螟长距茧峰,玉米螟与春玉米间相互关系的初步研究

研究表明,螟长距茧蜂发生主高峰期比玉米螟成虫高峰期大约推迟６－９天,与春玉米抽雄期相一致。玉米抽雄开花时绝大部分玉米螟幼虫处在易被螟长距茧蜂寄生的Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄。玉米开花后雄穗的形态结构和营养成分发生改变,致使幼虫下垂转移寻找更适宜的食物。螟长距茧蜂被取食玉米雄穗的玉米螟幼虫所吸引,其寄生与玉米螟幼虫的发育和玉米生育期密切相关。     

螟长距茧蜂、玉米螟与春玉米间相互关系的初步研究

研究表明,螟长距茧蜂发生高峰期比玉米螟成虫高峰期大约推迟6-9天,与春玉米抽雄期相一致。玉米抽雄开花时绝大部分玉米螟幼虫处在易被螟长距茧蜂寄生的Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄。玉米开花后雄穗的形态结构和营养成分发生改变,致使幼虫下垂转移寻找更适宜的食物。螟长距茧蜂被取食玉米雄穗的玉米螟幼虫所吸引。其寄生与玉米螟幼虫的发育和玉米生育期密切相关。     

玉米花粉对螟长距茧蜂成虫寿命的影响

为了探明玉米花粉对玉米螟幼虫期主要天敌螟长距茧蜂的营养效应,作者在田间养虫室研究了玉米花粉对螟长距茧蜂成虫寿命的影响。结果表明：玉米花粉液能明显延长螟长距茧蜂的成虫寿命。雄成虫寿命与食物水分有密切关系。单一玉米花粉对成虫寿命影响很小,只有与水混合才能使花粉粒中的养分渗透到水中而发挥作用。雌成虫寿命随取食花柑液时间的增长而延长。花粉的浸水时间以24小时最佳。结果证明了玉米、玉米螟与螟长距茧蜂三个营养层间在食物营养方面的协同进化关系。     

吉林省延吉地区玉米螟寄生蜂的调查初报

1972-1974年调查,我省延吉地区玉米螟卵的寄生蜂有:玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae和粘虫黑卵蜂 Telenomus cirphiuorus;幼虫寄生蜂有:大螟瘦姬蜂 Eriborus terebrans、高缝姬蜂 Campoplex sp.、棱柄姬蜂 Sinophorus sp.、姬花蜂 Hyiaeus sp.、玉米螟长距茧蜂 Macrocentrus grandii、茧蜂 Bracon sp.、金小蜂Eupteromalus sp.;共9种,其中玉米螟赤眼蜂占螟卵总寄生率的97.3%,大螟瘦姬蜂占幼虫总寄生率的85％以上,是当地重要寄生蜂。     

杀虫蛋白Vip3Aa11对亚洲玉米螟及其寄生性天敌腰带长体茧蜂的影响

【目的】本文的研究目的是明确杀虫蛋白Vip3Aa11对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis及其寄生性天敌腰带长体茧蜂Macrocentrus cingulum的影响。【方法】首先利用生物测定的方法用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫,7 d后观察记录亚洲玉米螟的死亡情况和体重。然后用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料饲喂被腰带长体茧蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫,以含6μg/g印楝素的人工饲料作为阳性对照,10 d后记录亚洲玉米螟幼虫的死亡和被寄生情况,并在茧蜂化蛹结茧及羽化后分别记录茧重以及单个寄主的出蜂量,以此评价Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的间接影响。再者,用含100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的20%蜂蜜水饲喂腰带长体茧蜂成虫,以含100μg/g印楝素的20%蜂蜜水作为阳性对照,观察记录腰带长体茧蜂成蜂的死亡情况;不同处理的腰带长体茧蜂寄生亚洲玉米螟10 d后记录亚洲玉米螟的死亡和被寄生情况,并在子代茧蜂化蛹结茧及羽化后记录茧重及单个寄主的出蜂量,以此评价Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的直接影响。【结果】生物测定结果显示,100μg/g的Vip3Aa11蛋白处理7 d后亚洲玉米螟幼虫的平均死亡率为50.7%,平均体重抑制率为77.1%。间接影响试验结果显示,被腰带长体茧蜂寄生后的亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食含有Vip3Aa11蛋白的人工饲料后死亡率明显升高,腰带长体茧蜂茧重和单头出蜂量大幅度下降,而寄生率及羽化后的成虫寿命没有受到不利影响。直接影响试验结果显示,腰带长体茧蜂取食含有100μg/g Vip3Aa11蛋白的蜂蜜水对腰带长体茧蜂成虫寿命和寄生率、亚洲玉米螟幼虫死亡率以及腰带长体茧蜂子代的茧重、单头出蜂量和成虫寿命均没有产生不利影响。【结论】本研究利用生测体系从直接和间接两方面评价了Vip3Aa11蛋白对腰带长体茧蜂的影响,结果表明腰带长体茧蜂对高于Bt作物中表达的Vip3Aa11蛋白浓度不敏感,Vip3Aa11蛋白不会对腰带长体茧蜂产生直接的不利影响;造成的间接影响可能主要是由于寄主自身质量的下降而引起。     

螟虫长距茧蜂寄生行为的观察

螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis (Necs)是玉米螟幼虫的重要天敌．寄生率一般在30％-40％,最高可达70％以上,是抑制玉米螟种群数量的重要因素．1985年以来我们对该蜂的寄生行为作了系统观察,现将结果整理如下．     

螟虫长距茧蜂寄生的玉米螟幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

了解螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis(Nees)寄生的玉米螟幼虫在田间的分布型,不仅是调查取样和试验设计的理论基础,而且还为玉米螟的生物防治提供了重要的依据。要正确估计田间螟虫长距茧蜂的数量,必须有合适的抽样方法和必要的样本数量。有关这方面的资料尚未见到报道。为此,1982年进行了这项研究。 一、材料和方法 (一)分布型 螟虫长距茧锋第1—2代幼虫结茧高峰前3—5天,选择不同类型的玉米田,每块田取     

红脉穗螟寄生蜂寄主选择研究

[目的]优化红脉穗螟寄生蜂繁育技术,为该虫的生物防治提供参考。[方法]通过室内饲养研究了红脉穗螟幼虫寄生蜂褐带卷蛾茧蜂和蛹寄生蜂周氏啮小蜂(海南种)对4种昆虫的寄生效果,并对最佳接种比例进行筛选。[结果]褐带卷蛾茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫寄生效果优于米蛾幼虫,且对黄粉虫和大麦虫幼虫不表现寄生特性,褐带卷蛾茧蜂和大蜡螟幼虫的最佳接种比例为1∶1和2∶1,其中在2∶1接种比例处理中的寄生率和单寄主产蜂量分别为76.67%和34.60头;4种昆虫蛹均可用于繁育周氏啮小蜂,从寄主的繁育成本和寄生效果分析,以黄粉虫蛹效果较最佳,接种蜂虫比以2∶1为宜,此时的单寄主产蜂量为148.60头。[结论]寄主和接种比例不同会影响寄生蜂的寄生效果,本研究中褐带卷蛾茧蜂适宜寄主为大蜡螟,最优蜂虫比为1∶1和2∶1,周氏啮小蜂(海南种)适宜寄主为黄粉虫,最优接种蜂虫比为2∶1。     

中国玉米螟长体茧蜂学名的订正

在我国玉米螟幼虫体中，常可育出一种有聚寄生习性的长体茧蜂（＝长距茧蜂）Macro－centrus，由于分布广，寄生率高，近年来对它的生物学研究报道甚多。此蜂学名在我国以祝汝佐（1935），用的M．gifuensis（实已误订）最早，此后在一些玉米螟文章中也有沿用，中名用玉米螟赤茧蜂等。在《天敌昆虫图册》（1978）出版以后，又几乎全部文章（有近20篇）都根据该书而误用螟虫长体茧蜂（蝗虫长距虽蜂）M．lin－earis（Nees）。该峰的玉米螟寄主记录在国外是没有的，甚至由此引起国外生物防治同行的误解，以为我们有新的发现而准备引进。在国外…     

螟虫长距茧蜂搜索寄主利它素的应用研究

试验表明,螟虫长距茧蜂Macrocentrus linearis(Ness)雌蜂在利它素抽提物处理区域内的搜索时间明显较未处理的对照区长,雌蜂在处理区的搜索时间与利它素的浓度有一定的相关性,但并不完全随着利它素浓度的增高而增加.应用利它素能明显地缩短雌蜂找到寄土的时间,然而当使用的利它素浓度过高时,则显示相反效果.寄主密度高低对利它素的应用效果产生明显影响.室外笼罩试验证实,在玉米植株上全面喷洒利它素能明显地提高所释放的螟虫长距茧蜂对亚州玉米螟Ostrinta furnacalis(Guenee)幼虫的寄生率,利它素处理区的玉米螟幼虫寄生率比对照区高13～18%.     

