低氧暴露对大鼠下丘脑CRF分泌的影响

目的和方法：利用人工模拟低氧及放射免疫测定（RIA）法,观察不同低氧（5km,7km）暴露对大鼠下丘脑分泌促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（C orticotropin-releasing factor,CRF）的作用和血浆皮质酮水平的变化。比较低氧暴露不同时间（2h,24h,5d,15d）后,大鼠下丘脑CRF分泌和血浆皮质酮的变化。结果：低氧暴露2h,24h后下丘脑的CRF分泌明显增加,血浆皮质酮水平显著升高,这种变化随着低氧程度的加深而增强,随着低氧暴露时间的延长（5d）上述变化减弱。至慢性低氧暴露15d后,下丘脑CRF分泌及血浆皮质酮水平与对照组相比已无显著差异,基本恢复到对照水平。结论：动物暴露于低氧环境后,下丘脑CRF分泌及血浆皮质酮水平变化为：低氧暴露2h,24h后CRF分泌和皮质酮分泌被激活;低氧暴露5d后CRF分泌和皮质酮分泌活动减弱,并开始恢复;至低氧暴露15d后,这种分泌活动基本恢复,进入恢复期。     

低氧对CRF,AVP和NE刺激体外培养腺垂体细胞生成cAMP的影响

本文探讨了ＣＲＦ,ＡＶＰ及ＮＥ对体外培养大鼠腺垂体细胞生成ｃＡＭＰ的作用。ＣＲＦ刺激体外培养大鼠腺垂体细胞内ｃＡＭＰ的生成,且浓度与效应正相关。ＡＶＰ未引起细胞内ｃＡＭＰ差异性变化（Ｐ＞０．５）。ＮＥ使培养腺垂体细胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平降低。低氧使ＣＲＦ刺激ｃＡＭＰ生成的作用降低。而ＡＶＰ及ＮＥ可能是通过其它胞内信息通路。     

促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素对生殖功能的调节作用

综述了促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素调节生殖功能的新进展,内容包括这种激素在下丘脑、垂体和性腺水平上影响生殖功能的一系列实验证据。作者认为在今后关于这种激素影响生殖功能的研究中,阐明它调节生殖功能的外周机制当是不容忽视的课题。     

中枢精氨酸加压素在大鼠促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素释放激素引起发热机制中的作用

实验对大鼠进行第三脑室和脑腹中隔区插管,用数字体温计测量大鼠的结肠温度,用放射免疫分析法测定脑中隔区精氨酸加压素（arginine vasopressin,AVP）含量,观察脑中隔区AVP在大鼠促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（corticotrophin releasing hormone,CRH）性发热机制中的作用。结果发现：脑室注射CRH（5.0μg）引起大鼠结肠温度明显升高,同时明显增高脑中隔区AVP的含量。脑腹中隔区注射AVP V1受体拮抗剂本身并不导致大鼠结肠温度明显改变,但能显著增强脑室注射CRH引起的发热反应。而且,腹中隔区注射AVP显著抑制大鼠CRH性发热。结果提示：发热时CRH是引起脑腹中隔区AVP释放的因素之一,脑腹中隔区内源性AVP抑制中枢注射CRH引起的体温升高。     

模拟高原低氧对新生大鼠肾上腺皮质功能发育的影响

本文探讨新生大鼠肾上腺皮质对高原低氧的应签及模拟高原低氧对其功能发育的影响。结果表明,当不同日龄大鼠于５ｋｍ及７ｋｍ海拔２４ｈ,７ｄ,１４ｄ龄大鼠肾上腺皮质无明显应答反应。２１ｄ及２８ｄ龄大鼠肾上腺皮质酮水平随海拔增高而增加,血浆皮质酮表现为抑制作用。     

低氧对氧生大鼠下丘脑促勇上腺皮质激素释放激素发育的…

本文研究模拟高原低氧下新生和胚胎大鼠发育时,下丘脑内肿肾上腺皮质激素及垂体环磷酸腺苷水平的变化,结果表明：５ｋｍ海拔高度抑制下丘脑ＣＲＦ的发育,当以育至２５天和３０天时,ＣＲＦ含量分别为对照组的６４．８％和５７．９％。此时,体重分别为４７．８％和５２．９％,３０天时,ｃＡＭＰ为２０．８％,本研究还显示,在７ｋｍ海拔高度已怀孕大鼠难以完成正常的妊娠和胎儿发育过程,５ｋｍ海拔高拔高度暴露１７天时,胚胎     

