Isolation of a triazophos-degrading strain Klebsiella sp. E6 effectively utilizing triazophos as sole nitrogen source

A triazophos-degrading strain, Klebsiella sp. E6, was isolated by enrichment technology from soil that had been exposed long-term to triazophos. The strain grew well at pH 7.0-8.0 with a broad temperature profile ranging from 32 to 37 degrees C. It could keep good growth on methanol as carbon source and TAP as additional carbon source or nitrogen source. The experiment on the degradation activities of strain E6 showed that it utilized TAP more effectively when TAP was supplied as the sole nitrogen source, as opposed to additional carbon source. The intermediates of triazophos metabolism indicated that degradation occurred through a hydrolysis mechanism, one of the products of which, 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole, was also mineralized by strain E6.     

三唑磷降解菌株GS-1的分离鉴定及其降解特性的研究

从有机磷农药污水处理池污泥中分离到一株能高效降解三唑磷的菌株GS-1, 通过生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列同源性分析, 将该菌株鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp.。菌株GS-1能以三唑磷为唯一碳源生长, 能在12 h内降解100 mg/L的三唑磷至检测不出的水平。菌株GS-1降解三唑磷的过程中会产生中间代谢产物苯唑醇(1-苯基-3-羟基-1,2,4-三唑), 36 h后苯唑醇被完全转化。菌株GS-1降解三唑磷的最适pH值为8.0, 最适温度为30°C, 且对杀螟硫磷、辛硫磷、毒死蜱和甲基对硫磷     

Role of TAP-1 and/or TAP-2 antigen presentation defects in tumorigenicity of mouse melanoma

Mutations in transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP-1 and -2) required for the transport of cytosolic endogenous peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum correlate with increased metastatic potential and reduced host survival in several malignancies. To address the possible function of TAP as a "tumor suppressor" gene, we show that correction of TAP-1 and/or TAP-2 defects in B16 mouse melanoma enhanced the cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules and significantly reduced the rate of subcutaneous tumor growth and pulmonary metastatic burden. Cytotoxic assays confirmed increased sensitivity of TAP-1 and/or TAP-2 transfected clones of B16 melanoma to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results indicate that the expression of TAP limits the malignant potential of tumors with implications for CD8(+) T cell-based immunotherapy in controlling growth of certain TAP-deficient malignancies.     

Technical note phytoremediation of triazophos by Canna indica Linn. in a hydroponic system

The phytoremediation of triazophos (O, O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-base) sulfur phosphate, TAP) by Canna indica Linn. in a hydroponic system was studied. After 21 d of exposure, the removal kinetic constant (K) of TAP was 0.0229-0.0339 d(-1) and the removal percentage of TAP was 41-55% in the plant system and the K and removal percentage of TAP were about 0.002 d(-1) and 1%, respectively, in darkness and disinfected control. However, the K and removal percentage of TAP were 0.006 d(-1) and approximately 11%, respectively, in the treatment with eluate from the media of constructed wetland. The contribution of plant to the remediation of TAP was 74% and C. indica played the most important role in the hydroponic system. Under the stress of TAP and without inorganic phosphorus nutrient, the activity of phosphatase in the plant system increased and phytodegradation was observed. The production and release of phosphatase is seen as the key mechanism for C. indica to degrade TAP. C. indica, which showed the potential of phytoremediation of TAP, and is commonly used in constructed wetland, so the technique of phytoremediation of TAP from contaminated water can be developed with the combination of constructed wetland.     

Identification of the biochemical degradation pathway of triazophos and its intermediate in Diaphorobacter sp. TPD-1

Triazophos is one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides usually detectable in the environment. A bacterial strain, Diaphorobacter sp. TPD-1, capable of using triazophos and its intermediate, 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazole (PHT), as its sole carbon sources for growth was isolated from a triazophos-contaminated soil in China. This strain could completely degrade 50 mg l⁻¹ triazophos and PHT to non-detectable level in 24 and 56 h, respectively. During PHT degradation, three metabolites were detected and identified based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. Using this information, a biochemical degradation pathway of triazophos by Diaphorobacter sp. TPD-1 was proposed. The first step involved in the degradation of triazophos is the hydrolysis of the P–O ester bond of triazophos to form PHT and o,o-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, then the triazol ring of PHT is subsequently cleaved to form (E)-1-formyl-2-phenyldiazene. Subsequently, (E)-1-formyl-2-phenyldiazene is transformed to 2-phenylhydrazinecarboxylic acid by adding one molecular of H₂O. Finally, the carboxyl group of 2-phenylhydrazinecarboxylic acid is decarboxylated to form phenylhydrazine.     

