinant VP2 interacted with recombinant VP1, virion VP1, and the four virion histones. Recombinant VP1 coimmunoprecipitated with recombinant VP2 or truncated VP2 (delta C12VP2), which lacked the carboxy-terminal 12 amino acids. These experiments confirmed the interaction between VP1 and VP2 and revealed that the carboxyterminal 12 amino acids of VP2 and VP3 were not necessary for formation of this interaction. In vivo VP1-VP2 interaction study accomplished by cotransfection of COS-7 cells with VP2 and truncated VP1 (delta N11VP1) lacking the nuclear localization signal demonstrated that VP2 was capable of translocating delta N11VP1 into the nucleus. These studies suggest that complexes of VP1 and VP2 may be formed in the cytoplasm and cotransported to the nucleus for virion assembly to occur.     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1全长在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及初步活性测定

目的:重组表达肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1全长,用于研制血清学检测试剂和疫苗研发。方法:在获得EV71全长基因并测序正确的基础上,将外壳蛋白VP1全长基因克隆到表达载体pET28a(+)上,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)/VP1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,采用双抗原夹心检测技术评价重组抗原与27份EV71抗体阳性血清和18份阴性血清的反应情况。结果:重组EV71-VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌中诱导6 h后可获得高效表达,能与27份EV71抗体阳性血清中的21份发生阳性反应,EV71双抗原夹心检测与中和血清测试结果具有很好的一致性(P0.05)。结论:实现了肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1的高效表达,为肠道病毒71型诊断试剂和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

Hexon-only binding of VP26 reflects differences between the hexon and penton conformations of VP5, the major capsid protein of herpes simplex virus.

VP26 is a 12-kDa capsid protein of herpes simplex virus 1. Although VP26 is dispensable for assembly, the native capsid (a T=16 icosahedron) contains 900 copies: six on each of the 150 hexons of VP5 (149 kDa) but none on the 12 VP5 pentons at its vertices. We have investigated this interaction by expressing VP26 in Escherichia coli and studying the properties of the purified protein in solution and its binding to capsids. Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals that the conformation of purified VP26 consists mainly of beta-sheets (approximately 80%), with a small alpha-helical component (approximately 15%). Its state of association was determined by analytical ultracentrifugation to be a reversible monomer-dimer equilibrium, with a dissociation constant of approximately 2 x 10(-5) M. Bacterially expressed VP26 binds to capsids in the normal amount, as determined by quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cryoelectron microscopy shows that the protein occupies its usual sites on hexons but does not bind to pentons, even when available in 100-fold molar excess. Quasi-equivalence requires that penton VP5 must differ in conformation from hexon VP5: our data show that in mature capsids, this difference is sufficiently pronounced to abrogate its ability to bind VP26.     

铁蛋白与口蹄疫病毒VP1在大肠杆菌中融合表达及纳米颗粒自组装

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的世界上最重要的畜牧疾病之一,严重影响世界畜牧业的发展,而疫苗免疫仍然是对疫情预防和控制的最有效手段.铁蛋白具有自组装和生物修饰的特性,在纳米疫苗等领域具有广阔的应用前景.选用O型口蹄疫病毒的vp1基因和幽门螺杆菌铁蛋白基因,通过融合PCR将vp1基因构建到铁蛋白亚基基因前端,在大肠杆菌中表达后...     

O型口蹄疫病毒VP1 T细胞、B细胞表位双拷贝基因与大肠杆菌LTB、STI肠毒素基因融合表达产物的免疫应答

合成O型口蹄疫病毒VP1蛋白中与细胞免疫（21～40表位肽）及体液免疫（141～160表位肽）相关的基因序列2020VP1,运用基因工程技术构建了含有肠毒素大肠杆菌LTB、STI基因及双拷贝2020VP1的融合表达载体r2020-B-2020-STI,转化宿主菌BL21(DE3)RIL后的表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,结果显示重组融合蛋白的分子量约为45kDa,表达量较高。ELISA实验结果显示,融合蛋白能与霍乱毒素（choleratoxin）CTB抗体特异结合。动物实验表明,融合蛋白能够诱发兔体产生较强的FMDV中和抗体,免疫豚鼠在低浓度FMDV刺激下能够产生特异性T淋巴细胞增殖反应,说明融合蛋白能诱导机体产生FMDV特异性细胞及体液免疫反应;同时,融合蛋白免疫雌鼠能够抵抗大肠杆菌强毒株攻击,免疫兔体能够产生STI中和抗体,且融合蛋白不具STI毒性,证明融合蛋白具有良好的LTB、STI免疫原性。实验结果表明,此融合蛋白具有开发成为口蹄疫及肠毒素腹泻联合疫苗的应用价值。     