新生大鼠下丘脑GnRH免疫反应性神经元的体外发育

应用神经细胞培养、免疫细胞化学、图像分析等技术,研究了新生大鼠下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）神经元的体外发育规律。培养１ｄ即可见ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元;１～３ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元生长最快,胞体和突起的平均生长速度分别为４５．５９μｍ２／ｄ和１９．３９μｍ／ｄ,染色加深;培养７ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元的胞体截面积、胞体染色强度和突起长度均达最高峰,分别为１７１．２１±４３．１７μｍ２,０．２８９±０．０３４,８７．０１±２２．３３μｍ;培养１４ｄ,ＧｎＲＨ－ＩＲ神经元的胞体大小和突起长度维持在７ｄ时的水平,但染色减弱。结果提示,培养第１周是ＧｎＲＨ神经元体外发育成熟的关键时期,其发育良好状态可维持到第２周末     

新生大鼠下丘脑CRF和AVP神经元对急性低氧的应答

目的:观察肾上腺摘除新生大鼠下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRF)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)神经元对急性低氧的应答.方法:在低压氧舱中模拟高海拔低氧,用放免法测定AVP和CRP含量.结果:新生大鼠暴露于急性低氧环境下(模拟5 000 m和7 000 m海拔高度,24 h),其下丘脑CRP在3 d和7 d龄大鼠中无明显变化,但14d、21 d和28 d时低于对照;下丘脑AVP在3 d大鼠中亦无变化,但14 d时低于对照,7 d、21 d及28 d时高于对照.两者对低氧的应答模式随日龄而变化.摘除肾上腺后,14 d、21 d及28 d大鼠下丘脑CRF和AVP含量均显著低于同龄完整大鼠,此时暴露于急性低氧环境下,CRF和AVP无进一步的变化.结论:摘除肾上腺抑制下丘脑CRF和AVP的发育,影响它们对低氧应激的正常应答.     

大鼠睾丸前促甲状腺激素释放激素原及其受体的表达与发育变化

为研究促甲状腺激素释放激素（thyrotrophin-releasing hormone,TRH)及其受体（TRH receptor,TRHR)在大鼠睾丸组织中的表达规律和在生殖发育调节中的作用,依据大鼠下丘脑中的前TRH原（PreproTRH,ppTRH)和垂体中的TRH－R cDNA设计引物,采用RT－PCR法从大鼠睾丸组织中获得了ppTRH和TRH－R的cDNA克隆,测序后构建表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达了可溶性的pTRH t TRH-R融合蛋白,利用实时动态定量RT－PCR（real time quantitative RT-PCR)法观察了ppTRH和TRH－R在不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸中的表达变化,发现在睾丸间质细胞发育的初期阶段（第8天）,没有ppTRH和TRH－R的表达,但从第15天起能观察到pp-TRH和TRH－R的表达,并且表达量在20天,35天,60天和90天逐渐增加,这些结果表明：大鼠睾丸组织能特异性表达ppTRH和TRH－R,并且表达量与发育过程相关,ppTRH和TRH－R体外表达产物的获得为后续研究其功能奠定了基础。     

模拟高原低氧对不同性别新生大鼠下丘脑 CRF和AVP水平的影响

目的:探讨高原低氧对雌雄新生大鼠下丘脑-腺垂体-肾上腺皮质轴中枢部位肽能神经元发育的影响.方法:在低压氧舱中模拟高海拔低氧,用放免法测定精氨酸加压素(AVP)和下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRF)含量.结果:无论是在2 300 m对照海拔,还是在5 000 m模拟海拔,雌雄生后大鼠具相同的发育模式.低氧下发育至21 d时,CRF水平显著低于对照;相反,21 d及28 d时,低氧组AVP水平高于对照.结论:下丘脑CRF和AVP神经元间不同的发育模式可能与它们的功能及发育阶段特性相异有关.     

Choleragen stimulates steroidogenesis and adenylate cyclase in cells lacking functional hormone receptors

Choleragen stimulates steroid secretion and adenylate cyclase in three cell lines, adrenal tumor line (Y-1), a corticotropin-resistant mutant derived from Y-1 called OS-3, and a receptor-deficient Leydig tumor line (I-10). Sensitivity for half-maximal stimulation varies from 3 to 36 pM choleragen, the I-10 line being the most sensitive. Latency before the onset of steroidogenesis is longer in OS-3 and I-10 cells than in the Y-1 line. In both OS-3 and I-10 cells choleragen stimulates adenylate cyclase whether ITP or 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate is the regulatory cofactor used. In addition to the responses of the receptor-deficient lines, choleragen does not during its latency, block the response to corticotropin in Y-1 cells; corticotropin does not block binding of ¹²⁵I-labeled choleragen to Y-1 cells; gangliosides do not interfere with the corticotropin-induced stimulation of Y-1 cells.We conclude that the corticotropin and choleragen receptors are different.     