Nerve terminal anchorage protein 1 (TAP-1) is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan: biochemical and electron microscopic characterization

The plasma membranes of the nerve terminal and the postsynaptic cell of electric organ are separated by a basal lamina. We have purified, biochemically characterized, and visualized in the electron microscope a macromolecule which appears to anchor the nerve terminal to this basal lamina. This molecule, terminal anchorage protein 1 (TAP-1) is associated with the nerve terminal membrane of electric organ, has the properties of an integral membrane protein, and is tightly bound to the extracellular matrix (Carlson, S.S., P. Caroni, and R.B. Kelly. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:509-520). TAP-1 can be solubilized from an electric organ extracellular matrix preparation with guanidine-HCl/3-[(3- cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammnio]-1-propane sulfonate and purified by a combination of permeation chromatography on Sephacryl S-1000, sedimentation velocity, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephacel. The total purification from electric organ is 91-fold and results in at least 86% purity. Digestion of the molecule with chondroitin ABC or AC lyase produces a large but similar shift in the molecular weight of the molecule on SDS-PAGE. The presence of chondroitin-4- or 6-sulfate is confirmed by identification of the isolated glycosaminoglycans with cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Gel filtration of the isolated chains indicates an average molecular weight of 42,000. Digestion of TAP-1 with other glycosaminoglycan lyases such as heparitinase indicates that only chondroitin sulfate is present. These results demonstrate that TAP-1 is a proteoglycan. Visualization of TAP-1 in the electron microscope reveals a "bottlebrush" structure expected for a proteoglycan. The molecule has an average total length of 345 +/- 17 nm with 20 +/- 2 side projections of 113 +/- 5 nm in length. These side projections are presumably the glycosaminoglycan side chains. From this structure, we predict that the TAP-1 glycosaminoglycan side chains should have a molecular weight of approximately 50,000, which is in close agreement with the biochemical studies. Both biochemical and morphologic data indicate that TAP-1 has a relative molecular weight of approximately 1.2 X 10(6). The large size of TAP-1 suggests that this molecule could span the synaptic cleft and make a significant contribution to the structure of the nerve terminal basal lamina of electric organ.     

Structure and heterogeneity of the one- and two-disulfide folding intermediates of tick anticoagulant peptide

Tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) is a factor Xa-specific inhibitor and is structurally homologous to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). The fully reduced TAP refolds spontaneously to form the native structure under a wide variation of redox buffers. The folding intermediates of TAP consist of at least 22 fractions of one-disulfide, two-disulfide, and three-disulfide scrambled isomers. Three species of well-populated one- and two-disulfide intermediates were isolated and structurally characterized. The predominant one-disulfide species contains TAP-(Cys33—Cys55). Two major two-disulfide isomers were TAP-(Cys33—Cys55, Cys15—Cys39) and TAP-(Cys33—Cys55, Cys5—Cys39). Both Cys33—Cys55 and Cys15—Cys39 are native disulfides of TAP. These three species are structural counterparts of BPTI-(Cys30—Cys51), BPTI-(Cys30—Cys51, Cys14—Cys38), and BPTI-(Cys30—Cys51,Cys5—Cys38), which have been shown to be the major intermediates of BPTI folding. In addition, time-course-trapped folding intermediates of TAP, consisting of about 47% one-disulfide species and 30% two-disulfide species, were collectively digested with thermolysin, and fragmented peptides were analyzed by Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry in order to characterize the disulfide-containing peptides. Among the 15 possible single-disulfide pairings of TAP, 10 (2 native and 8 nonnative) were found as structural components of its one- and two-disulfide folding intermediates. The results demonstrate that the major folding intermediates of TAP bear structural homology to those of BPTI. However, the folding pathway of TAP differs from that of BPTI by (a) a higher degree of heterogeneity of one- and two-disulfide intermediates and (b) the presence of three-disulfide scrambled isomers as folding intermediates. Mechanism(s) that may account for these diversities are proposed and discussed.     

一种基于单交换原理的地衣芽孢杆菌基因敲除方法及应用

目的：基于同源单交换原理构建地衣芽孢杆菌基因快速敲除方法,提高基因敲除效率。方法：以地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）20085内切纤维素酶基因celb为拟敲除对象,利用重叠PCR技术将celb基因内约500bp片段与氯霉素抗性基因（Cm^r）相连接,经末端单酶切后电转化至B.licheniformis 20085感受态细胞中,仅通过一次同源单交换,将抗性基因Cm^r插入至celb基因内部,实现目的基因的敲除。结果：经过氯霉素抗性筛选和基因组PCR鉴定,成功获得celb基因缺失菌株B.licheniformis 20085Δcelb;发酵验证结果显示,B.licheniformis 20085Δcelb较原始菌株滤纸崩解能力显著降低,其中发酵60h后内切纤维素酶（CMC酶）活力由1.86U/ml降低至0.50U/ml,表明celb基因在地衣芽孢杆菌降解纤维素的过程中起着重要作用。结论：通过重叠PCR技术结合同源单交换原理能够实现地衣芽孢杆菌目的基因的快速敲除,为该菌株甚至其它微生物提供了一种基因功能快速鉴定的手段。     

Optimization in the recovery of a labile intracellular enzyme

A high molecular weight intracellular enzyme of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 is released when the organism is disrupted by sonication of homogenization. However, both processes also degrade the enzyme. Assays for protein release and specific enzymatic activity of the released protein indicate that both release and degradation can be represented by first-order kinetic models. Utilization of the difference between the kinetics of release and degradation allows optimization in the recovery of this enzyme for both the sonication and homogenization processes.     

Biodegradation of methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol by a newly isolated Agrobacterium sp. strain Yw12

Strain Yw12, isolated from activated sludge, could completely degrade and utilize methyl parathion as the sole carbon, phosphorus and energy sources for growth in the basic salt media. It could also completely degrade and utilize p-nitrophenol as the sole carbon and energy sources for growth in the minimal salt media. Phenotypic features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequence showed that this strain belongs to the genus of Agrobacterium sp. Response surface methodology was used to optimize degradation conditions. Under its optimal degradation conditions, 50 mg l⁻¹ MP was completely degraded within 2 h by strain Yw12 and the degradation product PNP was also completely degraded within 6 h. Furthermore, strain Yw12 could also degrade phoxim, methamidophos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, deltamethrin and atrazine when provided as the sole carbon and energy sources. Enzymatic analysis revealed that the MP degrading enzyme of strain Yw12 is an intracellular enzyme and is expressed constitutively. These results indicated that strain Yw12 might be used as a potential and effective organophosphate pesticides degrader for bioremediation of contaminated sites.     

Targeting tumour cells with defects in the MHC Class I antigen processing pathway with CD8+ T cells specific for hydrophobic TAP- and Tapasin-independent peptides: the requirement for directed access into the ER

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the majority of tumours display defects in the MHC class I antigen processing pathway, particularly low levels of the transporters-associated with antigen processing (TAP) and tapasin. Thus, immunotherapy approaches targeting such tumours with CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) requires strategies to overcome these defects. Previously we had identified an antigen processing pathway by which cytosolically derived hydrophobic peptides could be presented in the absence of TAP. Here we show in the tapasin-negative cell line 721.220 that a number of these hydrophobic TAP-independent peptides can also be presented in a tapasin-independent manner. Yet when these experiments were extended to tumour cell lines derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which we show to be tapasin deficient in addition to TAP-negative, the TAP-, tapasin-independent peptides were not presented. This lack of presentation could be rectified by pre-treatment of SCLC cells with IFNgamma. Alternatively, by directing the TAP-, tapasin-independent peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via an ER signal sequence, these peptides were presented efficiently by SCLC cells. We infer from this data that the TAP-independent pathway for presentation of hydrophobic peptides generates a low concentration of peptide in the ER and, for tumour cells which also lack tapasin, this concentration of antigenic peptide is insufficient to load onto MHC class I molecules. Thus, for immunotherapeutic approaches to target SCLC and other tumours with defects in the MHC class I antigen processing pathway it will be important to consider strategies that address tapasin-defects.     

Biodegradation of Xanthan Gum by Bacillus sp

Strains tentatively identified as Bacillus sp. were isolated from sewage sludge and soil and shown to elaborate extracellular enzymes that degrade the extracellular polysaccharide (xanthan gum, polysaccharide B-1459) of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459. Enzyme production by one strain was greatly enhanced when the strain was incubated in a mixed culture. Products of degradation were identified as d-glucuronic acid, d-mannose, pyruvylated mannose, 6-O-acetyl d-mannose, and a (1-->4)-linked glucan. These products correlate with the known structure of the gum. The complexity of the product mixture indicated that the xanthanase was a mixture of carbohydrases. The xanthanase complexes were similar to one another in temperature stability, pH and temperature optima, degree of substrate degradation, and enzymolysis products. Differences in pH stability, salt tolerance, recoverability, and yields of enzyme were observed.     

Molecular characterization of a lipase-producing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus pumilus</Emphasis> strain (NMSN-1d) utilizing colloidal water-dispersible polyurethane

Bacillus pumilus strain NMSN-1d isolated from polyurethane-contaminated water was found to grow in high salt concentration (NaCl 10%, w/v) and degrade Impranil-DLN, water-dispersible polyurethane. The genetic relatedness of the isolate has been established by standard molecular biological techniques and the enzyme(s) involved in polyurethane degradation were also studied. A total of nine bacterial strains were isolated from polyurethane-polluted sites and characterized by conventional, microbiological and biochemical methods. These isolates were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification by PCR using specific primers. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was also ascertained by ribotyping and BLAST analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The bacterial isolates were grown in yeast extract-salts minimal broth medium supplemented with water-dispersible polyurethane (Impranil DLN) as a sole source of carbon. The promising isolate utilizing polyurethane and producing lipase was identified as Bacillus pumilus NMSN-1d. The polyurethane degradation has been studied in polyurethane-Rhodamine-B and Luria-Bertani-polyurethane plate assays. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes such as lipase and esterase was confirmed on 2xYT-olive oil and tributyrin-Tween 20 plate assay. The newly isolated Bacillus pumilus appears promising in the management of polyurethane waste and in production of industrially important enzymes.     

从大庆原油样品中分离和初步筛选菌株

目的:根据目标菌株的特性,应用选择培养基筛选出提高石油三次采油采收率的菌株,并对其进行相关性质的鉴定。方法:从大庆原油样品中经过富集培养,平板分离。结果:获得2株细菌,1号菌株属于假单胞菌属,2号菌株属于芽孢杆菌属。对两株细菌进行了定性分析,结果表明两株细菌均能产酸、产气、产表面活性剂。证明其具有降低原油黏度的作用。     

Characterization of sucrose–glutamic acid Maillard products (SGMPs) degrading bacteria and their metabolites

Two aerobic bacteria RNBS1 and RNBS3 capable to degrade and utilize sucrose–glutamic acid Maillard products (SGMPs) as carbon, nitrogen and energy source were isolated and characterized as Alcaligenes faecalis (DQ659619) and Bacillus cereus (DQ659620) respectively by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In present study, mixed bacterial culture was found more effective compared to axenic culture RNBS1 and RNBS3 decolourizing 73.79%, 66.80% and 62.56% SGMPs, respectively. The SGMPs catabolizing enzyme was characterized as manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP) by SDS–PAGE yielding a single band of 43 KDa. Further, the LC-MS–MS and other spectrophotometric analysis have revealed that most of the SGMPs detected in control were diminished from bacteria treated samples. The disappearance of SGMPs from bacteria treated samples could be related with the degradation of SGMPs.     