灰飞虱内生病毒HiPV外壳蛋白VP1多克隆抗体的制备及在病毒检测中的应用

【目的】前期发现水稻条纹病毒(rice stripe virus, RSV)可与介体灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus体内的HiPV病毒(Himetobi P virus, HiPV)互作。本研究旨在制备HiPV外壳蛋白VP1的多克隆抗体,并评估其在HiPV病毒检测中的可用性,以为深入研究HiPV-RSV和HiPV-灰飞虱的互作机制提供技术支持。【方法】以RT-PCR方法从灰飞虱成虫体内扩增HiPV主要外壳蛋白基因VP1,然后将VP1基因亚克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a中,构建表达载体pET-VP1。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3),经IPTG诱导、Ni²⁺-NTA亲和层析纯化,获得重组蛋白,免疫新西兰大白兔,制备抗体。【结果】从灰飞虱体内克隆到774 bp的HiPV外壳蛋白基因VP1,经原核表达、纯化,获得分子量约47.5 kD的融合蛋白,免疫新西兰大白兔后获得VP1多克隆抗体。该抗体间接ELISA效价达1∶819 200,与HiPV外壳蛋白VP1有特异性反应,而与灰飞虱蛋白无交叉反应。利用该多克隆抗体建立了检测单头灰飞虱成虫体内HiPV的Western blot和免疫捕获RT-PCR方法,检测结果显示HiPV在携带和不携带RSV的灰飞虱高亲和性群体内均广泛存在。【结论】利用制备的HiPV的VP1多克隆抗体可特异性检测灰飞虱体内HiPV。本研究为HiPV病毒的快速检测以及HiPV-RSV互作、HiPV-灰飞虱互作研究提供了技术支持。     

GⅡ.17型诺如病毒样颗粒的制备及鉴定

[背景]诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)是引发全球人类急性胃肠炎的主要食源性致病原,具有广泛的遗传多样性,其中GⅡ.17型是亚洲地区的优势流行株,危害最为严重.研究表明,通过基因工程技术制备的诺如病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP)具有良好的免疫保护作用,是目前NoV疫苗研发的主要思路.[...     

Expression of the polyomavirus minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 in Escherichia coli: in vitro interactions with recombinant VP1 capsomeres.

The polyomavirus VP2 and VP3 capsid proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. The majority of the expressed proteins were in an insoluble fraction, and they were extracted and initially purified in 8 M urea before renaturation. Soluble VP2 and VP3 were mixed with purified recombinant VP1 capsomeres, and their interactions were assayed by immunoprecipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Coimmunoprecipitation could be demonstrated with antibodies to either VP1 or VP2/VP3. Mixing recombinant VP1 with VP2 and VP3 modified the recognition of VP1 by domain-specific antipeptide antibodies and altered the chromatographic behavior of the individual proteins. Similar results were observed when a truncated VP1 protein, delta NCOVP1, with 62 amino acids deleted from the carboxy terminus was mixed with VP2/VP3. After the mixing, equilibrium dissociation constants for their binding to either VP1 or delta NCOVP1 were determined to be 0.37 +/- 0.23 microM for VP2 and 0.18 +/- 0.21 microM for VP3. These studies demonstrate that the recombinant VP2 and VP3 proteins interact with VP1 to affect the biochemical properties of VP1 capsomeres and to change the epitope accessibility of VP1 pentamers. These changes may reflect conformational alterations in VP1 capsomeres which are necessary for viral genome encapsidation.     

Expression of enterovirus 70 capsid protein VP1 in Escherichia coli

The VP1 gene of enterovirus 70 (EV70) possesses a large number of Escherichia coli low-usage codons (11.0%) and a bacterial ribosome binding site complementary sequence (RBSCS) 5'-UGUCUCCUUUUC-3' flanking the codon 139. Plasmids containing EV70 cDNA encoding the full-length VP1 failed to express in E. coli (BL21(DE3), Rosetta 2(DE3) or Rosetta (DE3)pLysS). High expression (>8% of total protein) of recombinant VP1 (rVP1m) in E. coli required engineering of the encoding cDNA (conserved modification of the native cDNA) by simultaneous substitution of a rare-codon cluster located between codons 103 and 132, and replacement of the RBSCS-TCCTTT sequence. The rare-codon frequencies of the cDNAs encoding VP1 non-overlapping terminal fragments N138 (1-138 aa) and C170 (141-310 aa) are similar (10.9 and 11.2%, respectively). However, in E. coli, high expression of recombinant C170 (rC170) required no modification of the native cDNA whereas high expression of recombinant N138 (rN138m) required minimal synonymous substitution of the above rare-codon cluster. The rare-codon cluster of EV70 VP1 gene has five least-usage arginine codons (AGG/AGA) and three tandem rare-codon pairs (AGGAGG, CUAAGG, and AGACUA). Our results suggest that the rare-codon cluster (its rare codon arrangement per se and/or its related mRNA secondary structure(s)) and the RBSCS in EV70 VP1 gene, not the rare-codon frequency, constitute the key elements that suppress its expression in E. coli.     

