神经突触化学传递中胞吐作用的分子机制

目　　录一、参与胞吐作用的相关蛋白　(一)突触囊泡膜蛋白　(二)突触前膜有关蛋白　(三)胞液可溶性蛋白质　(四)其他蛋白质二、突触囊泡泊靠和融合的分子机制突触传递是神经系统实现其功能的最基本方式。详细阐述突触传递的机制对人们理解神经信息传递的特异性、行为和可塑性以及学习和记忆等都是至关重要的。近年来,随着分子生物学的发展,在分子水平阐明突触传递的机制才有可能。神经末梢的突触前部分通常含有两类囊泡:一是透明的较小囊泡,含有乙酰胆碱、儿茶酚胺等经典递质;另一类是有致密核心的较大囊泡,含有神经肽类物质。迄今研究较深…     

丙泊酚拮抗戊四氮对大鼠海马CA1区动作电位和突触传递的影响

目的：观察戊四氮对大鼠海马CA1区动作电位（action potential,AP）和兴奋性突触后电流（excitatory postsynaptic current,EPSC）的影响和丙泊酚的拮抗作用。方法：断头法分离Wistar大鼠海马半脑,切片机切出400μm厚度的海马脑片,全细胞电流钳记录CA1区锥体神经元动作电位发放情况,全细胞电压钳记录电刺激Schaeffer侧支／联合纤维诱发的CA1区锥体神经元EPSC的变化。结果：戊四氮使动作电位发放频率增加,EPSC值降低;丙泊酚拮抗戊四氮的作用,使动作电位发放减少甚至消失,EPSC值上升至加入丙泊酚前的2倍左右。结论：丙泊酚拮抗戊四氮对动作电位和EPSC的作用,所以临床上可用于抗癫痫治疗。     

神经型钙粘素与突触功能调节:粘附和信号传递的双重作用

神经型钙粘素(N-cadherin)作为经典钙粘素家族的一员,是钙离子依赖的细胞连接中的一种重要跨膜成分,而其作为神经突触的粘附受体不仅为跨突触的细胞骨架提供了形式上的连接,还成为了功能上沟通突触前后膜的桥梁,传递粘附信号并调节突触的发育和成熟突触的可塑性。本文主要就后者讨论N-cadherin参与的成熟突触形态和功能的变化及调节中的新近进展,并试从粘附作用与信号传递两方面,分别从粘附作用的建立和调节,跨膜、跨突触,以及胞内信号传递,来分析N-cadherin对成熟突触的作用。可以看出,粘附是基础,信号传递是建立在其上的功能,并受粘附的调节。二者相互联系,协调作用。粘附的建立需通过信号传递与细胞骨架沟通,而粘附反过来又成为信号传递通路的起始信号,从而共同介导突触的形态和功能的变化及重塑。     

敲减突触结合蛋白1通过抑制 IL-6/STAT3信号通路改善结肠炎病变

突触结合蛋白1 (synaptotagmin 1,Syt1)属于突触结合蛋白家族一员,在神经递质囊泡转运和胞吐中发挥作用。Syt1在肠道上皮中有表达,但其在结肠炎中的生物学功能尚不明确。本工作以Syt1转基因小鼠结合葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate, DSS)诱导型溃疡性结肠炎模型,通过qRT-PCR、免疫染色及Western印迹检测Syt1在生理状态及肠炎状态下在结肠中表达的动态变化;采用H&E染色、免疫染色、Western印迹等方法,观察Syt1在结肠炎的炎症反应及肠道上皮再生修复中的作用。结果显示：正常野生小鼠的结肠上皮及结直肠癌患者癌旁组织的肠上皮细胞中均有较高水平的Syt1表达;DSS处理使Syt1在结肠中表达显著升高(P<0.01)。DSS诱导小鼠肠炎模型中,相较于对照组,Syt1敲减小鼠体重降低情况、结肠炎性红肿和长度缩短等均显著减轻(P<0.05),而再生隐窝数量则增多、Ki67增殖细胞也增多(P<0.01);结肠组织中的CD45免疫细胞、F4/80巨噬细胞浸润减少(P<0.001),炎症性肠病相关的促炎因子IL...     

