感光性的遗传背景对水稻短光诱导雄性不育特性表达的影响研究

通过对双亲及Ｆ１的感光性分析和Ｆ２群体单株的感光性及短光不育特性分析表明,强感光性对弱感光性表现为显性;具短光不育特性的单株其感光性均表现为中度以上感光（短日出穗促进率〉１５％）。对宜ＤＩＳ与宜Ｄ２Ｓ的光敏性、感光性分析和不育基因的等位性测定表明,两者感光性与光敏性符合正相关的结论,它们的不育主基因是等位的。可以认为,对短光低温不育水稻,短光不育基因需要在感光性基因存在时才能得到表达,同一不育基因     

Characterization and mapping of a new male sterility mutant of anther advanced dehiscence （t） in rice

Anther dehiscence is very important for pollen maturation and release.The mutants of anther dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) arefew,and related research remains poor.A male sterility mutant of anther dehiscence in advance,add(t),has been found in Minghui 63 and its sterility is not sensitive to thermo-photo.To learn the character of sterilization and the function of the add(t) gene,the morphological and cytological studies on the anther and pollen,the ability of the pistil being fertilized,inheritance of the mutant,and mapping of add(t)gene have been conducted.The anther size is normal but the color is white in the mutant against the natural yellow in the wild-type.The pollen is malformed,unstained,and small in the KI-I2 solution.The anther dehiscence is in advance at the bicellular pollen stage.A crossing test indicated that the grain setting ratio of the add(t) is significantly lower than that of the CMS line 2085A.The ability of the pistil being fertilized is most probably decreased by the add(t) gene.The male sterility is controlled by a single recessive gene of add(t).This gene is mapped between the markers of R02004 (InDel) and RM300 (SSR) on chromosome 2,and the genetic distance from the add(t) gene to these markers is 0.78 cM and 4.66 cM,respectively.     

Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration in rice

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that causes dysfunctions in pollen and anther development. CMS is caused by the interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. A product of a CMS-causing gene encoded by the mitochondrial genome affects mitochondrial function and the regulation of nuclear genes, leading to male sterility. In contrast, the RESTORER OF FERTILITY gene (Rf gene) in the nuclear genome suppresses the expression of the CMS-causing gene and restores male fertility. An alloplasmic CMS line is often bred as a result of nuclear substitution, which causes the removal of functional Rf genes and allows the expression of a CMS-causing gene in mitochondria. The CMS/Rf system is an excellent model for understanding the genetic interactions and cooperative functions of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in plants, and is also an agronomically important trait for hybrid seed production. In this review article, pollen and anther phenotypes of CMS, CMS-associated mitochondrial genes, Rf genes, and the mechanism that causes pollen abortion and its agronomical application for rice are described.     

Mechanism of low‐temperature‐induced pollen failure in rice

Low‐temperature stress during microspore development alters cellular organization in rice anthers. The major cellular damage includes unusual starch accumulation in the plastids of the endothecium in postmeiotic anthers, abnormal vacuolation and hypertrophy of the tapetum, premature callose (1,3‐β‐glucan) breakdown and lack of normal pollen wall formation. These cellular lesions arise from damage to critical biochemical processes that include sugar metabolism in the anthers and its use by the microspores. Failure of utilization of the callose breakdown product and other microspore wall components like sporopollenin can also be considered as critical. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of major biochemical processes including the expression of critical genes that are sensitive to low temperature in rice and cause male sterility. This paper combines a discussion of cellular organization and associated biochemical processes that are sensitive to low temperatures and provides an overview of the potential mechanisms of low‐temperature‐induced male sterility in rice.     

水稻两种细胞质雄性不育“三系”及其F1杂交种线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

对水稻BT型和WA型细胞质的雄性不育系,相应保持系和恢复系以及杂种的mtDNA用12个线粒体探针进行了RFLP分析,结果如下(1)BT型和WA型不育系的mtDNA在组织结构上存在差异;(2)不育系的mtDNA与其保持系间存在显著差异,推测mtDNA与水稻的cms有关;(3)atp9探针检测到WA型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag36探针检测到BT型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag9探针检测到WA型和BT型不育系与其F1之间的多态性,证明核恢复基因影响mtDNA的结构;(4)对mtDNA的结构变异与细胞质雄性不育的关系进行了分析与探讨.     

Characterization and mapping of a novel mutant sms1 (senescence and male sterility 1) in rice

Plant senescence plays diverse important roles in development and environmental responses.However,the molecular basis of plant senescence is remained largely unknown.A rice spontaneous mutant with the character of early senescence and male sterility (sms) was found in the breeding line NT10-748.In order to identify the gene SMS1 and the underlying mechanism,we preliminarily analyzed physiological and biochemical phenotypes of the mutant.The mutant contained lower chlorophyll content compared with the wild t...     

Long‐chain base phosphates modulate pollen tube growth via channel‐mediated influx of calcium

Long‐chain base phosphates (LCBPs) have been correlated with amounts of crucial biological processes ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis in animals. However, their functions in plants remain largely unknown. Here, we report that LCBPs, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) and phytosphingosine‐1‐phosphate (Phyto‐S1P), modulate pollen tube growth in a concentration‐dependent bi‐phasic manner. The pollen tube growth in the stylar transmitting tissue was promoted by SPHK1 overexpression (SPHK1‐OE) but dampened by SPHK1 knockdown (SPHK1‐KD) compared with wild‐type of Arabidopsis; however, there was no detectable effect on in vitro pollen tube growth caused by misexpression of SPHK1. Interestingly, exogenous S1P or Phyto‐S1P applications could increase the pollen tube growth rate in SPHK1‐OE, SPHK1‐KD and wild‐type of Arabidopsis. Calcium ion (Ca²⁺)‐imaging analysis showed that S1P triggered a remarkable increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in pollen. Extracellular S1P induced hyperpolarization‐activated Ca²⁺ currents in the pollen plasma membrane, and the Ca²⁺ current activation was mediated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Moreover, the S1P‐induced increase of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ inhibited the influx of potassium ions in pollen tubes. Our findings suggest that LCBPs functions in a signaling cascade that facilitates Ca²⁺ influx and modulates pollen tube growth.     