三唑磷降解菌的筛选及其降解途径研究

从三唑磷生产厂周围的土壤中用土壤富集的方法筛选分离出一株三唑磷降解菌Klebsiella sp.,它能以三唑磷为唯一碳源、唯一氮源、唯一磷源生长同时实现对三唑磷的降解,三唑磷作为唯一氮源时的降解速度最快,是实现三唑磷降解的最佳营养方案。在三唑磷为唯一氮源时,1000 mg/L的三唑磷浓度对菌体降解无抑制作用。此降解菌首先通过水解作用实现对TAP 的降解,之后把水解产物进一步降解为无毒的无机物质。降解菌的这些降解特性表明了它用于生物降解消除三唑磷污染的巨大潜力。     

Characterization and kinetics of 45 kDa chitosanase from Bacillus sp. P16

An extracellular 45 kDa endochitosanase was purified and characterized from the culture supernatant of Bacillus sp. P16. The purified enzyme showed an optimum pH of 5.5 and optimum temperature of 60 degrees C, and was stable between pH 4.5-10.0 and under 50 degrees C. The Km and Vmax were measured with a chitosan of a D.A. of 20.2% as 0.52 mg/ml and 7.71 x 10(-6) mol/sec/mg protein, respectively. The enzyme did not degrade chitin, cellulose, or starch. The chitosanase digested partially N-acetylated chitosans, with maximum activity for 15-30% and lesser activity for 0-15% acetylated chitosan. The chitosanase rapidly reduced the viscosity of chitosan solutions at a very early stage of reaction, suggesting the endotype of cleavage in polymeric chitosan chains. The chitosanase hydrolyzed (GlcN)7 in an endo-splitting manner producing a mixture of (GlcN)(2-5). Time course studies showed a decrease in the rate of substrate degradation from (GlcN)7 to (GlcN)6 to (GlcN)5, as indicated by the apparent first order rate constants, k1 values, of 4.98 x 10(-4), 2.3 x 10(-4), and 9.3 x 10(-6) sec(-1), respectively. The enzyme hardly catalyzed degradation of chitooligomers smaller than the pentamer.     

地衣芽胞杆菌ATCC9945A中γ-聚谷氨酸降解酶基因的克隆、表达及降解性能鉴定

目的:验证在地衣芽胞杆菌ATCC9945A中存在着γ-聚谷氨酸降解酶基因(ywtD),为下一步解决在γ-聚谷氨酸微生物发酵合成过程中产物γ-PGA降解的技术性难题提供依据。方法:通过在pET-28b(+)大肠杆菌表达系统克隆表达地衣芽孢杆菌ATCC9945A中的ywtD基因,对诱导表达条件进行优化,采用SDS-PAGE和Western Blot方法检测目的蛋白的表达,并体外酶解实验验证其活性。结果:PCR扩增得到了一个1 245bp的基因片段,预期编码414个氨基酸,诱导表达后得到一个分子量大小约为45.6 kDa的表达产物。Western Blot分析结果表明ywtD基因得到了有效表达。体外酶解实验表明该表达产物具有降解γ-PGA的活性。结论:证明在地衣芽胞杆菌ATCC9945A中存在着γ-聚谷氨酸降解酶基因。     

Characterization of the cellulolytic activity of a Bacillus isolate.

A group I Bacillus strain, DLG, was isolated and characterized as being most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. When grown on any of a variety of sugars, the culture supernatant of this isolate was found to possess cellulolytic activity, as demonstrated by degradation of trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Growth in medium containing cellobiose or glucose resulted in the greatest production of cellulolytic activity. The cellulolytic activity was not produced until the stationary phase of growth, and the addition of glucose or cellobiose to a culture in this phase had no apparent effect on enzyme production. Fractionation of the culture supernatant showed that the molecular weight of the enzymatic activity was less than 100,000. Maximum cellulolytic activity in assays was observed at pH 4.8 and at 58C, although maximum thermal stability of the activity. Kinetic experiments suggested that more than one enzyme was acting upon trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Exocellular protein produced by this Bacillus isolate showed roughly one-fifth the cellulolytic activity displayed by Trichoderma reesei C30 on noncrystalline, cellulosic substrates. In contrast to T. reesei cellulase, the Bacillus enzymatic activity showed no ability to degrade crystalline forms of cellulose, nor was cellobiase activity detectable.