慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺肥大细胞对肺小动脉的作用

目的：探讨慢性低Ｏ２高ＣＯ２大鼠肺肥大细胞（ＭＣ）对肺小动脉的作用。方法：条用慢性低Ｏ２高ＣＯ２肺动脉高压模型,观察大鼠肺ＭＣ和肺小动脉形态改变及测定肺动脉压。结果：观察到大鼠肺动脉压力高和肺ＭＣ脱颗粒及空泡变。结论：肺ＭＣ可能也是肺动脉高压形成的因素之一。     

姜黄素对慢性低O2高CO2作用下大鼠脑组织Fas/FasL表达的影响

目的：观察慢性低02高C02作用下大鼠脑组织Fas/FasL表达及神经细胞超微结构变化,探讨姜黄素是否能影响慢性低O2高CO2作用下Fas/FasL表达以及脑神经细胞的超微结构变化。方法：将健康sD雄性大鼠15只,随机分为常氧对照组、慢性低02高c02组、慢性低O2高CO2姜黄素组（姜黄素采用灌胃给药,150mg/（kg·d）;应用免疫组织化学法和蛋白免疫印记法对脑神经细胞凋亡分子Fas/FasL的表达进行定性、定量测定,透射电镜下观察大脑皮质神经细胞超微结构形态学改变。结果：①免疫组织化学和蛋白免疫印记法显示,慢性低O2高CO2组中脑组织Fas/FasL的表达显著高于常氧对照组和慢性低O2高CO2姜黄素组。②脑组织的透射电镜结果显示,常氧对照组神经细胞及细胞器结构形态正常;慢性低O2高CO2组可见神经细胞和细胞器肿胀,细胞核染色质边集,出现凋亡小体;慢性低O2高CO2姜黄素组神经细胞核、细胞器、血管的形态结构基本正常。结论：①慢性低O2高CO2可上调脑组织Fas/FasL的表达,并诱导脑神经细胞呈现凋亡的超微结构变化;②姜黄素可能通过抑制Fas/FasL的表达减轻慢性低O2高CO2诱导的脑神经细胞的超微结构变化。     

慢性低O_2高CO_2大鼠肺肥大细胞对肺小动脉的作用

目的 :探讨慢性低O2 高CO2 大鼠肺肥大细胞 (MC)对肺小动脉的作用。方法 :采用慢性低O2 高CO2 肺动脉高压模型 ,观察大鼠肺MC和肺小动脉形态改变及测定肺动脉压。结果 :观察到大鼠肺动脉压力升高和肺MC脱颗粒及空泡变。结论 :肺MC可能也是肺动脉高压形成的因素之一。     

慢性低O2高CO2对大鼠脑组织的损伤作用及川芎嗪对其影响的研究

目的：探讨慢性低O2高CO2条件下脑烯醇化酶（NSE）、蛋白S100、超微结构等改变及川芎嗪对其影响。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组（A组）,低O2高CO2组（B组）,低O2高CO2＋川芎嗪组（C组）,采用免疫组织化学、透射电镜方法,观察平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、颈动脉压（mCAP)、血清NO浓度、脑NSE、S100变化及脑超微结构等改变。结果：①B组mPAP明显高于A组,C组低于B组,三组间mCAP无明显差异。②B组血清NO浓度低于A组（P＜0．01）,C组血清NO浓度高于B组（P＜0．01）。③B组比A组NSE、S100吸光度值降低,C组比B组NSE、S100吸光度值增高。④B组神经元、神经胶质细胞水肿,C组神经细胞损害明显减轻。结论：慢性低O2高CO2脑NSE、S100降低,川芎嗪对脑损害有保护作用。     

游泳对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺肥大细胞及肺动脉形态的影响

自Ｅｈｒｌｉｃｈ第一次描述肥大细胞 (ＭａｓｔＣｅｌｌ,ＭＣ)以来 ,ＭＣ的组织分布、形态结构、生理特征已有许多研究。肺中含ＭＣ较多 ,主要分布在小血管周围 ,ＭＣ颗粒含组胺、5 羟色胺、肝素、血小板激活因子、激肽缓激肽等活性物质 ,参与重要生理过程。在高原缺Ｏ2 时及低Ｏ2 高ＣＯ2 时 ,肺ＭＣ脱颗粒 ,影响肺动脉形态结构 ,在慢性阻塞性肺部疾病 (ＣＯＰＤ)时往往存在缺Ｏ2 高ＣＯ2 ,运动锻炼是康复疗法之一 ,但其机理尚未完全清楚。本实验采用本研究室先期建立的慢性低Ｏ2 高ＣＯ2 大鼠模型及大鼠游泳锻炼 ,观察肺ＭＣ的形态改变…     

