灵武长枣果实发育结构特征研究

采用石蜡切片法,研究不同发育时期灵武长枣果实的结构特征。结果表明:(1)缓慢生长期细胞增长缓慢,外果皮细胞5~6层,表皮细胞由1层薄壁细胞构成,呈长矩形或长椭圆形,表皮细胞以内的薄壁细胞不断增生,形成内表皮细胞。果实体积增大伴随着空腔的出现,中果皮维管束数量多;(2)第一次快速生长期细胞增长迅速,表皮细胞排列疏松,中果皮中的空腔增大速度最快,维管束主要分布在靠近外果皮和内果皮的中果皮部位;(3)减缓生长期表皮细胞变成圆形或椭圆形等不规则形状,细胞排列松散,内表皮细胞形状、大小不一,细胞排列疏松。中果皮中的空腔继续增大,维管束数目逐渐减少,但变化幅度较小;(4)第二次快速生长期外果皮细胞层数减少到3~4层,表皮细胞和内表皮细胞难以区分,空腔随着果实体积的增大达到最大,许多细胞单列排成网状结构,形成更大的腔,果皮中的维管束分布最少。在灵武长枣果实发育过程中,不同发育时期的不同部位其果实的形态解剖特征不同。     

扁桃幼果发育的形态解剖学研究

以普通扁桃品种‘纸皮’为研究对象,观察测定了扁桃幼果生长发育动态,并采用石蜡切片法研究了扁桃幼果发育过程。结果表明,扁桃幼果鲜重、体积及果径增长均呈单“S”曲线。大体可分为3个生长时期,增长速率为:第Ⅱ期>第I期>第Ⅲ期。扁桃果实由单心皮上位子房发育而成,边缘胎座,横生胚珠。果皮由外果皮、中果皮和内果皮构成:外果皮是一种复合结构,由表皮毛和表皮细胞组成;中果皮主要是由薄壁细胞和分布其中的维管束组成;内果皮也有丰富的维管束组织分布,其木质化顺序由外向内。中果皮细胞分裂终止早于内果皮。     

山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究

本文报导了山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究结果.外果皮由一层表皮细胞构成.中果皮外方为3-4(5)层厚角组织细胞,这些细胞通常含有单宁;其内方包含薄壁细胞、单宁细胞和8束维管束.单宁细胞成团或零星分布于薄璧细胞中,前者的体积明显大于后者.单宁细胞的单宁与多糖结合在一起.维管束含有环纹、螺纹、梯纹、网纹及孔纹管胞,还有少数散生的纤维.内果皮高度木质化,主要由多种形状的石细胞组成,其间分布了肉眼可见、排列成环状的异细胞,偶见少数生活石细胞及薄壁细胞.内果皮有3束维管束.     

山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究

本文报导了山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究结果.外果皮由一层表皮细胞构成.中果皮外方为3-4(5)层厚角组织细胞,这些细胞通常含有单宁;其内方包含薄壁细胞、单宁细胞和8束维管束.单宁细胞成团或零星分布于薄璧细胞中,前者的体积明显大于后者.单宁细胞的单宁与多糖结合在一起.维管束含有环纹、螺纹、梯纹、网纹及孔纹管胞,还有少数散生的纤维.内果皮高度木质化,主要由多种形状的石细胞组成,其间分布了肉眼可见、排列成环状的异细胞,偶见少数生活石细胞及薄壁细胞.内果皮有3束维管束.     

矮樱桃果实发育的解剖学研究

利用石蜡制片法解剖研究魏樱桃果实的发育过程,将其发育过程分为３个时期：（１）果实细胞旺盛分裂和增大期：外果皮细胞垂周分裂,以增加果实表面积;中果皮和内果皮主要进行平周分裂３以增加细胞层数,同时３层果皮的细胞体积也增大。（２）内果皮细胞硬化期：外果皮和中果皮的细胞停止分裂,体积增大也不明显,内果皮细胞壁逐渐加厚、硬化。９３）中果皮细胞显著增大期：中果皮的细胞的体积弦向增大的同时,径向延长更明显。其成     

核桃果皮的发育解剖学研究

核桃果皮的发育过程可分为３个阶段,发育时期：中、内三层果皮的界线不清,维管束处于发育初期;发育中期：随着中果皮最外侧两层石细胞的出现和薄壁组织细胞体积的迅速扩大以及维管束轮数的增加,使三层果皮具较明显的界面,发育后期：中果皮的维管束递增到４－５轮,     

不同黑莓品种果实形态和硬度分析及其解剖结构和微形态特征观察

以3个黑莓(Rubus spp.)品种‘Arapaho’、‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’的成熟果实为实验材料,对果实的形状指标以及硬度进行了测定,并采用石蜡切片技术和扫描电子显微镜分别对3个品种果实的解剖结构以及外果皮及果肉的微形态特征进行了观察;在此基础上,对果实结构与果实硬度的关系进行了探讨.结果表明:品种‘Arapaho’果实的硬度值(0.79 lb·mm-2)大于品种‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’果实的硬度值(0 lb·mm-2):品种‘Arapaho’果实的纵径、横径和单果质量均极显著小于‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’果实.石蜡切片观察结果显示:3个品种的外果皮均较薄且无角质层覆盖,由1～2层表皮细胞组成;其中,品种‘Arapaho’果实的表皮细胞1层、短小且排列紧密,品种‘Boysenberry’果实的表皮细胞2层、细长且排列疏松整齐,品种‘Kiowa’果实的表皮细胞2层、胞壁有褶皱且果面局部凹陷.品种‘Arapaho’的中果皮由大量较完整的薄壁细胞组成并包含没有解体的维管束,而品种‘Boysenberry’和‘Kiowa’的中果皮内均匀分布着解体的薄壁细胞.扫描电镜观察结果显示:品种‘Boysenberry’外果皮具浅波状纹饰、表皮细胞形状不规则,并具稀疏的表皮毛和片状分泌物;品种‘Kiowa’外果皮表面有明显的不规则波纹状纹饰;品种‘Arapaho’外果皮表面纹理紧凑致密、表皮细胞轮廓清晰且形状规则.3个品种的果肉细胞均呈现不同程度的解体现象,但品种‘Arapaho’的果肉细胞中分布有没有解体的胶状物质.根据观察结果推测:黑莓果实果皮和果肉的解剖结构以及微形态特征与其硬度有一定的关系.     

白扁豆荚果形态发育过程的研究

本文叙述了白扁豆荚果的形态发育和组织分化规律。果实的生长曲线略呈单顶型,前期快,中期缓慢,以后干缩变小。在此过程中,果皮的颜色、表面特征和质地也产生有规律的变化。在上述生长发育过程中,果皮的外表皮与下皮形成外果皮,内表皮与其内的4—5层纤维状细胞形成内果皮,两者之间的薄壁组织与维管束组成中果皮。在荚果迅速生长期末,种子各部分结构已基本形成。成熟的种子由外珠被形成的种皮和发育完全的胚组成。由于其果皮内缺乏交叉的厚壁组织,且两缝线处具有两排木质化细胞的封闭层,故成熟时荚果不开裂。根据其荚果的形态发育规律和结构特征对白扁豆的栽培管理提出了一些建议。     

乌苏里鼠李茎叶的解剖结构及其生态适应性

为探究乌苏里鼠李（Rhamnus ussuriensis）茎叶的解剖结构对环境的适应性机理,采用石蜡切片及扫描电镜技术,对乌苏里鼠李叶片、茎的解剖结构进行研究。结果表明：乌苏里鼠李叶片为典型异面叶,表皮毛和气孔均分布在下表皮,气孔指数为39.04%;栅栏组织由2层薄壁组织细胞组成,结构紧密,海绵组织排列疏松。叶片主脉发达,维管束呈环状排列,木质部导管数量较多,直径较大,维管束周围薄壁组织细胞后含物丰富。在茎的初生结构中,表皮细胞角质层较厚,皮层薄壁组织细胞内含有晶簇,维管束为外韧无限维管束,髓部发达;茎的次生结构中年轮显明,为典型的环孔材,有凹下的皮孔,次生木质部发达,导管以螺纹导管与孔纹导管居多,导管分子多为复管孔;射线以单列射线为主,偶见双列射线。乌苏里鼠李叶片、茎的解剖结构具有明显的抗逆特性,能够较好的适应干旱、寒冷环境。     

灵武长枣果实发育过程中阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白组织化学分布

为揭示灵武长枣（Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lingwu Changzao’）果实发育过程中阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白（AGPs）的分布规律,以膨大前期、快速膨大期、着色期和完熟期灵武长枣果实为试验材料,通过组织化学和免疫荧光定位的方法,研究了不同发育时期果实AGPs的分布特征。结果显示：βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原在各时期果实的外果皮及相邻的内部数层排列紧密的中果皮小细胞的细胞壁和细胞内部均有分布。中果皮大型卵圆形薄壁细胞的细胞壁和细胞内在膨大前期均有βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原分布,而在快速膨大期、着色期和完熟期均主要分布于薄壁细胞的细胞壁上,大部分细胞内部无分布;随着果实发育成熟,中果皮薄壁细胞间隙拉大排列更加松散,出现细胞破裂,βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原分布逐渐减少。各时期果实维管束中维管束鞘、木质部、韧皮部、形成层的所有细胞的细胞壁和细胞内部都分布有βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原,维管束数量和大小随果实发育及体积的进一步增大逐渐减少,βG...     

Development and structure of the drupe in Sclerocarya birrea (Richard) Hochst. subsp. caffra Kokwaro (Anacardiaceae), with special reference to the pericarp and the operculum

The development and structure of the exo-, meso- and endocarp of the drupe of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra were examined. The mature exocarp comprises the outer epidermis with stomata and lenticels, subepidermal collenchyma and parenchymatous layers with secretory canals. This exocarp sensu lato develops from the outer epidermis and the outer layers of the ovary wall. The fleshy parenchymatous mesocarp or sarcocarp also contains secretory tissue. The mesocarp develops after endocarp differentiation and lignification. The developmental sequence within the pericarp corresponds to the general pattern in drupes. The endocarp or sclerocarp, which is not stratified, consisting mainly of brachysclereids, fibres and vascular elements, develops from the inner epidermis and adjacent tissue of the young ovary wall including the procambium strands. The operculum represents a well-defined part of the endocarp. Early in its development a parenchymatous zone already clearly demarcates the operculum. The literature on the pericarp of the Anacardiaceae drupe is discussed to establish the diagnostic value of these morphological characteristics for future taxonomic studies.     

Development and structure of the pericarp of Lannea discolor (Sonder) Engl.(Anacardiaceae)

Development and structure of the pericarp of Lannea discolor (Sonder) Engl.(Anacardiaceae). The exocarp develops from the outer epidermis and subepidermal, parenchymatous cell layers of the ovary wall. A parenchymatous zone with secretory cavities more or less delimits the exocarp internally. The inner part of the parenchymatous mesocarp is tanniniferous. The parenchymatous transition zone between mesocarp and sclercnchymatous endocarp or sderocarp, contains vascular tissue. The inner endocarp and operculum develop from the inner epidermis and subepidermal parenchyma of the ovary wall, while the outer endocarp develops from the parenchymatous zone with procambium strandS. Comparing the pericarp of L.discolor with those of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra and Rhus lancea , the close affinity with Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra is evident.     

Pericarp anatomy of wild roses (Rosa L., Rosaceae)

The pericarp anatomy of representatives of all subgenera and sections of the genus Rosa was studied. All species have the same basic pericarp structure: it is composed of inner and outer endocarps, mesocarp and exocarp formed by the epidermis and hypodermis. The differences concern mainly the thickness of particular layers, and the shape and size of their cells. Cells of the endocarp and mesocarp are thick-walled. The only exception is Rosa rugosa mesocarp, which is composed of rather thin-walled cells with a large lumen. The endocarp structure of Rosa achenes resembles the drupe of the genus Prunus s.l. and drupelets of Rubus species.     

Fruit micromorphology and anatomy of Valeriana officinalis s. str. (Valerianaceae)

Fruits of two varieties of Valeriana officinalis s. str. (var. officinalis , var. nitida ) are similar in general construction, but differ in details of external and internal structure. The outer cells of the pericarp form a regularly punctuated surface in both taxa. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates variation in cuticular sculpturing of the outer epidermal cell walls and the presence of epicuticular wax. The surface of fruit hairs varies from micropapillate in var. officinalis to linear warty in var. nitida . In the mature rericarp there occur three distinct histological zones: an outer exocarp, a central mesocarp, and an inner endocarp. The seed is small, enclosed in the indehiscent fruit, with thin seed coat and a straight embryo. Endosperm is absent. The results of this carpological study, especially the SEM characters of pericarp surface, may provide criteria useful for delimitation of V officinalis varieties.     