Revision of the relationship between anther morphology and pollen sterility by cold stress at the booting stage in rice

Background and AimsCold stress in rice (Oryza sativa) plants at the reproductive stage prevents normal anther development and causes pollen sterility. Tapetum hypertrophy in anthers has been associated with pollen sterility in response to cold at the booting stage. Here, we re-examined whether the relationships between anther abnormality and pollen sterility caused by cold stress at the booting stage in rice can be explained by a monovalent factor such as tapetum hypertrophy.MethodsAfter exposing plants to a 4-d cold treatment at the booting stage, we collected and processed anthers for transverse sectioning immediately and at the flowering stage. We anatomically evaluated the effect of cold treatment on anther internal morphologies, pollen fertilities and pollen numbers in the 13 cultivars with various cold sensitivities.Key ResultsWe observed four types of morphological anther abnormalities at each stage. Pollen sterility was positively correlated with the frequency of undeveloped locules, but not with tapetum hypertrophy as commonly believed. In cold-sensitive cultivars grown at low temperatures, pollen sterility was more frequent than anther morphological abnormalities, and some lines showed remarkably high pollen sterility without any anther morphological alterations. Most morphological anomalies occurred only in specific areas within large and small locules. Anther length tended to shorten in response to cold treatment and was positively correlated with pollen number. One cultivar showed a considerably reduced pollen number, but fertile pollen grains under cold stress. We propose three possible relationships to explain anther structure and pollen sterility and reduction due to cold stress.ConclusionsThe pollen sterility caused by cold stress at the booting stage was correlated with the frequency of entire locule-related abnormalities, which might represent a phenotypic consequence, but not a direct cause of pollen abortion. Multivalent factors might underlie the complicated relationships between anther abnormality and pollen sterility in rice.     

Down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused semi‐male sterility,resulting in reduction of grain yield in rice

OsSPX1, a rice SPX domain gene, involved in the phosphate (Pi)‐sensing mechanism plays an essential role in the Pi‐signalling network through interaction with OsPHR2. In this study, we focused on the potential function of OsSPX1 during rice reproductive phase. Based on investigation of OsSPX1 antisense and sense transgenic rice lines in the paddy fields, we discovered that the down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused reduction of seed‐setting rate and filled grain number. Through examination of anthers and pollens of the transgenic and wild‐type plants by microscopy, we found that the antisense of OsSPX1 gene led to semi‐male sterility, with lacking of mature pollen grains and phenotypes with a disordered surface of anthers and pollens. We further conducted rice whole‐genome GeneChip analysis to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying why the down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused deficiencies in anthers and pollens and lower seed‐setting rate in rice. The down‐regulation of OsSPX1 significantly affected expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, anther development, cell cycle, etc. These genes may be related to pollen fertility and male gametophyte development. Our study demonstrated that down‐regulation of OsSPX1 disrupted rice normal anther and pollen development by affecting carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, leading to semi‐male sterility, and ultimately resulted in low seed‐setting rate and grain yield.     

家蚕超长链脂肪酸延长酶基因Bmelo424的克隆及功能分析

超长链脂肪酸延长酶家族基因影响生物体的多种生理功能。文中克隆了家蚕的一个该家族成员Bmelo424基因,其ORF为558 bp。该基因的蛋白序列预测有4个跨膜结构域,并有6个丝氨酸磷酸化位点、8个苏氨酸磷酸化位点和4个酪氨酸磷酸化位点,其亚细胞定位于内质网中,二级结构分析结果显示其α-螺旋和β-折叠股分别占26.7%和20%。荧光定量PCR结果显示Bmelo424基因在家蚕各组织均有表达,尤其在头部表达量最高。通过在酿酒酵母中异源表达Bmelo424基因的方法研究其对脂肪酸延伸的作用,GC-MS结果表明,携带pYES2-Bmelo424重组质粒的酿酒酵母的C16:1n-7脂肪酸含量有显著提高,而C16:0、C18:0和C18:1n-9的含量下降。温度胁迫结果显示,Bmelo424基因能够提高酿酒酵母的低温适应能力,但却降低其高温适应能力。这为探究家蚕Bmelo424基因的功能提供了参考。     

无花粉型水稻温敏核不育系籼S的育性表现与细胞学观察

温敏核不育水稻籼S是从优质常规稻籼黄占自然突变而来的一个无花粉型光温敏核不育种质资源。在广州(23°08′N)自然条件下,一年中具有明显的“可育-不育-可育”的育性转换,5月初至10月底为稳定不育期。在人控光温条件下,低温诱导其由不育转为可育需要较长的持续时间,日均温21℃需7d以上,23.5℃需15d以上。细胞学观察表明其无花粉败育主要是由减数分裂时期的异常引起的,表现为小孢子母细胞粘连与液泡化、减数分裂受阻于前期Ⅰ的细线期、进行无丝分裂与异常的胞质分裂,始终没有正常四分体的形成,而是产生大小不同、核数不等的异常细胞,并最终解体消失。其花粉败育特点不同于以往研究过的光温敏核不育水稻,具有花粉败育时期早而败育彻底的特点。