慢性低O2高CO2对大鼠海马神经细胞TLR4和NFκB的影响

目的：探讨慢性低O2高CO2对大鼠海马神经细胞TLR4和NFκB的影响及作用。方法：采用慢性低O2高CO2肺动脉高压大鼠模型,30只大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC）、低O2高CO2 2周组（2HH组）和低O2高CO2 4周组（4HH组）,免疫组织化学法检测海马CA1／3区细胞TLR4和NFκB的表达,TUNEL法检测海马细胞凋亡。结果：模型组大鼠海马CA1／3区TLR4蛋白的表达随着时间延长而显著,2HH组（CA1：0．1275±0．0242,CA3：0．1156±0．0376）,4HH组（CA1：0．1522±0．0187,CA3：0．1427±0．0453）,与NC组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。NC组大鼠海马CA1／3区可见NFκB／p65少量表达于胞浆,而模型组可见NFκB／p65在细胞核内不同程度表达,2HH组（CA1：0．1326±0．0324,CA3：0．1301±0．0112）,4HH组（CA1：0．1612±0．0428,CA3：0．1578±0．0365）,与NC组比较分别有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。模型组大鼠海马CA1／3区细胞凋亡明显增多,与NC组比较分别有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,以4HH组为著。结论：TLR4和NFκB激活可能在慢性低O2高CO2大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡中有重要作用。     

阿斯匹林对大鼠在低O2高CO2下肺动脉高压的作用

目的：研究阿斯匹林(ASA)对慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压的抑制作用。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,慢性低O2高CO2组,慢性低O2高CO2 阿斯匹林组。用光镜、放射免疫等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压(mPAP)、颈动脉平均压(mCAP)、肺细小动脉显微结构、血浆和肺匀浆TXB2及6-keto-PGF1α含量的变化。结果：①低O2高CO2组mPAP比正常组显著增高,ASA组的mPAP比低O2高CO2组显著降低,3组间mCAP比较差异无显著性。②光镜下低O2高CO2组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积(WA／TA)和肺细小动脉中膜厚度(PAMT)均显著增高。ASA组WA／TA和PAMT显著降低。③低O2高CO2组血浆和肺匀浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1α浓度以及TXB2／6-keto-PGF1α比正常组显著增高,而ASA组与低O2高CO2组相比显著降低。结论：ASA有抑制慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压和肺血管重构的作用。     

知母宁对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉高压的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究知母宁对慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,4周低O2高CO2组,4周低O2高CO2^ 知母宁组（知母宁组）。用透射电镜、图像分析、免疫组化、组织原位杂交技术等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压（mPAP)、颈动脉平均压（mCAP)、肺细小动脉显微和超微结构、血CO浓度、血红素氧合酶－1（HO－1）及其基因表达的变化。结果：①低O2高CO2组mPAP比正常组显著增高,知母宁组mPAP比低O2高CO2组显著降低;3组间mCAP比较差异无显著性。②全血CO浓度低O2高CO2组比正常组显著增高,知母宁组比低O2高CO2组增高。③光镜下低O2高CO2组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积、肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞核密度、肺细小动脉中膜厚度均显著升高,知母宁组与低O2高CO2组相比以上指标显著降低。④电镜下知母宁组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生、面积增大、染色质增多、外膜胶原纤维增生均较低O2高CO2组明显减轻。⑤免疫组化、原位杂交发现低O2高CO2组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA与正常组比较均明显增加,知母宁组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA表达均较低O2高CO2组为高。结论：知母宁有抑制慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的作用,上调HO－1及其基因表达、使CO合成增多可能为其重要作用机制。     

四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1表达的影响

目的：探讨四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1受体的影响。方法：应用游泳训练和睡眠剥夺方法复制疲劳动物模型,运用Y-迷宫检测各组大鼠的学习记忆能力,采用免疫组化方法检测大鼠脑内GABA_B1受体阳性反应物的变化。结果：模型组与正常组相比,大鼠Y-迷宫正确反应率明显下降,错误反应率明显升高,大鼠脑内GABA_B1的阳性反应物数目明显增多;中药治疗组与模型组相比,正确反应率明显升高,错误反应次数明显下降,脑内GABA_B1受体的阳性反应物数目明显减少。结论：四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆能力的下降具有改善作用。     

