Alleviation of salt-induced adverse impact via mycorrhizal fungi in Ephedra aphylla Forssk

The current investigation was carried out to examine the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in alleviating adverse effects of salt stress in Ephedra aphylla. The plants were exposed to 75 and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) stress with and without application of AMF. Salt stress caused significant decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; however, the application of AMF restored the pigments content in salt-affected plants. Proline, phenols, and lipid peroxidation were increased with increasing concentration of NaCl, but lower accumulation has been reported in plants treated with AMF. NaCl stress also showed increase in different antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase), and further increase was observed in plants treated with AMF. The nutrient uptake, Na⁺ and Na/K ratio increased and potassium and phosphorus were decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl in the present study. However, the colonization with AMF significantly increased K⁺ and P and reduced Na⁺ uptake. It is concluded that presown soil treatment with AMF reduced severity of salt stress in E. aphylla through alterations in physiological parameters, antioxidants and uptake of nutrients.     

丛枝菌根真菌通过上调根系及自身水孔蛋白基因表达提高玉米抗旱性

在模拟干旱条件下, 研究了接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus intraradices对玉米(Zea mays)根部13种质膜水孔蛋白基因表达的影响, 同时观测了AM真菌自身水孔蛋白基因的表达情况。结果表明, 干旱条件下, 除Zm PIP1;3、Zm PIP1;4、Zm PIP1;5和Zm PIP2;2之外的接种处理能显著提高根部其他8种质膜水孔蛋白基因的表达(Zm PIP2;7表达量未检测出), 并且AM真菌菌丝中水孔蛋白基因GintAQP1表达也显著增强。与此同时, 接种处理明显改善了植物水分状况, 提高了叶片水势。AM真菌增强宿主植物根部及自身的水孔蛋白基因的表达对于提高植物抗旱性具有潜在的重要贡献。     

AM真菌增强孔雀草耐阴性的效应

于温室盆栽不同光照条件（遮光率分别为0%、24%、48%、72%、96%）下,对孔雀草Tagetes patula进行接种丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、球状巨孢嚢霉Gigaspora margarita和不接种对照处理,测定孔雀草菌根侵染率、生长指标和生理指标,旨在评价AM真菌对孔雀草耐阴性的影响。结果表明,供试AM真菌均能侵染孔雀草根系形成典型的丛枝菌根,不同遮光处理均以接种F. mosseae的侵染效果最佳,强光及弱光均不利于AM真菌侵染,当遮光率为24%时,孔雀草生长状况最佳。与不接种对照相比,接种F. mosseae显著提高了孔雀草株高、茎粗、叶面积、根冠比、比叶重、着花数和花茎,单花花期延长,提高了根系活力、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和可溶性糖含量,降低了脯氨酸含量,光补偿点下降,光饱和点升高,最大净光合速率增大。结果表明,适当遮荫有利于孔雀草生长发育,接种AM真菌能增强孔雀草对光照的适应能力,促进植株生长发育,减缓弱光造成的损伤,增强其耐阴性,且以接种F. mosseae效果最好。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native from a Mediterranean saline area enhance maize tolerance to salinity through improved ion homeostasis

Soil salinity restricts plant growth and productivity. Na⁺ represents the major ion causing toxicity because it competes with K⁺ for binding sites at the plasma membrane. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can alleviate salt stress in the host plant through several mechanisms. These may include ion selection during the fungal uptake of nutrients from the soil or during transfer to the host plant. AM benefits could be enhanced when native AMF isolates are used. Thus, we investigated whether native AMF isolated from an area with problems of salinity and desertification can help maize plants to overcome the negative effects of salinity stress better than non‐AM plants or plants inoculated with non‐native AMF. Results showed that plants inoculated with two out the three native AMF had the highest shoot dry biomass at all salinity levels. Plants inoculated with the three native AMF showed significant increase of K⁺ and reduced Na⁺ accumulation as compared to non‐mycorrhizal plants, concomitantly with higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in their tissues. For the first time, these effects have been correlated with regulation of ZmAKT2, ZmSOS1 and ZmSKOR genes expression in the roots of maize, contributing to K⁺ and Na⁺ homeostasis in plants colonized by native AMF.     

