黑广肩步甲形态特征及其生物学特性

记述了黑广肩步甲CalosomamaximocicziMorawitz各虫态的形态特征、生物学特性。在山东栖霞地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至9月末发生,8月产卵。卵期平均为5d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为5～6d,4～5d,5～6d;预蛹期约为25d;蛹期为24～27d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

茶扁刺蛾的形态特征及其生物学特性初步观察

随着全球气候变暖,部分地区茶园害虫扁刺蛾Thosea sinensis再次爆发,为有效提高对其野外识别和预测预报的水平,开展了不同发育阶段虫体的形态特征及其生物学特性初步观察。结果表明,扁刺蛾卵扁平、椭圆形,卵长2.41 mm、卵宽1.77 mm,卵壳有网状线纹结构。幼虫具3对胸足、无腹足,移动时腹部呈波浪状蠕动,老熟幼虫体重542.35 mg、体长21.76 mm、体宽13.30 mm。老熟幼虫结茧后于茧内化蛹,雌虫茧长、宽均显著大于雄虫茧。蛹期体色由乳黄色渐变为黄白色、褐色至灰黑色,复眼由乳黄色渐变为红色至黑色,雌蛹体重〖JP2〗446.95 mg,显著高于雄蛹363.32 mg。成虫体灰褐色,前翅近2/3处有一褐色横带,雌成虫体长15.23 mm显著大于雄成虫13.55 mm。扁刺蛾在江西地区1年发生2~3代,第3代发生率仅为1.37%,该虫野外被寄生率为4.66%。     

农田步甲的生物学研究

本文报道12种农田常见步甲的种群动态和捕食习性,施用杀虫剂对步甲的影响。     

樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

巨膜长蝽的形态特征和生物学特性

【目的】近年来巨膜长蝽Jakowleffia setulosa(Jakovlev)由以往稳定种群的荒漠昆虫上升为暴发性发生并迁移至农区危害的农业害虫。由于缺乏对巨膜长蝽基础生物学的相关研究,对其开展监测预警和农业防治存在困难。开展巨膜长蝽个体生物学研究,填补研究空白对于有效监测预报和防控提供可靠的依据,同时能为下一步分析巨膜长蝽成灾规律提供基础数据。【方法】本文通过室内观察和野外调查相结合,系统阐明该种形态特征、生活史、习性和行为等生物学特性。【结果】巨膜长蝽在宁夏中部干旱带一年发生2代,5月中旬和10月中下旬是两个发生高峰期,6月中旬至8月中旬以成虫进入滞育状态,11月下旬以成虫越冬;雌成虫的平均寿命为(32.14±2.34)d,雄成虫的平均寿命为(28.00±3.13)d,雌雄性比为1︰1.9,有多次交尾多次产卵的习性,每头雌虫抱卵量10粒左右,平均产卵量10~15粒左右;食性杂,群居危害,喜食白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus)等沙生草本植物的种子。【结论】该虫具有以成虫形态越冬和滞育、迁移性强等生物学特性。在生态环境发生较大变动后,能够经历逆境后迅速恢复种群并迁移危害。宁夏中南部地区种植结构调整,极大改变了该地区的荒漠生态环境,促使巨膜长蝽在经过夏季高温滞育恢复种群后无法获得足够野生寄主的情况下,大规模迁入农田系统危害。     

跗凹拟步甲生物学特性的研究

<正> 咐凹拟步甲 Platyscelis hypolithos Pall属鞘翅目、拟步甲科。近年来在新疆为害药用植物贝母严重。我们于1986～1988年进行研究,现将结果整理如下。     

九香虫形态及生物学特征研究

通过建立网室近自然实验种群,结合野生个体观察记述了云南玉溪九香虫Coridius chinensis (Dallas)种群的各虫期形态特征、在云南玉溪红塔区的年生活史、寄主范围、取食偏好、成虫及若虫的行为习性,为该虫的保育和规模化养殖提供依据。结果显示,九香虫卵有绿色和粉色两种生态型,若虫有5个龄期;在云南玉溪红塔区1年仅发生1代,仅以成虫态越冬;红塔区九香虫野生个体主要以佛手瓜和南瓜等葫芦科植物为食;取食偏好选择试验表明该虫最喜取食葫芦,冬瓜和南瓜次之;雌雄成虫可多次交配多次产卵,单雌单次平均产卵量为16.3±6.0粒。研究表明,云南玉溪红塔区的九香虫种群为典型的一化性昆虫,休眠期可达8个月;该虫食性较广,可取食多科植物,但以葫芦科瓜类为主;羽化成虫每年9月中旬至10月上旬陆续从佛手瓜、南瓜等寄主植物上迁至枯树皮下、柴堆等隐蔽场所越冬,翌年4月下旬陆续解除休眠,迁至佛手瓜、南瓜等作物上取食繁殖。     

四种步甲一龄幼虫的形态研究（鞘翅目：步甲科）

本文采用加拿大学者Ｙ．Ｂｏｕｓｑｕｅｔ创立的幼虫原生刚毛标记分类法对一棘蝼步甲ＳｃａｒｉｔｅｓｔｅｒｒｉｃｏｌａＢｏｎｅｌｉ;铜绿婪步甲ＨａｒｐａｌｕｓｃｈａｌｃｅｎｔｕｓＢａｔｅｓ;黑通缘步甲ＰｔｅｒｏｓｔｉｃｈｕｓｖｅｒｎａｌｉｓＰａｎｚｅｒ;耶气步甲ＰｈｅｒｏｐｓｏｐｈｕｓｊｅｓｏｅｎｓｉｓＭｏｒａｗｉｔｚ的一龄幼虫进行了研究     

大别山区黑沟绿太阳鱼种群的形态特征研究

绿太阳鱼是2015年4月在大别山区淠河流域支流中新发现的入侵鱼类。利用2015年7月从黑沟中采集的78尾绿太阳鱼标本,对该物种的形态特征进行了详细测量和分析。结果发现绿太阳鱼种群内的形态相似性较高,但还存在一定的形态差异。相比性别,年龄是造成这种形态差异的主要原因。雄性从Ⅰ龄开始出现显著的形态分化,而雌性差异并不显著。这种形态学的差异完全符合雄鱼筑巢护卵的习性,具体表现在雄鱼头部指标（D1-2、D2-3、眼间距、眼后头长、头长）、臀鳍附近指标（D5-7、D5-8）、背鳍基部指标（D6-8）和尾柄处指标（D9-10）增大。同时相比Ⅰ龄以上的雄鱼,雌鱼和0龄雄鱼的尾柄指标（D8-10、D8-9）较长,身体更适于流水环境。这种雌雄体型上的变化,将有助于雄鱼占领溪流环境中的静水区（深潭）,而雌鱼和0龄鱼占领流水区（急滩、湍流）,这为该种群适应山区溪流的水文环境,合理分配生态位提供了便利条件,同时也使其对大别山区其他鱼类具有较大的生态危害潜力。     

杜鹃三节叶蜂生物学特性及其发生规律研究

杜鹃三节叶蜂Arge similis(Vollenhoven)是深圳市梧桐山风景区的一种重要害虫,为害杜鹃花科Ericaceae的多个栽培种类,严重影响植株的长势及观赏价值。本试验通过野外调查和室内观察,对杜鹃三节叶蜂的形态特征、生物学特性及发生规律进行了研究。结果表明:杜鹃三节叶蜂在深圳市梧桐山风景区一年发生7代,以蛹越冬,翌年2月下旬越冬蛹陆续开始羽化为成虫,3月上中旬即开始产卵,4-9月份有明显的世代重叠,11月下旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹越冬,完成一个世代需要32-46 d。卵集中产在杜鹃嫩叶叶背与叶缘表皮之间。幼虫共5龄,具有暴发性、暴食性的特点,1-2龄幼虫群集取食,食量较小,3龄以后幼虫开始分散为害,食量大增。老熟幼虫在植株基部周围的土壤中或枯枝落叶层间吐丝结茧化蛹,化蛹深度在距地表2-5 cm左右。     

Microsatellite DNA markers for two endemic ground beetles: Carabus punctatoauratus and C. solieri

We isolated and characterized nine and five polymorphic microsatellite loci in the respective ground beetles Carabus punctatoauratus and C. solieri. We tested cross‐species amplification of all these loci plus six isolated in C. solieri and for which primers sequences were soon published. From these combined analyses, we obtained 14 and 17 polymorphic markers, respectively, for C. punctatoauratus and C. solieri.     

Morphometry and eye morphology in three species of Carabus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in relation to habitat demands

Morphological features of three common European olfactory hunting carabid beetles, Carabus coriaceus mediterraneus Born, 1906, Carabus lefebvrei Dejean, 1826 and Carabus preslii neumeyeri Schaum, 1856, were compared. According to eye measurements, the three species are nocturnal and/or twilight hunters. They differ, however, in relative length of the antennae, relative surface area of the compound eyes, density of ommatidia and relative head width. These differences can be correlated with the species-specific habitat demands (light intensity, open land or shaded places). In particular, the greater lateral eye protrusion in C. lefebvrei corresponds to its tree-climbing habits, while the larger relative eye surface area and ommatidia density in C. coriaceus correspond to its choice of open habitats.     

Parallel formation of hybrid swarms of ground beetles in the genus Carabus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in adjacent river basins

Populations of forms intermediate between Carabus (Ohomopterus) insulicola and Carabus (Ohomopterus) arrowianus occur at the boundaries between the two species in the Kiso Valley, Nagano Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that these populations are derived from a hybrid swarm established as a result of secondary contact between the two species. A similar hybrid swarm has been reported in the Ina Valley, an adjacent river basin separated by the Kiso Mountain Range, where the two species are distributed parapatrically. The hybrid swarm individuals in the two valleys show parallelism in the morphological evolution of the male genitalia upon secondary contact and subsequent formation of hybrid swarms between the two Carabus species.     

拉步甲成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜,观察了拉步甲Carabus lafossei成虫触角感器的类型、数量和分布规律。结果表明:拉步甲触角表面存在7类、12种感器类型,包括3种毛形感器(Sensilla trichodea,ST)、3种刺形感器(Sensilla chaetica,SCh)、2种锥形感器(Sensilla basiconca,SB)、Bhm氏鬃毛(Bhm bristles,BB)、腔锥形感器(Sensilla coeloconica,SCo)、腔形感器(Sensilla cavity,SCa)和钟形感器(Sensilla campaniformia,SCam),感器类型在雌、雄个体间无差异;雌、雄个体各节触角的感器数量和分布不均匀。研究结果为今后开展电生理学和行为生态学研究打下了基础。     

Changes in life-cycle strategies of Carabus problematicus over a range of altitudes in Northern England

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Mandible tip length has been used to estimate the age of individual C.problematicus Herbst caught over an altitude range of more than 700 m in northern England.
• 2 At 100 m the great majority of females laid eggs in the summer of their emergence as adults. The female life-cycle is predominantly annual and 24% only of the egg-bearing individuals were in their second year.
• 3 Above 250 m, most females did not reproduce until the summer of the year following emergence, giving a biennial life-cycle. 96% of egg-bearing females caught above 830 m were in their second year.
• 4 All the males caught during the breeding season at 100 m had emerged within that calendar year and it is concluded that the male life-cycle is annual at this altitude.
• 5 Above 250 m, 83% of the males caught during the breeding season were in their first calendar year, suggesting that recently emerged males may inseminate second year females and also that the male life-cycle is predominantly annual over the whole altitude range studied.
• 6 At the higher temperatures of the lowland site females not only produce eggs in the year of emergence, they also produce more eggs per individual than at the higher sites. Egg production depends on food intake which involves mandible wear and individuals at the lowland site have significantly higher rate of mandible wear than at the sites above 250 m.

     

Ultrastructure structure of antennal sensilla of carabid beetle Carabus elysii Thomson, 1856 (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The sensilla type, number and distribution in male and female adults of Carabus elysii Thomson, 1856 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there are seven categories and 12 types of sensilla in C. elysii adults: three types of S.Ch, three types of S.T, two types of S.B and one each of B.B, S.Co, S.Ca and S.Cam. There is no difference between male and female in the types of sensilla. Apart from the significant difference in the number and distribution of S.B.2, S.Co and S.Ca between male dorsal and ventral surfaces, there are no significant differences between male and female antennae. In general, the number of sensilla in females is larger than that in males. The results provide a basic reference for future ultrastructure, electrophysiological, and comparative behavioral studies of Carabus species.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the ground beetle Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

Six microsatellite loci were isolated from the ground beetle Carabus problematicus. The polymorphism ranged from two to 17 alleles and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.137 to 0.676 and 0.147 to 0.710, respectively.     

东灵山地区大步甲属物种分布和季节变化的多样性格局

针对东灵山地区的11种不同生境,利用巴氏罐诱法研究大步甲属（Carabus）种类多样怀及其变化与生境的关系,结果表明：（1）本地区有大步甲10种,其中C.manifestus Kraatz和C.crassesculptus Kraatz为优势种,占总数的70.8％,与C.smaragdinus Fischer、C.vladimirskyi Dejean和C.sculptipennis Chaudoir一起构成本地区的常见种;（2）从物种丰富度和数量看,由高到低依次为小龙门林区（以森林为主）、梨园岭退耕区（以灌丛和萌生丛为主）、东灵山主峰区（高海拔,亚高山植物）;物种多样性指数（H‘）由高到低依次为梨园岭退耕区、小龙门林区、东灵山主峰区;均匀度指数值（E）梨园岭退耕区最高,其次为东灵山主峰区,再次为小龙门地区;（3）利用物种的发生与频度数据,对11种不同生境进行栖息地相似性聚类分析,发现东灵山主峰区的3种生境可归为一类,小龙门林区5种生境可归为另一类,梨园岭退耕区的辽东栎萌生丛单独为一类,梨园岭退耕区的山杏和荆条灌丛构成一类,这反映了大步甲属种类分布的地域及生境特点,特别是生境内的湿度、温度和地表覆盖层等特点;（4）通过物种间的相关分析看出：C.smaragdinus和C.granulatus呈显著的正相关关系,反映了它们对退耕区的选择倾向;C.crassesculptus、C.canaliculatus、C.manifestus和Carabus sp.之间,虽然后两种间未达到显著性,但彼此呈正相关关系,反映了这些物种对森林生境选择倾向;（5）大步甲成虫的季节性活动主要在4-9月份间,高峰期集中在6-8份月,各物种在生境内有不同的季节变化趋势,与该地区季节性气候变化一致。研究表明,大步甲物种分布受生境内的湿度、温度、地表覆盖层等环境因素影响,物种多样性与生境肥干扰程度有关,生态恢复将对物种多样性保护具有重要意义。