Cannabinoid receptor homo- and heterodimerization

CB1 cannabinoid receptors mediate the psychoactive effects of Delta(9)THC and actions of the endogenous cannabinoids [Howlett, A.C., Barth, F., Bonner, T.I., Cabral, G., Casellas, P., Devane, W.A., Felder, C.C., Herkenham, M., Mackie, K., Martin, B.R., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R.G., 2002. International Union of Pharmacology: XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacological Reviews 54 (2) 161-202.]. CB1 receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. In recent years, it has become apparent that many GPCRs exist as multimers--either of like or unlike receptors [Kroeger, K.M., Pfleger, K.D., Eidne, K.A., 2003. G-protein coupled receptor oligomerization in neuroendocrine pathways. Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology 24 (4) 254-278; Milligan, G., 2004. G protein-coupled receptor dimerization: function and ligand pharmacology. Molecular Pharmacology 66 (1) 1-7.]. Importantly, GPCR multimerization plays a key role in enriching the signaling repertoire of these receptors. In this review, the evidence for CB1 multimerization will be presented, the implications for cannabinoid signaling discussed, and possible future directions for this research considered.     

Units of enzyme activity

Units of enzymes activity, recommended by the Nomenclature Committee on enzymes of the International Union of Biochemistry are described the unit E (U), introduced in 1961 and its derivatives: specific activity, molecular (molar) activity, enzyme catalytic centre activity, enzyme solution concentration; the unit catal, introduced in 1972 and its derivatives. Information presented is essential to ensure correct expression of enzyme activity.     

Genetic mapping of mouseT3d andT3e betweenApoa1 andNcam

Mouse and human genetic nomenclature used in this text is in accordance with the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice, and the Nomenclature Committee of the Human Gene Mapping Workshops, respectively.     

New Constitution for the International Palaeontological Association

At the General Assembly of the International Paleontological Union (I.P.U.), 20th August, 1968 a Policy Committee was formed and charged to formulate an entirely new Constitution; this was adopted 25th August, 1972 by the General Assembly. To conform with regulations of the International Union of Geological Sciences (I.U.G.S.), the new name is International Palaeontological Association (I.P.A.).     

ORENZA: a web resource for studying ORphan ENZyme activities

Background  

Despite the current availability of several hundreds of thousands of amino acid sequences, more than 36% of the enzyme activities (EC numbers) defined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) are not associated with any amino acid sequence in major public databases. This wide gap separating knowledge of biochemical function and sequence information is found for nearly all classes of enzymes. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore these sequence-less EC numbers, in order to progressively close this gap.     

XVIIITH International Congress of Psychology,Moscow, USSR,August 4-11, 1966. Information and Program

The XVIIIth International Congress of Psychology has been organized by the Society of Psychologists of the USSR, under the auspices of the International Union of Scientific Psychology and the Soviet Steering Committee, under the chairmanship of P. N. Fedosseyev. The Steering Committee was established by the USSR Ministry of Higher Education, the USSR Academy of Sciences, and the RSFSR Ministry of Education. The President of the Congress is A. N. Leont'yev. The Organizing Committee of the Congress is chaired by A. A. Smirnov; and the Program Committee is chaired by A. R. Luriya, with the assistance of P. Fraisse (Paris), acting on behalf of the International Union of Scientific Psychology.     

The ENZYME data bank.

The ENZYME data bank is a repository of information relative to the nomenclature of enzymes. It is primarily based on the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and it contains the following data for each type of characterized enzyme for which an EC (Enzyme Commission) number has been provided: EC number Recommended name Alternative names (if any) Catalytic activity Cofactors (if any) Pointers to the SWISS-PROT protein sequence entrie(s) that correspond to the enzyme (if any) Pointers to human disease(s) associated with a deficiency of the enzyme (if any).     