四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1 表达的影响

目的:探讨四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1受体的影响。方法:应用游泳训练和睡眠剥夺方法复制疲劳动物模型,运用Y-迷宫检测各组大鼠的学习记忆能力,采用免疫组化方法检测大鼠脑内GABA_B1受体阳性反应物的变化。结果:模型组与正常组相比,大鼠Y-迷宫正确反应率明显下降,错误反应率明显升高,大鼠脑内GABA_B1的阳性反应物数目明显增多;中药治疗组与模型组相比,正确反应率明显升高,错误反应次数明显下降,脑内GABA_B1受体的阳性反应物数目明显减少。结论:四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆能力的下降具有改善作用。     

Cloning and Localization of Exon 5-Containing Isoforms of the NMDAR1 Subunit in Human and Rat Brains

Abstract: Nine isoforms of the rat NMDAR1 receptor subunit have been previously identified, of which several have an alternatively spliced N-terminal insert believed to be important in proton sensitivity of the receptor. The cloning of the human homologues of NMDAR1-3b (hNMDA1-1) and NMDAR1-4b (hNMDA1-2), both bearing the insert, is reported here. A monoclonal antibody generated against the N-terminal region of these isoforms showed reactivity with at least two distinct human brain proteins of ∼115 kDa. This antibody was further characterized by using a series of truncated fusion proteins and splice variants of NMDAR1 demonstrating its specific recognition of an epitope within the 21-amino acid N-terminal insert, encoded by exon 5. Western blot and immunocytochemical studies were performed to examine the expression of the exon 5-containing isoforms of the NMDAR1 subunit in both rat and human brain.     

NMDAR1蛋白膜外抗原结构域的重组表达、纯化和免疫反应原性鉴定

构建编码NMDAR1蛋白膜外片段的原核表达重组质粒,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达、纯化并鉴定其免疫反应原性。根据人NMDAR1基因序列,利用Phyre 2软件预测蛋白的三级结构并分析其结构域。设计引物用RT-PCR方法扩增编码NMDAR1膜外蛋白不同结构域的核酸片段,并插入原核表达载体pCold-SUMO构建重组质粒。转化DH5α感受态细胞,菌落PCR鉴定,阳性单克隆进行测序验证。鉴定正确的重组体转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导目的蛋白的表达和纯化,Ni-NTA柱亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析纯化蛋白,酶切切除融合蛋白6His-SUMO标签,用AKTA Purifier进行凝胶过滤层析,收集纯化蛋白。利用SDS-PAGE鉴定蛋白纯度,并用Western blotting进行免疫反应性鉴定。克隆获得NMDAR1膜外部分的三段DNA序列,分别是NR1-M1(编码19–393 aa)、NR1-S1(编码394–544 aa)和NR1-S2(编码663–800 aa)。其中NR1-S1和NR1-S2片段之间以G(甘氨酸)和T(苏氨酸)作为接头连接成为复合片段。经菌落PCR筛选和测序鉴定,成功构建了重组质粒p Cold-SUMO-M1和p Cold-SUMO-S1-GT-S2。SDS-PAGE鉴定结果表明重组质粒在大肠杆菌中经诱导可表达可溶性NR1-M1及NR1-S1-GT-S2蛋白。对表达产物进行亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析获得了高纯度的目标蛋白。Western blotting证实纯化的目的蛋白能与相应抗体发生特异性结合反应。本研究成功构建了NMDAR1蛋白膜外抗原结构域的原核表达系统,并获得了具有免疫反应性的NR1-M1及NR1-S1-GT-S2纯化蛋白。该蛋白有望用于NMDAR1蛋白的功能研究及自身抗体的检测。     

Effects of chronic normobaric hypoxic and hypercapnic exposure in rats: Prevention of experimental chronic mountain sickness by hypercapnia

A syndrome of experimental chronic mountain sickness can be produced in the Hilltop strain of Sprague-Dawley rats by chronic hypobaric hypoxic exposure. This syndrome is characterized by polycythemia, plasma hemoglobinemia, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy with eventual failure and death. It has generally been assumed that these changes are caused by chronic hypoxemia, not by hypobaric exposureper se. We have now confirmed this directly by showing that chronic normobaric hypoxic exposure (10.5% O₂) produces similar hematologic and hemodynamic changes. Further, the addition of hypercapnic exposure to the hypoxic exposure blunted or prevented the effects of the hypoxic exposure probably by stimulating respiration, thus increasing the rate of oxygen delivery to the cells. Changes in the rate-controlling enzymes of hepatic heme metabolism, 5-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase, and in cytochrome(s) P-450, the major hepatic hemoprotein(s), were also measured in hypoxic and hypercapnic rats. Hypoxia decreased 5-aminolevulinate synthase and increased cytochrome(s) P-450, probably by increasing the size of a regulatory heme pool within hepatocytes. These changes were also prevented by the addition of hypercapnic to hypoxic exposure.     