Levels of encapsulation and melanization in two larval instars of Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée (Lep., Pyralidae) during simulation of parasitization by Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hym., Braconidae)

Abstract:  The hymenopteran Macrocentrus cingulum is a polyembryonic endoparasitoid that uses larvae of the lepidopteran Ostrinia furnacalis as one of its host insects. Previous studies indicated that although this parasitoid does not transmit polydnaviruses when it lays its eggs, a layer of fibrous tissue on the surface of the eggs helps them to avoid being encapsulated by the immune system of the host insect. However, as eggs of M. cingulum that are laid into late instar larvae of O . furnacalis often do not survive, there is a tendency for the adults to lay their eggs in earlier instar larvae. We studied the amounts of encapsulation and melanization around beads of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 injected into the haemoceol of fourth and fifth larval instars of O. furnacalis . The beads were injected to simulate the presence of eggs of the parasitoid M. cingulum . We found that the levels of encapsulation and melanization around the beads increased with the age of the O. furnacalis larvae. Likewise, the total counts of the haemocytes circulating within the haemolymph increased with the age of the O. furnacalis larvae and were correlated negatively with the percentage of larvae parasitized by M. cingulum . It appears that young O. furnacalis possess a weak cellular defence, and as a result are more susceptible to being parasitized. Hence, the correlation between the levels of encapsulation and the age of the host insect appears simply to reflect passive evasion.     

Extraembryonic membrane of the polyembryonic parasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hym., Braconidae) is essential for evasion of encapsulation

Abstract:  The wasp Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera) is an endoparasitoid that uses larvae of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis as one of its hosts. The wasp is polyembryonic and a single wasp egg gives rise to several dozens of embryos. Earlier studies showed that the fibrous layer on the surface of M. cingulum eggs protects them from the immune system of the moth larvae. However, the way in which the embryos of the parasitoid avoid being encapsulated remained unknown. In this paper, we show that the evasion of encapsulation is mediated through the extraembryonic membrane. We also show that M. cingulum embryos developed normally in the larvae of O. furnacalis but were encapsulated when injected into the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera , which is not a host species for the wasp larvae. When the extraembryonic membrane was removed, either chemically using the enzyme dispase or mechanically using a dissecting needle, the 'unprotected' embryos were also encapsulated both in vivo and in vitro by the haemocytes of the normal host O. furnacalis . It was also shown that the extraembryonic membrane was labelled strongly with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Helix pomatia ( H.p. ) lectin. This suggests that a chemical in, or on, the extraembryonic membrane, that helps the embryos of M. cingulum to avoid encapsulation, is possibly a glycodeterminant produced in the haemocoel of the wasp.     

苦瓜叶提取物对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及对斜纹夜蛾卵巢细胞的毒力

【目的】为研究苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)叶正丁醇萃取物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinina furnacalis(Güenée)生长发育及生殖力的影响,并探讨其作用机理。【方法】采用饲料混药法测定了苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫存活率、发育历期和雌成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】用0.025%、0.1%和0.2%浓度的苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物混合饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟2龄幼虫3 d后,幼虫存活率明显降低,校正死亡率分别为27.43%、39.23%和54.93%,且发育历期明显延长,雌成虫产卵量与对照相比分别下降了12.63%、22.74%和37.27%。进一步的研究结果表明,苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对斜纹夜蛾卵巢细胞(SL)的形态、增殖和生长密度有明显的抑制作用。处理后的SL细胞皱缩变圆,细胞核偏移甚至消失,胞质外泄。处理24、48和72 h后,对SL细胞增殖的IC50值分别为180.96、158.54和122.87μg/mL;处理6~72 h后,SL细胞相对生长密度随药剂浓度和处理时间的增加而明显下降;用125μg/mL浓度处理SL细胞2、3、4和5 d后,SL细胞对葡萄糖吸收的抑制率分别为7.66%、13.97%、19.45%和27.30%。【结论】苦瓜叶正丁醇萃取物对SL细胞表现出的较强毒杀作用可能是其导致亚洲玉米螟生殖能力降低的主要作用机制之一。     

取食转Bt基因抗虫玉米后亚洲玉米螟幼虫中肠的组织病理变化

利用透射显微镜（TEM）观察亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)幼虫取食了表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转Bt基因玉米心叶组织后中肠的组织病理变化, 以探讨转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的致病机理, 为其合理、安全和持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明：亚洲玉米螟取食Bt玉米后中肠细胞及其细胞器发生了明显的病变。取食Bt玉米12 h后中肠细胞开始病变, 首先微绒毛脱落、内质网开始肿胀, 24 h后内质网肿胀、增多, 杯状细胞杯腔增大, 48 h后微绒毛大量脱落, 细胞开始空泡化, 随着取食时间的增加, 细胞空泡化程度加剧, 在感染前期细胞间的病变程度差异较大。微绒毛脱落、内质网肿胀断裂是在多数取食Bt玉米的亚洲玉米螟中肠细胞发生的普遍病变。由此表明, 人工修饰的Cry1Ab基因导入到玉米染色体组中所表达的杀虫蛋白可使玉米螟幼虫中肠细胞发生病变, 最终导致其死亡。     

Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones

To contribute to the understanding of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Japan, we collected larvae of Ostrinia spp. from known host plants and plants not recorded as hosts, and we examined the morphology and sex pheromones of the adults obtained. Consequently, the host plant ranges of the 7 Ostrinia spp. in Japan were clarified, and the sex pheromones of the 5 species O. scapulalis, O. zealis, O. zaguliaevi, O. palustralis and O. latipennis were identified in addition to that of the Asian corn borer O. furnacalis. The phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Ostrinia spp., with reference to the European corn borer O. nubilalis, are discussed based on these findings and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.     

苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及对其幼虫体内代谢酶活性的影响

【目的】为研究苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinina furnacalis (Güenée)的生物活性和体内相关酶活性的影响。【方法】采用饲料混药法测定了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响,并以生命表的方法评价了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟实验种群增长的控制作用;采用酶标仪测定了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶和磷酸酯酶活性的影响。【结果】用含0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0和4.0 mg/g浓度苦瓜素Ⅰ的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫3 d,幼虫的存活率明显降低, LC₅₀为3.2 mg/g;对幼虫体重增长的抑制作用显著,在4.0 mg/g浓度下,第1, 2和3 天体重增长的抑制率分别为76.87%, 78.24%和79.94%,且发育历期明显延长;苦瓜素Ⅰ各浓度处理组中亚洲玉米螟蛹的历期和成虫寿命与对照相比差异不显著,但苦瓜素Ⅰ明显降低了亚洲玉米螟雌成虫的产卵量,4.0 mg/g浓度下,产卵抑制率高达73.55%。苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶、酸性磷酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶活性均有明显的抑制作用,处理24, 48和72 h后,对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.8, 2.9和4.9 mg/g;对酸性磷酸酯酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.1, 2.6和1.5 mg/g,对碱性磷酸酯酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.3 ,1.9和3.6 mg/g。【结论】苦瓜素Ⅰ能显著抑制亚洲玉米螟幼虫的生长发育及成虫的生殖力,使其实验种群的增长受到明显控制。苦瓜素Ⅰ抑制亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内海藻糖酶和磷酸酯酶活性是其作用机制之一。     

Relationships between cold hardiness and diapause, and between glycerol and free amino acid contents in overwintering larvae of the oriental corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis

To elucidate the relationship between diapause and cold hardiness in the oriental corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, the levels of various substances, cold hardiness and respiration were measured in diapausing and post-diapausing overwintering larvae. Under field conditions, diapause terminated between November and January, although O(2) consumption, measured at 20 degrees C in the laboratory, remained at a high level from October to January. Glycerol content was low during October and November but greatly increased during December and January. Serine was the most abundant of the free amino acids, and its concentrations were especially high during October and November, while the concentration of alanine increased in December and January. Under laboratory conditions, glycerol levels were low in diapausing larvae, and in post-diapausing larvae that were acclimated at either high temperatures or under anaerobic conditions, while they were high in post-diapausing larvae kept under aerobic, low temperature conditions. The survival rate (cold hardiness) was strongly correlated with glycerol content but not with serine or alanine levels. These results suggest that O. furnacalis has a highly developed cold hardiness mechanism in which termination of diapause enables the larvae to increase glycerol levels when the temperature decreases.     

敲减神经肽F基因(npf)对亚洲玉米螟取食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】神经肽F(neuropeptide F, NPF)是无脊椎动物特有的一类神经肽,因其C末端是苯丙氨酸(F)而命名,参与昆虫的取食、生物节律、学习记忆等多种生理功能的调控。本研究旨在明确NPF对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis生长发育的影响,为害虫防治提供重要依据。【方法】采用一种基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫基因的dsRNA的方法经济有效地敲降npf,用低浓度(0.01%)和高浓度(0.02%)dsNPF和dsGFP(对照)分别饲喂亚洲玉米螟1龄初、3龄初和5龄初幼虫直至化蛹,检测5龄幼虫平均取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫产卵量,以及幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期和成虫寿命。【结果】从亚洲玉米螟1, 3和5龄初幼虫开始饲喂0.01%和0.02% dsNPF时,与饲喂相应浓度dsGFP的对照相比,除个别点外,5龄幼虫的取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫单雌产卵量均显著降低,幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期均显著延长,成虫寿命显著缩短。且dsNPF处理幼虫的龄期越早对发育的影响越大。其中0.01% dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫和0.02% dsNPF处理的3龄幼虫有90%的个体在蛹期死亡,而0.02%dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫有90%的个体在幼虫期死亡。【结论】结果提示NPF对亚洲玉米螟的发育和取食具有调控作用,这为探索新型绿色的害虫防治提供了依据。     

Bt毒蛋白在转基因抗虫玉米中的表达及在亚洲玉米螟中的转移积累

以两个转Bt基因抗虫玉米品系G03-2396、G03-2739和对照玉米品种苏玉16为材料,采用室内生物测定法研究它们对亚洲玉米螟的抗性, 并采用酶联免疫技术（ELISA）检测这两个转基因玉米品系不同组织中Bt毒蛋白的表达量及亚洲玉米螟3龄与5龄幼虫取食转基因玉米后体内和粪便中的Bt毒蛋白含量.结果表明：转Bt基因抗虫玉米心叶对玉米螟幼虫的毒性较强,初孵幼虫取食6 d后的存活率不到3%,3龄幼虫取食6 d后的存活率小于70%,抗虫玉米雌穗的毒性小于心叶.两个转Bt基因玉米心叶和雌穗中均表达了一定量的Bt毒蛋白,但心叶中的毒蛋白含量高于雌穗;Bt毒蛋白表达量依次为G03-2739心叶（39.6 μg·g^-1FM）> G03-2396心叶（26.1 μg·g^-1 FM）> G03-2396雌穗（17.0 μg·g^-1 FM）> G03-2739雌穗（14.6 μg·g^-1 FM）.取食转基因玉米心叶或雌穗后,3龄幼虫体内的Bt毒蛋白含量显著高于5龄幼虫;同龄幼虫取食心叶后其体内及粪便中Bt毒蛋白含量均显著高于取食雌穗的个体.其中,取食G03-2739心叶的5龄幼虫粪便中的Bt毒蛋白含量最高,达10.4 μg·g^-1 FM;取食其雌穗的3龄幼虫粪便中的Bt毒蛋白含量最低,仅2.7 μg·g^-1 FM.     

亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导外源性因子研究

研究了食料、温度、光周期等外源性因子对亚洲螟滞育的影响,试验证明,食料性质对其滞育诱导影响显著,取食玉米雌的幼虫以滞育诱导光周反应的敏感性强于取食棉铃的幼虫,在一定范围内,食料中可溶性糖含量增加可促进幼虫的滞育诱导,而粗蛋白含量的增加则具有抑制滞育诱导的作用,两者的互作效应不显著。高温抑制滞育诱导,你 促进滞育诱导。短光周对幼虫的滞育诱导无特定的敏感龄期,但以３龄与２龄对短光周刺激敏感性较强,包光