Pericarp formation in early divergent species of Arecaceae (Calamoideae,Mauritiinae) and its ecological and phylogenetic importance

Lepidocaryum tenue, Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the subtribe Mauritiinae, one early divergent lineage of the Arecaceae and one of the few of Calamoideae that occur in South America. These species occur in swampy environments and have fruits that are characteristically covered with scales. The objective of this study was to describe the formation of the layers of the pericarp within this subtribe and attempt to correlate fruit structure with the environment where species typically occur. Toward this goal, flowers in pre-anthesis and anthesis and fruits throughout development were analyzed using standard methods for light microscopy. The ontogeny of the layers of the pericarp of all three species was found to be similar. The scales were formed from non-vascularized emergences composed of exocarp and mesocarp. The median mesocarp accumulates lipids only in M. flexuosa and M. armata. The inner mesocarp together with the endocarp becomes papyraceous and tenuous in all species. This internal region of pericarp showed collapsed cells due to seed growth at the end of fruit development. Fruits of Mauritiinae are baccate, and the characters of the pericarp, especially the inner mesocarp and endocarp, help to maintain moisture. On the other hand, many species close to Mauritiinae show pericarp with sclerenchyma adjacent to the seed. This variation can contribute to understand the importance of this striking character in dispersal, germination and colonization in Arecaceae.     

Development of ovule,fruit and seed of Xyris (Xyridaceae,Poales) and taxonomic considerations

The development of the ovule, fruit and seed of Xyris spp. was studied to assess the embryological characteristics of potential taxonomic usefulness. All of the studied species have (1) orthotropous, bitegmic and tenuinucellate ovules, with a micropyle formed by both the endostoma and exostoma; (2) a cuticle in the ovules and seeds between the nucellus/endosperm and the inner integument and between the inner and outer integuments; (3) helobial, starchy endosperm; (4) a reduced, campanulate and undifferentiated embryo; (5) a seed coat formed by a tanniferous endotegmen, endotesta with thick‐walled cells and exotesta with thin‐walled cells; and (6) a micropylar operculum formed from inner and outer integuments. The pericarp is composed of a mesocarp with cells containing starch grains and an endocarp and exocarp formed by cells with U‐shaped thickened walls. The studied species differ in the embryo sac development, which can be of the Polygonum or Allium type, and in the pericarp, which can have larger cells in either endocarp or exocarp. The Allium‐type embryo sac development was observed only in Xyris spp. within Xyridaceae. Xyris also differs from the other genera of Xyridaceae by the presence of orthotropous ovules and a seed coat formed by endotegmen, endotesta and exotesta, in agreement with the division of the family into Xyridoideae and Abolbodoideae. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177 , 619–628.     

A survey of ontogeny pericarp features as contribution to the infratribal characterization of Myrteae (Myrtaceae)

With the aim of correlating the pericarp structure with current phylogenies of Myrteae, this study describes the ontogeny in five species included in five out of the six South American clades of the tribe. In these taxa, the outer and inner ovarian epidermis gives rise to the exocarp and the endocarp, respectively, both with 1 layer. In the mesocarp, derived from the ovarian mesophyll, secretory cavities are arranged into a circle just below the exocarp and near the endocarp in Campomanesia adamantium; only below the exocarp in Eugenia pitanga and Myrcia multiflora; more internally in Myrciaria cuspidata, and below the exocarp and throughout the mesophyll in Myrceugenia alpigena. The promising traits for phylogenetic studies in the group include: direction of elongation of pericarp layers, regions that develop most in relation to the circle of larger vascular bundles, differentiation of spongy and sclerenchymatous tissues and position of secretory cavities.     

Pericarp histogenesis and histochemistry during fruit development in Butia capitata (Arecaceae)

Palm fruits show great structural complexity, and in-depth studies of their development are still scarce. This work aimed to define the developmental stages of the fruit of the neotropical palm Butia capitata and to characterize the ontogenesis of its pericarp. Biometric, anatomical, and histochemical evaluations were performed on pistillate flowers and developing fruits. The whole fruit develops in three phases: (I) histogenesis (up to 42 days after anthesis – DAA), when the topographic regions of the pericarp are defined; (II) pyrene maturation (42 to 70 DAA), when the sclerified zone of the pericarp is established; and (III) mesocarp maturation (70 to 84 DAA), when reserve deposition is completed. During pericarp ontogenesis (i) the outer epidermis and the outer mesophyll of the ovary give origin to the exocarp (secretory epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular bundles); (ii) the median ovarian mesophyll develops into the mesocarp, with two distinct topographical regions; (iii) the inner ovarian epidermis originates the endocarp; and in the micropylar region, it differentiates into the germination pore plate, a structure that protects the embryo and controls germination. (iv) Most of the inner region of the mesocarp fuses with the endocarp and, both lignified, give rise to the stony pyrene; (v) in the other regions of the mesocarp, carbohydrates and lipids are accumulated in a parenchyma permeated with fiber and vascular bundles. The development of the B. capitata pericarp presents high complexity and a pattern not yet reported for Arecaceae, which supports the adoption of the Butia-type pyrenarium fruit class.