APPswe/PS1dE9转基因小鼠小脑内突触素及BDNF/Trk-B蛋白表达的变化

目的：观察APP/PS1转基因小鼠小脑突触素及BDNF/Trk-B蛋白表达变化。方法：选用9月龄APP/PS1雄鼠（n1）和同窝对照野生型WT雄鼠（n2）。采用Western blot （n1=6;n2=6）、免疫组化（n1=4;n2=4）两种方式定量、定位测定小脑组织功能活性依赖蛋白突触素、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和其高亲和力受体（Trk-B）的蛋白表达。用透射电镜观察小脑皮质突触超微结构变化（n1=2;n2=2）。结果：与WT组相比,APP/PS1组小脑皮质内突触素、BDNF/Trk-B表达明显减少;突触间隙增宽,突触后致密区变薄,密度降低。结论：APP/PS1小鼠小脑皮质中突触素、BDNF/Trk-B蛋白含量均明显降低,突触超微结构也发生明显改变,提示AD小脑突触数量及形态变化可能与BDNF合成及释放减少有关。     

c-Myc部分通过调控Nbs1减弱阿霉素降低U2OS细胞集落形成的能力

c-Myc是一种泛在性的转录因子,它调控着许多涉及细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等生命活动的基因．实验结果表明在骨肉瘤细胞U2OS中过表达c-Myc和Nbs1都能减弱阿霉素降低集落形成的能力．进一步的实验证实c-Myc的这种作用与Nbs1有关,Nbs1是c-Myc的靶基因．染色质免疫沉淀实验显示,c-Myc招募组蛋白乙酰化酶p300复合物到Nbs1启动子区,引起了组蛋白H4的乙酰化,定位在Nbs1启动子区的相邻的两个E-box对c-Myc的结合是必要的．上述结果说明c-Myc减弱阿霉素的作用部分是通过调控Nbs1来实现的．这也提示了c-Myc在阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤修复中起作用．     

TRPC6通道促进兴奋性突触的形成，提高小鼠空间学习和记忆能力

突触的形成对建立神经网络十分重要。突触形成是一个复杂的过程。TRP通道是一类六次跨膜的非选择性阳离子通道。它们在进化中高度保守,在哺乳动物体内广泛表达,参与了许多重要的生理学功能,如对温度、痛觉、听觉的感知以及受精。TRPC通道是TRP的一个亚家族,在人的中枢神经系统中表达丰富,但其生理功能却知之较少。     

芍药苷通过激活LKB1/AMPK信号通路对急性脑梗死大鼠神经损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨芍药苷通过激活肝激酶B1(LKB1)/5’-磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)信号通路对急性脑梗死大鼠神经损伤的保护作用。方法 通过线栓闭塞大鼠大脑中动脉建立急性脑梗死模型,随机分为模型组、芍药苷(10 mg/kg)组、AMPK抑制剂CC(0.2 mg/kg)组、芍药苷(10 mg/kg)+CC(0.2 mg/kg)组,每组12只,另取12只大鼠仅分离出颈总动脉与颈外动脉,不插线栓,设为假手术组,分组给药处理后,采用Morris水迷宫实验评测大鼠认知功能;采用三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色检测各组大鼠脑梗死情况;采用TUNEL染色测定各组大鼠海马神经元凋亡率;采用试剂盒测量各组大鼠血清炎性因子诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)与白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平、脑组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)、活性氧(ROS)与丙二醛(MDA)含量;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测各组大鼠脑组织凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、BCL2相关X蛋白(Bax)与LKB1/AMPK通路相关蛋白(p-LKB1/LKB1、p-AMPK/AMPK)表达状况。结果 与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠跨越原平台次数、原平台...     