猪水泡病病毒VP1基因的克隆和表达

以猪水泡病病毒RNA为模板,应用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术,扩增了849bp的VP1基因,通过T-A克隆技术,将VP1基因片段克隆至pMD18-T克隆载体质粒中,构建SVDVVP1基因克隆重组质粒,进行核苷酸序列分析。然后亚克隆插入pBAD/ThioTOPO表达载体,经测序鉴定,筛选获得VP1基因正向插入、有正确读码框的阳性克隆,成功构建了猪水泡病病毒VP1基因重组表达载体。经L-Arabinose诱导表达,可稳定、高效地表达VP1蛋白抗原。SDS-PAGE结果表明,以终浓度为0.002%的L-阿拉伯醛糖进行诱导,5h后表达可达到高峰,表达蛋白为融合蛋白,质量约47.13kDa,表达产量约占菌体总蛋白的16%。Westernblotting检测表明,诱导的蛋白能与猪水泡病阳性血清发生特异性反应。融合蛋白中含有猪水泡病病毒VP1蛋白抗原,为应用该表达蛋白抗原制备SVD免疫血清学诊断试剂和新型疫苗构建奠定基础。     

Assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid from purified components and identification of small complexes containing the major capsid and scaffolding proteins

An in vitro system is described for the assembly of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) procapsids beginning with three purified components, the major capsid protein (VP5), the triplexes (VP19C plus VP23), and a hybrid scaffolding protein. Each component was purified from insect cells expressing the relevant protein(s) from an appropriate recombinant baculovirus vector. Procapsids formed when the three purified components were mixed and incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Procapsids assembled in this way were found to be similar in morphology and in protein composition to procapsids formed in vitro from cell extracts containing HSV-1 proteins. When scaffolding and triplex proteins were present in excess in the purified system, greater than 80% of the major capsid protein was incorporated into procapsids. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies were carried out to examine the oligomeric state of the purified assembly components. These analyses showed that (i) VP5 migrated as a monomer at all of the protein concentrations tested (0.1 to 1 mg/ml), (ii) VP19C and VP23 migrated together as a complex with the same heterotrimeric composition (VP19C1-VP232) as virus triplexes, and (iii) the scaffolding protein migrated as a heterogeneous mixture of oligomers (in the range of monomers to approximately 30-mers) whose composition was strongly influenced by protein concentration. Similar sucrose gradient analyses performed with mixtures of VP5 and the scaffolding protein demonstrated the presence of complexes of the two having molecular weights in the range of 200,000 to 600,000. The complexes were interpreted to contain one or two VP5 molecules and up to six scaffolding protein molecules. The results suggest that procapsid assembly may proceed by addition of the latter complexes to regions of growing procapsid shell. They indicate further that procapsids can be formed in vitro from virus-encoded proteins only without any requirement for cell proteins.     

猪口蹄疫病毒VP1结构蛋白抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

将口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的VP1基因,通过pPROex-HT表达载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达,获得大小为31ku的融合蛋白,Westernblot检测证实表达的该蛋白具有良好的生物学活性。以纯化的融合蛋白为抗原建立了猪FMDVVP1蛋白间接ELISA检测方法。通过对80份田间血清样品的检测表明,该方法与FMDV液相阻断ELISA(国标试剂盒)的总符合率为96.25%,表明建立的VP1蛋白间接ELISA检测方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性。     

Cloning and expression of human rotavirus spike protein, VP8*, in Escherichia coli

A system for the expression and purification of soluble VP8*, part of the human rotavirus (HRV) spike protein, was established by expressing VP8* as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST). VP8 cDNA, from the Wa strain of HRV, was prepared by RT-PCR, cloned into a pUC18 plasmid, and inserted into a pGEX-4T-2 GST fusion vector. The GST-VP8* fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the VP8* was purified by Glutathione Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, yielding 1.8 mg VP8*/L culture. The purified VP8* was used to vaccinate chickens, eliciting antibodies which displayed high neutralization activity against the Wa strain of HRV, suggesting its use for the induction of specific neutralizing antibodies for potential immunotherapeutic applications for the prevention of HRV infection.     