Endotoxic lipopolysaccharides stimulate steroidogenesis and adenylate cyclase in adrenal tumor cells

Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhosa stimulated steroid production in Y-1 adrenal tumor cells in culture with a latent period of 3–4 h. Lipid A, derived from Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, also stimulated steroidogenesis. Lipopolysaccharides and lipid A also stimulate adenylate cyclase activity and cause rounding of the cells. In contrast, lipopolysaccharides do not stimulate steroidogenesis in receptor-deficient adrenal tumor cells (OS-3) or Leydig tumor cells (I-10). This tends to rule out contamination by enterotoxin to which these lines respond. Although both hormone and lipopolysaccharide responses are lost in these lines, there was no interaction between these sites as judged by the failure of lipopolysaccharides to block, during their latency, the response to corticotropin in Y-1 cells. The possibility that the lipopolysaccharide effect is one on membrane conformation is discussed.     

Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor in ovine brain determined by radioimmunoassay

We have developed and used a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay to demonstrate the presence of CRF-like immunoreactivity in extra-hypothalamic areas of ovine brain. Synthetic CRF displaced antibody bound tracer at an ED50 value of 200 pg and there was no cross-reactivity with LHRH, TRH, ACTH, beta-endorphin and several other peptides. Displacement of bound 125I-CRF by brain extracts exhibited curves parallel to synthetic CRF standards. Highest concentrations (1 ng/mg tissue) of CRF-like immunoreactivity were found in the median eminence but surprisingly, high concentrations of CRF-like immunoreactivity were found in frontal, parietal, occipital and particularly temporal areas of cerebral cortex. Much lower concentrations were found in other brain areas including the basal ganglia, limbic system and brain stem.     

Isolation and characterization of the bovine hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor

A 41 amino acid peptide with high intrinsic corticotropin-releasing activity was isolated from 1000 bovine hypothalami by means of immunoaffinity chromatography, gel filtration, and two steps of reverse phase HPLC. The primary structure of the amino terminal 39 amino acids was characterized by gas phase sequence analysis. The sequence of the amidated carboxyl terminal dipeptide was established by digestion of the intact natural product with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, dansylation of the digest and comparative reverse phase liquid chromatography studies with the synthetic dansylated dipeptides Ile-Ala-NH2, Ile-Ala-OH, Ala-Ile-NH2 and Ala-Ile-OH. The complete structure of the bovine corticotropin-releasing factor was established as: Ser-Gln-Glu-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val- Leu- Glu-Met-Thr-Lys-Ala-Asp-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Asn-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu- Leu- Asp-Ile-Ala-NH2 using approximately 650 pmol of material.     

Pattern of maternal serum corticotropin-releasing hormone concentration during pregnancy in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a potent neuropeptide, is produced by the placenta of anthropoid primates. No other mammals, including prosimian primates, are known to produce placental CRH. In humans, placental CRH appears to play an important role in the progression of pregnancy to parturition. Maternal circulating CRH begins to rise early in pregnancy and increases until parturition. Gorillas and chimpanzees share this pattern of increasing maternal CRH during pregnancy with humans. In humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, maternal CRH and estradiol concentrations are correlated, consistent with the hypothesis that CRH is involved in the biosynthetic pathway for placental estrogen production. In contrast, in baboons, maternal circulating CRH rises precipitously early in pregnancy and then declines, though CRH is detectable until birth. This research was designed to investigate the pattern of maternal circulating CRH in the common marmoset during pregnancy. Blood samples were taken across gestation from nine subjects over 11 pregnancies, and the plasma was assayed for CRH. The pattern of maternal circulating CRH in the common marmoset was similar to that of the baboon, with a rapid rise starting at about 50 days postconception and a peak at approximately 70 days postconception. By 110 days postconception, CRH concentration had plateaued at a significantly lower value. The peak and mean values for CRH were associated with fetal number (e.g., females gestating triplets had higher values than females gestating twins). Urinary estradiol showed no association with plasma CRH concentration. Marmosets appear to differ from the great apes in this regard, and to share a pattern of maternal CRH during pregnancy with the baboon, indicating that the baboon and marmoset pattern may be ancestral. The function of the early rapid rise of CRH in baboons and marmosets, and the significance of this difference between monkeys and apes, are not known.     

Cyclic AMP-independent effects of ACTH on glomerulosa cells of the rat adrenal cortex

The aim of the present paper is to point out the complexity of ACTH action in glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex. We demonstrate that the increase in cAMP production induced by ACTH is the result of a balance between activation of adenylyl cyclase and direct modulation of a PDE2 phosphodiestease activity, an effect mediated by inhibition of cGMP content. Moreover, Ca²⁺ is essential for cAMP production and aldosterone secretion, but its exact primary action is not clearly determined. We recently described that ACTH activated a chloride channel, via the Ras protein, which can be involved in steroidogenesis. ACTH also increases tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins. These data, together with those of phospholipase C activation, indicate that ACTH action in the adrenal is complex, and most certainly not limited to cAMP production, in particular for the low concentrations of the hormone.