Effects of acute and chronic hypercapnia on oxygen tolerance in rats

Groups of 16-52 normal or CO2-adapted rats were exposed top 100% O2 or to O2 with 60 Torr PICO2 (O2-CO2) at pressures of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ATA. Exposure durations for 50% mortality (LD50) in normal rats at 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 ATA O2 were 6.3, 9.3, 17.2, 27.4, and 76.1 h, respectively. Corresponding LD50 values for normal rats exposed to O2-CO2 were 2.0, 2.9, 16.3, 24.8, and 74.8 h. Survival times of CO2-adapted rats exposed to O2 were nearly identical to those of normal rats. LD50 values for CO2-adapted rat exposed to O2-CO2 were 4.1, 7.5, 17.9, 23.6, and 65.4 h, respectively. These data confirm acceleration of O2 intoxication by acute hypercapnia at 4.0 and 3.0 ATA, but they show less prominent effects at 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 ATA. Hypercapnia adaptation clearly has a protective effect in rats exposed to O2-CO2 at 4.0 and 3.0 ATA. At 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 ATA, where acute hypercapnia has less effect, the effects of CO2 adaptation are also less prominent. The observed changes in oxygen tolerance can be explained by cerebral vasodilation with increased brain oxygenation in acute hypercapnia and by significant amelioration of this response during chronic hypercapnia.     

天香胶囊对晕动病模型大鼠前庭核NMDAR1信号通路的影响*

目的:观察天香胶囊对晕动病模型大鼠前庭核NMDAR1(N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1,N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1)、P-CaMKⅡ (磷酸化钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ-亚基,the phosphorylation of calmodulin protein kinase Ⅱ alpha subunit)、P-CREB(磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白,the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein)表达的影响,探讨天香胶囊调节晕动病模型大鼠前庭核兴奋性的内在分子机制。方法:将36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性药对照组(东莨菪碱)、天香胶囊低、中、高剂量组。灌胃预给药3天后,采用双轴旋转刺激法复制大鼠晕动病模型,通过Western blotting法检测各组大鼠前庭核NMDAR1、P-CaMKⅡ/CaMKⅡ、P-CREB/CREB的表达情况。结果:与正常组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠前庭核NMDAR1、P-CaMKⅡ、P-CREB蛋白表达水平显著增加;与模型组相比,中、高剂量天香胶囊可显著下调晕动病模型大鼠前庭核组织NMDAR1、P-CaMKⅡ、P-CREB蛋白表达。结论:天香胶囊可抑制晕动病模型大鼠前庭核NMDAR1信号通路的活化,这可能是其在治疗晕动病中降低前庭核兴奋性的内在分子机制之一。     

Sustained therapeutic hypercapnia attenuates pulmonary arterial Rho-kinase activity and ameliorates chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in juvenile rats

Sustained therapeutic hypercapnia prevents pulmonary hypertension in experimental animals, but its rescue effects on established disease have not been studied. Therapies that inhibit Rho-kinase (ROCK) and/or augment nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling can reverse or prevent progression of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Our objective in the present study was to determine whether sustained rescue treatment with inhaled CO(2) (therapeutic hypercapnia) would improve structural and functional changes of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Spontaneously breathing pups were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (13% O(2)) from postnatal days 1-21 with or without 7% CO(2) (Pa(CO(2)) elevated by ～25 mmHg) or 10% CO(2) (Pa(CO(2)) elevated by ～40 mmHg) from days 14 to 21. Compared with hypoxia alone, animals exposed to hypoxia and 10% CO(2) had significantly (P < 0.05) decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, right-ventricular systolic pressure, right-ventricular hypertrophy, and medial wall thickness of pulmonary resistance arteries as well as decreased lung phosphodiesterase (PDE) V, RhoA, and ROCK activity. Rescue treatment with 10% CO(2), or treatment with a ROCK inhibitor (15 mg/kg ip Y-27632 twice daily from days 14 to 21), also increased pulmonary arterial endothelial nitric oxide synthase and lung NO content. In contrast, cGMP content and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity were increased by exposure to 10% CO(2), but not by ROCK inhibition with Y-27632. In vitro exposure of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells to hypercapnia suppressed serum-induced ROCK activity, which was prevented by inhibition of PKG with Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS. We conclude that sustained hypercapnia dose-dependently inhibited ROCK activity, augmented NO-cGMP-PKG signaling, and led to partial improvements in the hemodynamic and structural abnormalities of chronic hypoxic PHT in juvenile rats. Increased PKG content and activity appears to play a major upstream role in CO(2)-induced suppression of ROCK activity in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle.