土壤硝化作用的抑制剂调控及其机理

既要保证氮肥在优质高效农业生产中的促进作用,又要保证农业和环境的可持续发展,如何提高氮肥利用率、减轻氮肥污染成了解决问题的关键.从氮素在土壤中的生物化学转化过程入手,通过抑制剂的施用来调控氮素的转化,减缓硝化过程的进行,是解决该问题的一种有效措施.本文从硝化抑制剂的定义、筛选硝化抑制剂的条件、国内外较受关注的硝化抑制剂品种以及硝化抑制机理等几个方面对目前的研究进展进行综述,并提出目前研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向.     

Acceleration by montmorillonite of nitrification in soil

A soil naturally containing montmorillonite (M) was amended with 10% M and sequentially perfused with glycine, with fresh glycine being added every 16–17 d after nitrification of the previously added glycine-nitrogen had reached a plateau. In some systems, the old perfusates were replaced each time with a fresh glycine solution; in others, the initial perfusate was not replaced but only adjusted each time to the original 200 ml volume and a comparable glycine concentration (140 μg NH₂-N/ml). The incorporation of M enhanced the rates of heterotrophic degradation of glycine and subsequent autotrophic nitrification, but these stimulatory effects decreased with each successive perfusion. The reasons for these decreases are not known, but they did not appear to be related to inorganic nutrition, as perfusion with a mixed cation solution after five perfusion cycles did not significantly enhance nitrification in either the check or M-amended soils during three subsequent perfusions with glycine. The enhancement of nitrification by M appeared to be a result, in part, of the greater buffering capacity of the M-amended soil, as indicated by lesser reductions in the pH of perfusates from the M-amended soil, by titration curves of the soils, and by the greater and longer stimulation of nitrification in the cheek soil amended with 1% CaCO₃, which had a greater buffering capacity than did M. The stimulation by CaCO₃ may also have been partially the result of providing CO₂ for the autotrophic nitrifyers. Significant concentrations of nitrite accumulated only in perfusates from soil amended with CaCO₃. Air-drying and remoistening the soils enhanced nitrification of subsequently added glycine, especially in the check soil. The importance of pH-mediation, of the production of inhibitors, and/or of feed-back inhibition was indicated by the lower rate and extent of nitrification in systems wherein the perfusates were not replaced between successive additions of glycine. Although the results of these studies confirmed previous observations that M enhances the rate of nitrification in soil, the mechanisms responsible for this stimulation are still not known.     

Effect of temperature on nitrification intensity in soil

The temperature dependence of nitrification can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation while the time course of nitrate production can be expressed by the Gomperz function. These two findings served as a basis for a mathematical model which makes it possible to calculate nitrate production in the soil even when the temperature changes once or more times during the incubation.     

Influence of vegetable tannins on nitrification in soil

Summary A laboratory study was performed on the effects of pure preparations of vegetable tannins on the nitrification of ammonium sulphate in soil. Purified preparations of wattle and of chestnut-oak tannins used at concentrations of 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00% (w/w) showed a fairly strong inhibition on the formation of nitrate only during the first two weeks' incubation. Similar tannin preparations used at 0.125% (w/w) concentration had practically no influence on nitrification. Generally, the wattle tannin had a slightly stronger inhibitory effect than the chestnut-oak mixture.     

Inhibition of nitrification in forest soil by monoterpenes

Nitrate production was detected in untreated soil of a Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stand only after clear-cutting the stand. The aim of this study was to determine whether allelochemical inhibition of nitrification by monoterpenes played any role in inhibiting nitrification in the stand. Therefore, soils from a clear-cut plot and from a forest plot were studied. In the field, monoterpenes (mostly - and -pinenes), measured by soil microair diffusive samplers, were intensively produced in the forest plot, but not in the clear-cut plot. In the laboratory, soil samples taken from the forest plot produced only small amounts of monoterpenes, indicating that monoterpenes were mainly produced by the roots and not to great extent by the soil microbial population. The effect of a mixture of monoterpenes (seven major monoterpenes detected in the field) on net nitrification, net N mineralization and denitrification activities of soil from the clear cut plot, and on carbon mineralization of soils from both the forest and clear-cut plots, was studied in the laboratory. In both aerobic incubation experiments and in soil suspensions with excess NH4-N, nitrification was inhibited by exposure to the vapours of monoterpenes at similar concentrations at which they had been detected in forest plot. This indicates direct inhibition of nitrification by monoterpenes. Exposure to monoterpenes did not affect denitrification. However, it increased respiration activity of both soils. This could also indicate indirect inhibition of nitrification by monoterpenes, due to immobilization of mineral N. Thus it seems that monoterpenes could play a role in inhibiting nitrification in the forest soil.     

Comparison of Karanjin with other nitrification inhibitors for retardation of nitrification of urea N in soil

Summary Comparative evaluation of Kranjin and three patented nitrification inhibitors for retardation of nitrification of urea in a sandy clay loam showed that the effectiveness of the compounds tested decreased in the order: Nitrapyrin>Karanjin>A.M.>dicyandiamide.     

Intensity of nitrification in soil as a function of time and soil moisture

Proceeding from three previously derived expressions for the intensity of nitrification in soil as a function of time (logΣN=K.logt+q), as a function of incubation moisture (logΣN=A.pF _i+B), as a function of initial moisture (logΣN=C.pF _v+D), it was shown that the nitrification intensity as a function of time and of moisture can be expressed by the bilinear function log ΣN=a.pF _i.logT+b.pF _i+c.logt+d; as a function of time and of initial moisture by the bilinear function logΣ=N=a.pF _v.logt+b.pF _v+c.logt+d; as a function of initial and incubation moisture by the bilinear function log ΣN=a.pF _ipF _v+b.pF _i+c.pF _v+d. The intensity of nitrification as a function of time, incubation moisture and initial moisture may be expressed by the multilinear function log ΣN=a.pF _i.pF _v.logt+b.pF _i.pF _v+c.pF _i.logt+d.pF _v.logt+e .pF _i+f.pF _v=g.logt+h. This function is valid for all the incubation moistures lying between pF _i 3.0 and 4.0 and for all initial moistures between 3.5 and 5.9 provided that the incubation temperature remains constant.     

The influence of previous plant cultivation on soil nitrification

Summary Studies have been made on the effect of previous cultivation of different plants on soil nitrification. Greater effects were obtained when the soil was incubated at 29°C and under natural conditions in the open that at 18°C. The rate of nitrification was usually lower in previously uncultivated than cultivated soils except in the cases of pea, timothy grass and onion when increased rates were found.     

Global patterns and controlling factors of soil nitrification rate

Soil nitrification, an important pathway of nitrogen transformation in ecosystems, produces soil nitrate that influences net primary productivity, while the by‐product of nitrification, nitrous oxide, is a significant greenhouse gas. Although there have been many studies addressing the microbiology, physiology, and impacting environment factors of soil nitrification at local scales, there are very few studies on soil nitrification rate over large scales. We conducted a global synthesis on the patterns and controlling factors of soil nitrification rate normalized at 25°C by compiling 3,140 observations from 186 published articles across terrestrial ecosystems. Soil nitrification rate tended to decrease with increasing latitude, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and varied largely with ecosystem types. The soil nitrification rate significantly increased with mean annual temperature (MAT), soil nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, soil ammonium, and soil pH, but decreased with soil carbon:nitrogen and carbon:nitrogen of microbial biomass. The total soil nitrogen content contributed the most to the variations of global soil nitrification rate (total coefficient = 0.29) in structural equation models. The microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN; total coefficient = 0.19) was nearly of equivalent importance relative to MAT (total coefficient = 0.25) and soil pH (total coefficient = 0.24) in determining soil nitrification rate, while soil nitrogen and pH influenced soil nitrification via changing soil MBN. Moreover, the emission of soil nitrous oxide was positively related to soil nitrification rate at a global scale. This synthesis will advance our current understanding on the mechanisms underlying large‐scale variations of soil nitrification and benefit the biogeochemical models in simulating global nitrogen cycling.     

Effect of montmorillonite and kaolinite on nitrification in soil

A soil not naturally containing montmorillonite (M) was amended with approximately 5, 10 or 20% M or kaolinite (K), maintained in a greenhouse under periodic cultivating and alternate wetting and drying for more than two years, and then used in perfusion studies. The incorporation of M enhanced the rate of both heterotrophic degradation of glycine and subsequent autotrophic nitrification in direct relation to the amounts of M added. In soil amended with K, neither degradation nor nitrification was stimulated. The addition of M shortened the lag phase before nitrification was initiated, increased the pH of both the soil and the perfusates, and increased the rate, but not the extent, of oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. The addition of CaCO₃ or MgCO₃, but not of CaSO₄, also enhanced the rate of nitrification. The effects observed may have resulted from the influence of M on the pH, buffering capacity, and other soil conditions necessary for maximum activity of nitrifying microorganisms.     

Effects of sulpha drugs on nitrification of urea in soil

Summary A laboratory study was made of the influence of the sulpha drugs sulphathiazole, sulphanilamide, sulphapyridine, sulphaguanidine, sulphadiazine and sulphadiamidine on nitrification of urea applied to a sandy clay loam soil of pH 7.8. Sulphathiazole applied at 2 ppm inhibited the nitrification of urea most effectively. Sulphadiazine and sulphadiamidine were also found to have nitrification inhibitory properties and need further testing. About 14% of applied urea N accumulated as nitrites after 1 week of incubation. Application of sulpha drugs along with urea reduced nitrite accumulation. re]19760203     

硝化抑制剂对蔬菜土硝化和反硝化细菌的影响

土壤N素循环主要是微生物驱动的转化过程,然而对其的驱动与调控机理了解还很不够。选取长沙黄兴镇蔬菜基地两种蔬菜土研究硝化抑制剂(DCD)对N素转化过程及功能微生物的影响。试验通过室内土壤培养,处理为单施尿素(CK)和尿素与硝化抑制剂双氰胺配合施用(DCD),重复3次。在培养过程中系统监测了土壤中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N含量变化,同时采用荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)方法研究硝化抑制剂对土壤中氮素转化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明:在培养过程中DCD处理使两个供试土壤的NH₄⁺浓度稳定在较高水平,而NO₃^-浓度则明显低于对照;施用DCD导致土壤中硝化基因amoA丰度显著减少,而对16S rRNA和反硝化基因nirK丰度没有产生明显影响。因此,DCD在菜地土壤中主要通过抑制氨氧化细菌的繁衍来抑制硝化作用。     

Investigation of nitrification in forest soils with soil percolation columns

Soil percolation columns in which a pF of 2 could be maintained were developed to study nitrification in soils and litter of an acid and a calcareous forest soil location. High nitrification rates were observed in the calcareous soil. In the acid soil nitrification was much slower. A column filled with leaf litter gave a low nitrification rate at the start of the experiment, but a high rate was found after 60 days of percolation with an ammonium-containing medium of pH 4. In this leaf litter high numbers of autotrophic bacteria were just present at the beginning of the experiment, whereas at the end only low numbers were detected. Results indicate that autotrophic bacteria from acid soils are sensitive to a pH increase.