Effect of aluminium toxicity on growth responses and antioxidant activities in Gmelina arborea Roxb. inoculated with AM fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviating the adverse Aluminium effects on growth and antioxidant activity was tested in Gmelina plants. Under greenhouse and aluminium stress condition, the mycorrhizal Gmelina plants showed good growth as compared to non mycorrhizal Gmelina plants. Mycorrhizal colonization in Gmelina was found not to be significantly influenced by aluminium concentrations. Results also indicate that symbiotic association was successfully established between Glomus intraradices and Gmelina plants and mycorrhizal colonization consequently increased the biomass of Gmelina. The root proline accumulation was found to increase in mycorrhizal Gmelina plants for osmotic adjustment of stress tissues under first and second level of Aluminium stress. It was observed that Mycorrhizal colonization increased the shoot root Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase activities in mycorrhizal Gmelina under second level of Aluminium stress. Mycorrhizal fungi play a major role in phytostabilization by secreting one of the glycoprotein, i.e., Glomalin, which stabilizes the Aluminium in soil as well as in the roots of Gmelina plants.     

接种丛植菌根真菌对湿生植物氮磷吸收能力的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌是一类能够与大多数陆生植物共生,并改善植物生长和氮磷吸收的微生物.湿生植物在湿地污染净化过程中起着决定性的作用,但利用AM真菌改良湿生植物氮磷吸收能力的研究鲜有报道.本研究选取了3种湿生植物千屈菜、旱伞草和黄花鸢尾,在盆栽培养的基础上,分别接种根内球囊霉(RE)、摩西球囊霉(GM)、幼套球囊霉(CE)三种AM真菌,并和空白对照比较接种AM真菌对不同植物地上、地下及整株的生物量和氮磷吸收的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌对植物生长和氮磷吸收的影响呈现出植物间和植物内的差异,促进与抑制效应表现不一.综合AM真菌对植物生物量和氮磷吸收的促进效应,最佳AM真菌-植物的组合为:千屈菜-RE,旱伞草-RE,黄花鸢尾接种-GM.三种植物接种最佳的AM真菌后植物生物量、TN量和TP量分别提高了17.7%~29.8%、15.7%~39.0%和22.3%~62.6%.本研究为今后强化湿生植物的氮磷吸收能力提供了一种新的可选择的途径.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar improves drought tolerance in chickpea

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and biochar amendment has been reported to improve growth of several crop plants however their role in stress amelioration individually as well as in combination has not been worked out. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of AMF and biochar on the performance of chickpea under drought stress. The treatments included the individual as well as combined treatment of AMF and biochar to drought stressed and normal chickpea plants. Plants inoculation improved growth in terms of shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branches which was observed to show a steep decline due to drought stress. Drought declined the AMF colonization potential though biochar amendment ameliorated the negative effects of drought significantly by improving the spore population, number of mycelium, vesicle and arbuscules and the percentage of colonization as well. Increased chlorophyll synthesis in biochar and AMF treated plants was obvious, which lead to significant enhancement in the net photosynthetic efficiency. Drought stress also declined the relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI), while treatment of biochar and AMF either individually or in combination mitigated the deleterious effects to considerable extent and caused a significant enhancement in RWC and MSI under normal conditions. Amendments with biochar and AMF inoculation increased the nitrogen fixation attributes including the number and weight of nodules, leghemoglobin content and activity of nitrate reductase enzyme leading to greater uptake and assimilation of nitrogen in them when compared to drought stressed plants. Drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous which was ameliorated by biochar and AMF treatments. It could be suggested that increase in growth and physiological attributes in chickpea due to biochar amendments and AMF inoculation under drought stress were plausibly due to their involvement in nitrogen and phosphorous uptake, chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a subtropical tree species exposed to simulated acid rain by accelerating photosynthetic ability,antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation

丛枝菌根真菌对其宿主光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质积累的促进作用 及其抗酸雨机制的探讨 酸雨在中国南方发生频繁,对亚热带树种生长具有明显抑制作用。以往研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)可以缓解酸雨对宿主植物的胁迫效应。榉树(Zelkova serrata)为中国南方主要经济树种之一,其如何与共生AM真菌协同、增强其抗酸雨胁迫的能力是本项研究所要探讨的关键科学问题。通过温室控制实验,将榉树幼苗随机接受4个水平的AM真菌接种处理(接种灭菌菌种;单独接种Rhizophagus intraradices;单独接种Diversispora versiformis;接种这两种菌种的混合菌种)和3个pH水平(pH2.5、pH4.0和pH5.6)的硫酸型酸雨和硝酸型酸雨处理组成的12个处理组合,同时测定其生长、光合性能、抗氧化酶、渗透调节和土壤酶的响应格局。研究发现酸雨处理显著降低了非菌根榉树幼苗的总干重、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白的含量;接种AM真菌,特别是接种混合菌种,显著提高了强酸胁迫下榉树幼苗的总干重、光合性能、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、可溶性蛋白和根系酸性磷酸酶活性。此外,菌根效应依赖于AM真菌的种类和酸胁迫的梯度。本研究 结果表明,AM真菌对榉树幼苗抗酸胁迫的调控作用主要源于调节宿主植株光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质的积累。榉树与其共生AM真菌在应对酸胁迫上协同机制的解析为该树种在中国南方酸雨区的栽培提供理论基础、具有重要的实践指导意义。     

Impact of salinity stress on soil-borne fungi of sugarbeet

The sugarbeet cultivar Kaumera was found to be highly susceptible to infection by the root-rot pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii in the absence of salinity stress. Under this environmental condition, R. solani was more efficient than S. rolfsii in producing cell wall-degrading enzymes in infected hypocotyls. Xylanase and galactanase were most effective. The rate of cell wall degradation by R. solani was nearly 2.5 times that of S. rolfsii when cells walls of healthy hypocotyls were used as sole carbon substrate for the in vitro produced crude enzymes.Under salinity stress the pathogenicity and the performance of cell wall-degrading enzymes of R. solani and S. rolfsii varied profoundly. Pathogenicity studies showed that R. solani appeared to be more tolerant than S. rolfsii of the salinity stresses applied, and relatively more virulent to cv Kaumera. The activities of cell wall enzymes of R. solani decreased and those of S. rolfsii increased with increased salt concentration when cell wall material was used as a sole carbon source. The metabolic products produced under salinity stress by R. solani and R. solani in the cell wall amended culture media shifted the initial pH towards neutrality or slight alkalinity for R. solani and to high acidity for S. rolfsii.When model substrates were used, xyland and galactan were the most responsive substrates for degradation by the cell wall enzymes of the two fungi studied. The rate of degradation was higher for S. rolfsii than for R. solani. The excessive acidity in salt stressed S. rolfsii culture media suggested reduced activities of the enzymes involved in cell wall degradation in vivo. This may explain the decreased virulence potentialities.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biological control of Verticillium-wilted cotton plants

The interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus versiforme) with a wilt-causing soil-borne pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, was studied in cotton. It was found that establishment by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced disease index. In diseased cotton plants colonised by G. etunicatum, the disease index was less than other diseased mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal ones. In diseased cotton plants, chlorophyll content was lower than others. Three Glomus species significantly increased content of sugar and protein in shoot and root. Pathogen-infected plants had higher proline concentration in shoot and root than healthy plants. On the other hand, the increased content of proline as stress sensor showed that Verticillium accelerates senescence and reduces yield. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of mycorrhiza can alleviate the pathogenesis effects of V. dahliae partly, and also there is a competitive interaction between the pathogenic and symbiotic fungi.     

Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity

The hypothesis that inoculation of transplants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi before planting into saline soils alleviates salt effects on growth and yield was tested on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). A second hypothesis was that fungi isolated from saline soil are more effective in counteracting salt effects than those from nonsaline soil. VAM fungi from high- and low-salt soils were trap-cultured, their propagules quantified and adjusted to a like number, and added to a pasteurized soil mix in which seedlings were grown for 3–4 weeks. Once the seedlings were colonized by VAM fungi, they were transplanted into salinized (NaCl) soil. Preinoculated lettuce transplants grown for 11 weeks in the saline soils had greater shoot mass compared with nonVAM plants at all salt levels [2 (control), 4, 8 and 12 dS m^–1] tested. Leaves of VAM lettuce at the highest salt level were significantly greener (more chlorophyll) than those of the nonVAM lettuce. NonVAM onions were stunted due to P deficiency in the soil, but inoculation with VAM fungi alleviated P deficiency and salinity effects; VAM onions were significantly larger at all salt levels than nonVAM onions. In a separate experiment, addition of P to salinized soil reduced the salt stress effect on nonVAM onions but to a lesser extent than by VAM inoculation. VAM fungi from the saline soil were not more effective in reducing growth inhibition by salt than those from the nonsaline site. Colonization of roots and length of soil hyphae produced by the VAM fungi decreased with increasing soil salt concentration. Results indicate that preinoculation of transplants with VAM fungi can help alleviate deleterious effects of saline soils on crop yield.     

丛枝菌根真菌对薰衣草耐热性的影响

于不同温度（25℃/20℃、35℃/30℃和40℃/35℃）下测定接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme和F. mosseae+G. versiforme 混合菌种处理对狭叶薰衣草Lavandula angustifolia耐热性的影响。结果表明,供试AMF能与狭叶薰衣草根系形成菌根共生体,以混合菌种处理的侵染率最高,达到68%。40℃/35℃下,与不接种AMF对照相比,混合菌种处理的狭叶薰衣草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和叶绿素等含量以及根系活力分别提高了46%、68%、65%、29%和70%;与不接种AMF对照相比,3种温度处理下接种AMF显著增加了狭叶薰衣草植株超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶活性,而降低相对电导率及丙二醛含量。表明接种AMF能增强狭叶薰衣草抗氧化酶活性,减轻高温造成的伤害,增强耐热性,与单一接种相比以混合接种摩西斗管囊霉和变形球囊霉提高狭叶薰衣草耐热性的效应最大。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and selenium uptake by garlic plants

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on garlic plants growth and the uptake of selenium (Se). Garlic plants were grown in the pots inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae and maintained in a greenhouse. Three weeks after planting, the pots had received different concentrations of Se (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg kg^?1 of soil) in the form of selenium dioxide (SeO₂) at 3 weeks intervals up to 12 weeks. For physiological and biochemical analysis, the samples were randomly collected from five plants of each experiment. Maximum AM infection, spore population and plant biomass were observed in the roots of mycorrhizal-mediated plants without Se, and they were gradually declined in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants with increasing concentrations of Se. Among the two Glomus species tested, G. fasciculatum-mediated plants showed higher AM infection, spore population and plant biomass than G. mosseae. No differences were observed for the uptake of Se in mycorrhizal plants and NM plants. However, NM plants uptake more Se than mycorrhizal plants. Higher contents of total chlorophyll and sugars were observed in plants inoculated with G. fasciculatum without Se and they were decreased in the presence of Se. In contrast, increased amount of glutathione peroxidase was observed at increasing concentrations of Se up to 20 mg kg^?1. High-performance liquid chromatography data revealed that SeO₂ converted to organic form of Se as γ-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine. These results are basis for further investigations on the role of AMF on plant growth and uptake of Se in crop plants.     

丛枝菌根真菌对低温下黄瓜幼苗光合生理和抗氧化酶活性的影响

作者于塑料连栋大棚栽培条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)Glomus mossea-2对低温下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗同化产物积累、光合生理和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性及基因表达的影响。结果表明：低温显著抑制了AMF对黄瓜根系的侵染能力和菌根相对依赖性。接菌后30d—45d AMF为快速侵染期。接种AMF植株的鲜重根冠比、总干重、总鲜重均显著大于未接菌处理。低温胁迫下,接种AMF延缓了光合速率、根系活力、羧化效率和叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量的下降,并且使丙二醛(MDA) 的含量保持相对较低的水平,诱导了抗氧化酶基因的表达及活性提高。接种AMF可以使叶片维持较高的抗氧化酶水平和光合能力,增强了对低温胁迫的抗性。 关键词：黄瓜;丛枝菌根真菌;低温;抗氧化酶     