猫中·间脑结合部神经元与眼球下斜肌运动神经元的直接突触联系

本文应用神经元自发放电触发的迭加平均法,研究了猫中·间脑结合部内侧区神经元与眼球下斜肌运动神经元（inferiorobliquemotoneurons,IOMNs）之间的突触联系。电刺激同侧或对侧中·间脑结合部的Forel'sfieldeH（FFH）的内侧区（A7～Ag）,在IOMN池内记录到兴奋性单突触电场电位。应用FFH神经元的自发放电作为触发信号,将此放电引起的IOMNs的电位变化进行迭加平均,结果亦获得一兴奋性单突触电场电位。这些结果表明,中·间脑结合部内侧区神经元与IOMNs之间存在兴奋性单突触联系,其作用为启动眼球的垂直运动。     

大鼠海马CA1区神经元Na~+通道在出生后早期发育的变化

为了探索大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元电压门控性Na+通道发育的关键期,本研究采用膜片钳技术,分别对急性分离的出生后0周、1周、2周、3周、4周的大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元进行全细胞记录。结果显示,随着大鼠出生后周龄的增大,Na+通道的最大电流密度逐渐增大,出生后1~4周相对于出生后0周的最大电流密度的增幅分别为(42.76±4.91)%、(146.80±7.63)%、(208.79±5.28)%、(253.72±5.74)%(n=10,P<0.05),出生后1周与2周之间的增幅最为显著;Na+通道的稳态激活曲线向左移动,出生后0~2周的半数激活电压逐渐减小,分别为39.06±0.65、43.41±0.52、48.29±0.45(mV,n=10,P<0.05),出生后2~4周的半数激活电压变化不大,出生后0~4周的斜率因子没有显著变化;Na+通道的稳态失活曲线及半数失活电压没有显著变化,但出生后1~2周斜率因子减小,分别为5.77±0.56、4.42±0.43(n=10,P<0.05),出生后0~1周、2~4周之间的斜率因子没有明显变化;Na+通道失活后恢复曲线左移,出生后1~3周的恢复时间常数逐渐减小,分别为8.30±0.24、7.15±0.21、6.18±0.25(ms,n=10,P<0.05),而出生后0~1周、3~4周之间没有明显变化;随着出生后的发育,海马CA1区锥体神经元动作电位发生变化,超射值与最大上升速率增大,阈值降低,与Na+电流的变化一致。结果提示,出生后1~2周可能是电压门控性Na+通道发育的关键期,此期间Na+通道分布显著增加,激活曲线左移,失活速度变快,失活后恢复的时间缩短。     

Synaptotagmin-1 interacts with PI(4,5)P2 to initiate synaptic vesicle docking in hippocampal neurons

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Theoretical simulation of the calcium action potential in squid giant synapse: The plateau termination

A biophysical model is proposed for the simulation of the experimentally observed calcium action potential at the squid giant synapse. It is observed that while Ca activation at the synapse is responsible for the generation of the upstroke of the action potential, a repolarizing process needs to be invoked to simulate the plateau termination and other long-time effects. Out of the likely candidates, the Ca-activated K current has been chosen as the most plausible repolarizing process. The model can reproduce all the observed features of calcium action potential excepting its behaviour after repetitive stimulation.     

MPTP modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity via dopamine receptors

Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms and cognitive deficits are inducible by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Since cognitive abilities, including memory formations rely also on hippocampus, we set out to clarify the effects of MPTP on hippocampal physiology. We show that bath-application of MPTP (25?μM) to acute hippocampal slices enhanced AMPA receptor-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (AMPAr-fEPSPs) transiently, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated fEPSPs (NMDAr-fEPSPs) were facilitated persistently. The MPTP-mediated transient AMPAr-fEPSP facilitation was antagonized by the dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists, eticlopride (1?μM) and sulpiride (1 and 40?μM). In contrast, the persistent enhancement of NMDAr-fEPSPs was prevented by the dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist SCH23390 (10?μM). In addition, we show that MPTP decreased paired-pulse facilitation of fEPSPs and mEPSCs frequency. Regarding activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, 25?μM MPTP transformed short-term potentiation (STP) into a long-term potentiation (LTP) and caused a slow onset potentiation of a non-tetanized synaptic input after induction of LTP in a second synaptic input. This heterosynaptic slow onset potentiation required activation of dopamine D1-like and NMDA-receptors. We conclude that acute MPTP application affects basal synaptic transmission by modulation of presynaptic vesicle release and facilitates NMDAr-fEPSPs as well as activity-dependent homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity under participation of dopamine receptors.     

Regulation of synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling during synapse formation by distinct Ca2+ signaling

The synaptic vesicle accumulation and subsequent morphological remodeling of axon terminals are characteristic features of presynaptic differentiation of zebrafish olfactory sensory neurons. The synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling are regulated by protein kinase A and calcineurin signaling, respectively. To investigate upstream signals of presynaptic differentiation, we focused on Ca²⁺ signaling as Ca²⁺/calmodulin is required for the activation of both calcineurin and some adenylyl cyclases. We here showed that application of Ca²⁺/calmodulin inhibitor or olfactory sensory neuron-specific expression of calmodulin inhibitory peptide suppressed both synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling. Thus, the trigger of presynaptic differentiation could be Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores or Ca²⁺ influx. Application of a phospholipase C inhibitor or olfactory sensory neuron-specific expression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) 5-phosphatase suppressed synaptic vesicle accumulation, but not morphological remodeling. In contrast, application of a voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel blocker or expression of Kir2.1 inward rectifying potassium channel prevented the morphological remodeling. We also provided evidence that IP₃ signaling acted upstream of protein kinase A signaling. Our results suggest that IP₃-mediated Ca²⁺/calmodulin signaling stimulates synaptic vesicle accumulation and subsequent neuronal activity-dependent Ca²⁺/calmodulin signaling induces the morphological remodeling of axon terminals.     

Munc18-1 mutations that strongly impair SNARE-complex binding support normal synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission depends critically on the Sec1p/Munc18 protein Munc18-1, but it is unclear whether Munc18-1 primarily operates as a integral part of the fusion machinery or has a more upstream role in fusion complex assembly. Here, we show that point mutations in Munc18-1 that interfere with binding to the free Syntaxin1a N-terminus and strongly impair binding to assembled SNARE complexes all support normal docking, priming and fusion of synaptic vesicles, and normal synaptic plasticity in munc18-1 null mutant neurons. These data support a prevailing role of Munc18-1 before/during SNARE-complex assembly, while its continued association to assembled SNARE complexes is dispensable for synaptic transmission.     

Disturbance of synaptic vesicle recycling resulting from deletion of a mammalian actin-binding protein, mAbp1

Physiological and ultrastructural studies of synapses between hippocampal neurons of animals with knock-out of a mammalian actin-binding protein, mAbp1, demonstrated that recycling of synaptic vesicles undergoes, in this case, significant modifications. Thus, mAbp1 is rather important from this aspect, which can be related to the noticeable role of actin in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, Nos. 4/5, pp. 390–391, July–October, 2007.     

PICK1 is required for the control of synaptic transmission by the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7

Both postsynaptic density and presynaptic active zone are structural matrix containing scaffolding proteins that are involved in the organization of the synapse. Little is known about the functional role of these proteins in the signaling of presynaptic receptors. Here we show that the interaction of the presynaptic metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype, mGlu7a, with the postsynaptic density-95 disc-large zona occludens 1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein, PICK1, is required for specific inhibition of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels, in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Furthermore, we show that activation of the presynaptic mGlu7a receptor inhibits synaptic transmission and this effect also requires the presence of PICK1. These results indicate that the scaffolding protein, PICK1, plays an essential role in the control of synaptic transmission by the mGlu7a receptor complex.