Shrimp vaccination trials with the VP292 protein of white spot syndrome virus

AIMS: Construction of a recombinant vector that expresses VP292 protein of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and to exploit the possibility of obtaining the vaccine conferring protection against WSSV infection in shrimps. METHODS AND RESULTS: VP292 protein of WSSV was amplified from WSSV genomic DNA by PCR. The target 814 bp amplified product specific for VP292 protein was inserted in to pQE30 expression vector. The recombinant plasmid of VP292 protein was transformed and expressed in Escherichia coli under induction of isopropyl-1-1-thio-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG) and the immunoreactivity of the fusion protein was detected by Western blot. Shrimp were vaccinated by intramuscular injection of the purified protein VP292 of WSSV and challenged for 0-30 days. Vaccination trial experiments show that two injections with recombinant VP292 (rVP292) protein induced a higher resistance, with 52% relative percentage survival value, in the shrimp at the 30th day postvaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The expression system of protein VP292 of WSSV with a high efficiency has been successfully constructed. Vaccination trials show significant resistance in the shrimp vaccinated twice with recombinant VP292. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results of this study prosper the development of WSSV protein vaccine against WSSV infection in shrimps.     

Phosphorylation of the budgerigar fledgling disease virus major capsid protein VP1.

The structural proteins of the budgerigar fledgling disease virus, the first known nonmammalian polyomavirus, were analyzed by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The major capsid protein VP1 was found to be composed of at least five distinct species having isoelectric points ranging from pH 6.45 to 5.85. By analogy with the murine polyomavirus, these species apparently result from different modifications of an initial translation product. Primary chicken embryo cells were infected in the presence of 32Pi to determine whether the virus structural proteins were modified by phosphorylation. SDS-PAGE of the purified virus structural proteins demonstrated that VP1 (along with both minor capsid proteins) was phosphorylated. Two-dimensional analysis of the radiolabeled virus showed phosphorylation of only the two most acidic isoelectric species of VP1, indicating that this posttranslational modification contributes to VP1 species heterogeneity. Phosphoamino acid analysis of 32P-labeled VP1 revealed that phosphoserine is the only phosphoamino acid present in the VP1 protein.     

Prokaryotic expression of chicken infectious anemia apoptin protein and characterization of its polyclonal antibodies

In the present study recombinant VP3 (rVP3) was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) (pLysS) and its polyclonal antibodies were characterized. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the expression of recombinant protein was maximum when induced with 1.5 mM IPTG for 6 h at 37 degrees C. The 6xHis-tagged fusion protein was purified on Ni-NTA and confirmed by Western blot using CAV specific antiserum. Rabbits were immunized with purified rVP3 to raise anti-VP3 polyclonal antibodies. Polyclonal serum was tested for specificity and used for confirming expression of VP3 in HeLa cells transfected with pcDNA.cav.vp3 by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), flow cytometry and Western blot. Available purified rVP3 and polyclonal antibodies against VP3 may be useful to understand its functions which may lead to application of VP3 in cancer therapeutics.     

Regions of poliovirus protein VP1 produced in Escherichia coli induce neutralizing antibodies.

Poliovirus type 1 cDNA was prepared from viral RNA encoding the VP1 capsid region of the virus by using a specific DNA primer and was cloned in Escherichia coli. DNA fragments corresponding to VP1 amino acid positions 129 to 302 (pPM5k3), 52 to 302 (pPMhae3), and 24 to 129 (pPMDxba) were incorporated into plasmid vectors designed to express Trp LE-poliovirus VP1 fusion proteins under the control of the inducible tryptophan promoter-operator system. Induction of bacterial cultures containing the plasmids resulted in the production of fusion proteins which accounted for 21% (pPMhae3), 68% (pPM5k3), and 27% (pPMDxba) of the total cell protein. The proteins were purified, and each reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against intact virions as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sera from rabbits immunized with the bacterially produced fusion proteins pPMDxba and pPMhae3 contained poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies.     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒分离株结构蛋白基因的克隆与表达

口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白氨基酸的变化是病毒抗原性变异的分子基础,大部分抗原表位位于主要的免疫原蛋白VP1上,部分非线性抗原表位位于VP2和VP3上。本研究首次成功测定了 Asia1 型口蹄疫病毒(YNBS/58)四种结构蛋白基因( p1 区)的核苷酸序列,全长 2199 个碱基,编码 733 个氨基酸,该基因与 Ind63/72、Pka3/54、Israel、China/99、C1/Germany、A22、ZIM7/83/2 毒株的 p1 基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为 88. 4%、86. 0%、89. 3%、68.6%、67.6%、66.8%、50.3%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为 94.1%、93.2%、95.1%、79.9%、77.0%、76.5%、58.1%;将YNBS/58株与 Ind63/72、Pka3/54、Israel株的 vp1、vp2、vp3、vp4 基因和编码蛋白分别进行同源性比较,发现VP1的序列变异最大,VP2、VP3、VP4次之,且VP1的氨基酸变异主要集中在 42-50 位和 137-156 位。实现了YNBS/58株结构蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,其表达的融合蛋白以包涵体形式存在,分子量约为88kDa,占菌体总蛋白的16%左右,并利用镍柱对目的蛋白进行了纯化,纯度达 90%以上,本实验为进一步研究 A sia1型口蹄疫病毒的分子流行病学、p1基因及其编码蛋白的生物学功能奠定了基础。