Some years ago, cAMP was considered to be the unique second messenger of ACTH action; now it becomes more and more evident that ACTH triggers complex signaling pathways using several second messengers in a closely interacting way. The most predominant point is that these signals are observed for low concentrations of ACTH.     

Pattern of maternal circulating CRH in laboratory‐housed squirrel and owl monkeys

The anthropoid primate placenta appears to be unique in producing corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). Placental CRH is involved in an endocrine circuit key to the production of estrogens during pregnancy. CRH induces cortisol production by the maternal and fetal adrenal glands, leading to further placental CRH production. CRH also stimulates the fetal adrenal glands to produce dehydroepiandrostendione sulfate (DHEAS), which the placenta converts into estrogens. There are at least two patterns of maternal circulating CRH across gestation among anthropoids. Monkeys examined to date (Papio and Callithrix) have an early‐to‐mid gestational peak of circulating CRH, followed by a steady decline to a plateau level, with a possible rise near parturition. In contrast, humans and great apes have an exponential rise in circulating CRH peaking at parturition. To further document and compare patterns of maternal circulating CRH in anthropoid primates, we collected monthly blood samples from 14 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and ten owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) during pregnancy. CRH immunoreactivity was measured from extracted plasma by using solid‐phase radioimmunoassay. Both squirrel and owl monkeys displayed a mid‐gestational peak in circulating CRH: days 45–65 of the 152‐day gestation for squirrel monkeys (mean±SEM CRH=2,694±276 pg/ml) and days 60–80 of the 133‐day gestation for owl monkeys (9,871±974 pg/ml). In squirrel monkeys, circulating CRH declined to 36% of mean peak value by 2 weeks before parturition and then appeared to increase; the best model for circulating CRH over gestation in squirrel monkeys was a cubic function, similar to previous results for baboons and marmosets. In owl monkeys, circulating CRH appeared to reach plateau with no subsequent significant decline approaching parturition, although a cubic function was the best fit. This study provides additional evidence for a mid‐gestational peak of maternal circulating CRH in ancestral anthropoids that has been lost in the hominoid lineage. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1004–1012, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

CRF在谷氨酸兴奋中央杏仁核引起的升压反应中之作用

促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（ＣＲＦ）能神经元的胞体和轴突末梢广泛分布在中央杏仁核（ＡＣ）及其投射的重要升压区。本工作显示：（１）谷氨酸兴奋ＡＣ或将ＣＲＦ分别注入ＡＣ投射区：室旁核（ＮＰＶ）、外侧下丘脑／穹窿周围区（ＬＨ／ＰＦ）、蓝斑（ＬＣ）、臂旁核（ＮＰＢ）、中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）或延髓头端腹外侧区（ＲＶＬ）均引起升压反应;（２）ＡＣ的上述投射区内预先分别注入α－ＨｅｌｉｃａｌＣＲＦ［９－４１］（ＣＲＦ拮抗剂）均能阻断谷氨酸兴奋ＡＣ引起的升压反应。以上结果结合以往报道：ＬＨ／ＰＦ也有纤维投射至ＬＣ、ＮＰＢ和ＰＡＧ,后三者均可通过ＲＶＬ引起升压反应,表明ＡＣ发出的ＣＲＦ能投射纤维一方面可兴奋ＮＰＶ,另一方面则可间接（通过ＬＨ／ＰＦ）或直接作用于ＬＣ、ＮＰＢ和ＰＡＧ,进而激活ＲＶＬ－交感兴奋神经元,也可能直接兴奋ＲＶＬ而引起升压反应     

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment attenuates social defeat-induced anxiety in rats

Summary 1. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the main mediator of the neuroendocrine and behavioral response to stress. End-capped phosphorothioate antisense and sense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) corresponding to the start coding region of rat CRH mRNA were infused intracerebroventricularly (30 µg/3 l per injection) three times at 12 hr intervals. Six hours after the last injection rats were subjected to social defeat stress and subsequently tested on the elevated plus maze.2. Socially defeated CRH antisense-treated rats displayed markedly reduced anxiety-related behavior, as they spent significantly more time in the open arms of the plus maze compared to sense ODN- and vehicle-treated animals.3. In controls, social defeat evoked a stress-induced elevation of CRH mRNA and CRH in the hypothalamus and a significant increase in plasma corticotropin (ACTH) levels. These parameters were attenuated in antisense-injected rats.4. Our results suggest that CRH antisense treatment is effectively suppressing the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of social defeat.