Automatic Assignment of EC Numbers

A wide range of research areas in molecular biology and medical biochemistry require a reliable enzyme classification system, e.g., drug design, metabolic network reconstruction and system biology. When research scientists in the above mentioned areas wish to unambiguously refer to an enzyme and its function, the EC number introduced by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is used. However, each and every one of these applications is critically dependent upon the consistency and reliability of the underlying data for success. We have developed tools for the validation of the EC number classification scheme. In this paper, we present validated data of 3788 enzymatic reactions including 229 sub-subclasses of the EC classification system. Over 80% agreement was found between our assignment and the EC classification. For 61 (i.e., only 2.5%) reactions we found that their assignment was inconsistent with the rules of the nomenclature committee; they have to be transferred to other sub-subclasses. We demonstrate that our validation results can be used to initiate corrections and improvements to the EC number classification scheme.     

ISAG/IUIS-VIC Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee report, 2005

Nomenclature for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and alleles in species other than humans and mice has historically been overseen either informally by groups generating sequences, or by formal nomenclature committees set up by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). The suggestion for a Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee was made at the ISAG meeting held in Göttingen, Germany (2002), and the committee met for the first time at the Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK in January 2003. To publicize its activity and extend its scope, the committee organized a workshop at the International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Quebec (2004) where it was decided to affiliate with the Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The goals of the committee are to establish a common framework and guidelines for MHC nomenclature in any species; to demonstrate this in the form of a database that will ensure that in the future, researchers can easily access a source of validated MHC sequences for any species; to facilitate discussion on this area between existing groups and nomenclature committees. A further meeting of the committee was held in September 2005 in Glasgow, UK. This was attended by most of the existing committee members with some additional invited participants (Table 1). The aims of this meeting were to facilitate the inclusion of new species onto the database, to discuss extension, improvement and funding of the database, and to address a number of nomenclature issues raised at the previous workshop.     

Sequence of a novel HLA-DQB1 allele

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence data base and have been assigned the accesion number M74842. The name DQB1*0304 has been officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in November 1991. This follows the agreed policy that, subject to the conditions stated in the most recent Nomenclature Report (WHO Nomenclature Committee for factors of the HLA system, 1991), names will be assigned to new sequences as they are identified. List of such new names will be published in the following WHO Nomenclature Report.     

Mevalonate and nonmevalonate pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprene units

Isoprenoids are synthesized by consecutive condensations of their five-carbon precursor, isopentenyl diphosphate, to its isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate. Two pathways for these precursors are known. One is the mevalonate pathway, which operates in eucaryotes, archaebacteria, and cytosols of higher plants. The other is a recently discovered pathway, the nonmevalonate pathway, which is used by many eubacteria, green algae, and chloroplasts of higher plants. To date, five reaction steps in this new pathway and their corresponding enzymes have been identified. EC numbers of these enzymes have been assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) and are available at http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/terp/nonMVA.html.     

Nomenclature for factors of the dog major histocompatibility system (DLA), 1998: first report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee

A Nomenclature committee for Factors of the Dog Major Histocompatibility System or Dog Leukocyte Antigen (DLA) has been convened under the auspices of the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) to define a sequence based nomenclature for the genes of the DLA system. The remit of this committee includes: assignment of gene names rules for naming alleles assignment of names to published alleles assignment of names to new alleles rules for acceptance of new alleles DLA Nomenclature Committee, rules for acceptance, DLA genes and alleles, sequence based nomenclature.     

Nomenclature for factors of the dog major histocompatibility system (DLA), 2000: second report of the ISAG DLA Nomenclature Committee

The International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) Dog Leukocyte Antigen (DLA) Nomenclature Committee met during the "Comparative Evolution of the Mammalian major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)" meeting in Manchester, UK on 10 September 2000. The main points discussed were the naming of class I genes and alleles, and the inclusion of alleles from other canidae.     

中国六种重要药用真菌名称的说明

对我国6种重要药用真菌的名称进行了考证,按照国际命名法规及《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》对这些种类的拉丁和汉语学名进行了讨论。建议下列汉语名称和拉丁名称为规范的汉语学名和拉丁学名：樟芝Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu et al.,桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,木耳Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.,刺槐多年卧孔菌Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden,滑子蘑Pholiota microspora (Berk.) Sacc.,冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.,其他相关名称均应为异名。     

Principles of classifying and naming enzymes

Common principles of enzyme classification, nomenclature and code recommended by the Committee on Enzyme of International Union of Biochemistry are described.     

Mammalian septins nomenclature

There are 10 known mammalian septin genes, some of which produce multiple splice variants. The current nomenclature for the genes and gene products is very confusing, with several different names having been given to the same gene product and distinct names given to splice variants of the same gene. Moreover, some names are based on those of yeast or Drosophila septins that are not the closest homologues. Therefore, we suggest that the mammalian septin field adopt a common nomenclature system, based on that adopted by the Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee and accepted by the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee. The human and mouse septin genes will be named SEPT1-SEPT10 and Sept1-Sept10, respectively. Splice variants will be designated by an underscore followed by a lowercase "v" and a number, e.g., SEPT4_v1.     

International Palaeontological Association General Assembly, Paris, 10th July, 1980

The Assembly discussed past and future activities of the IPA. Representing now all national palaeontological societies of the world, IPA will make greater effort to initiate International Research Programmes on Palaeontology, to mount an extensive palaeontological programme at forthcoming sessions of the International Geological Congress and to ensure satisfactory representation of palaeontology within the International Union of Geological Sciences     

A revised nomenclature for mammalian acyl-CoA thioesterases/hydrolases

Acyl-CoA thioesterases, also known as acyl-CoA hydrolases, are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze CoA esters such as acyl-CoAs (saturated, unsaturated, branched-chain), bile acid-CoAs, CoA esters of prostaglandins, etc., to the corresponding free acid and CoA. However, there is significant confusion regarding the nomenclature of these genes. In agreement with the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee and the Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee, a revised nomenclature for mammalian acyl-CoA thioesterases/hydrolases has been suggested for the 12 member family. The family root symbol is ACOT, with human genes named ACOT1-ACOT12, and rat and mouse genes named Acot1-Acot12. Several of the ACOT genes are the result of splicing events, and these splice variants are cataloged.     

Using standard nomenclature to adequately name transgenes,knockout gene alleles and any mutation associated to a genetically modified mouse strain

Mice provide an unlimited source of animal models to study mammalian gene function and human diseases. The powerful genetic modification toolbox existing for the mouse genome enables the creation of, literally, thousands of genetically modified mouse strains, carrying spontaneous or induced mutations, transgenes or knock-out/knock-in alleles which, in addition, can exist in hundreds of different genetic backgrounds. Such an immense diversity of individuals needs to be adequately annotated, to ensure that the most relevant information is kept associated with the name of each mouse line, and hence, the scientific community can correctly interpret and benefit from the reported animal model. Therefore, rules and guidelines for correctly naming genes, alleles and mouse strains are required. The Mouse Genome Informatics Database is the authoritative source of official names for mouse genes, alleles, and strains. Nomenclature follows the rules and guidelines established by the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice. Herewith, both from the International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT) and from the scientific journal Transgenic Research, we would like to encourage all our colleagues to adhere and follow adequately the standard nomenclature rules when describing mouse models. The entire scientific community using genetically modified mice in experiments will benefit.     

Cw * 1505: a novel HLA-C allele isolated from a B * 7301 haplotype

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL database and have been assigned the accession number X78343. The name Cw ^*1505 was officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in May 1994. This follows the agreed policy that, subject to the conditions stated in the most recent Nomenclature Report (The WHO Nomenclature Committee 1992), names will be assigned to new sequences as they are identified. Lists of such new names will be published in he following WHO Nomenclature Report