接种菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗耐旱性的影响

利用丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)对石漠化地区造林树种青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)幼苗进行接种试验。在大棚盆栽条件下模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究菌根真菌对青冈栎生长和耐旱性的影响。结果表明:在土壤干旱条件下,接种菌根处理植株生物量显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),菌根依赖性随土壤水分含量降低而升高;未接种处理植株叶绿素含量在土壤干旱条件下显著降低(P0.05),除接种Pisolithus tinctorius处理外,其它接种处理叶绿素含量无显著变化。土壤干旱使植株体内脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,在中度干旱条件下,接种处理可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照处理,接种Glomus intraradices、Pisolithus tinctorius处理脯氨酸含量显著低于对照(P0.05);在重度干旱条件下,接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理可溶性糖含量显著高于对照处理(P0.05),而相应的脯氨酸含量显著低于对照处理。当土壤水分含量在田间持水量55%—65%时,接种处理植株SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),在土壤水分含量降至35%—45%时,Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理SOD酶活性显著高于对照,并且所有接种处理POD酶活性均显著高于对照。此外,在水分干旱条件下,植株全磷和全钾含量也显著高于未接种处理(P0.05)。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌均能够侵染青冈栎幼苗根系;在干旱胁迫条件下,接种菌根真菌能够提高青冈栎植株生物量、抗氧化酶活性、增加植株可溶性糖含量和促进植株养分吸收,提高植株耐旱性,从而使青冈栎幼苗在岩溶干旱环境下更容易存活。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reveal distinct patterns of anastomosis formation and hyphal healing mechanisms between different phylogenic groups

The significance of anastomosis formation and the hyphal healing mechanism (HHM) for functionality and integrity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal mycelial network remains poorly documented. Four Glomeraceae and three Gigasporaceae were cultured monoxenically. Anastomosis formation was assessed using the grid line method, while HHM was time-lapse monitored. In intact mycelial networks, the number of anastomosis per hyphal length was higher for Glomeraceae than for Gigasporaceae strains. Glomeraceae strains studied always formed anastomosis between different hyphae, whereas anastomosis in the Gigasporaceae more often concerned hyphal bridges within the same hyphae. In both families the HHM corresponded to a four-step process; first septum formation; second initiation of growing hyphal tips (GHTs); third GHT elongation, orientation and contact; and fourth GHT fusion and cytoplasmic/protoplasmic flux re-establishment. These four steps differentiated Glomeraceae from Gigasporaceae. The type and number of anastomosis per hyphal length, and the HHM differed considerably between Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae families representing a supplementary character that distinguishes these two families and may be of significance in ecological studies of AM fungi.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and drought tolerance of Cinnamomum migao by enhancing physio‐biochemical responses

Drought is the main limiting factor for plant growth in karst areas with a fragile ecological environment. Cinnamomum migao H.W. Li is an endemic medicinal woody plant present in the karst areas of southwestern China, and it is endangered due to poor drought tolerance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance the drought tolerance of plants. However, few studies have examined the contribution of AMF in improving the drought tolerance of C. migao seedlings. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments to determine whether a single inoculation and coinoculation of AMF (Claroideoglomus lamellosum and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) enhanced the drought tolerance of C. migao. Furthermore, we compared the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation with different inoculum sizes (20, 40, 60, and 100 g; four replicates per treatment) on mycorrhizal colonization rate, plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and osmoregulatory substance contents. The results showed that compared with nonmycorrhizal plants, AMF colonization significantly improved plant growing status; net photosynthetic rate; superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities; and soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline contents. Furthermore, AMF colonization increased relative water content and reduced MDA content in cells. These combined cumulative effects of AMF symbiosis ultimately enhanced the drought tolerance of seedlings and were closely related to the inoculum size. With an increase in inoculum size, the growth rate and drought tolerance of plants first increased and then decreased. The damage caused by drought stress could be reduced by inoculating 40–60 g of AMF, and the effect of coinoculation was significantly better than that of single inoculation at 60 g of AMF, while the effect was opposite at 40 g of AMF. Additionally, the interaction between AMF and inoculum sizes had a significant effect on drought tolerance. In conclusion, the inoculation of the AMF (Cl. lamellosum and Cl. etunicatum) improved photosynthesis, activated antioxidant enzymes, regulated cell osmotic state, and enhanced the drought tolerance of C. migao, enabling its growth in fragile ecological environments.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation improves growth and antioxidative response of Jatropha curcas (L.) under Na2SO4 salt stress

This study investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal consortia on growth, photosynthetic pigments, solutes concentration (e.g., sugars and proline), and antioxidant responses at different levels of Na₂SO₄ stress (0–0.5%, w:w) in potted culture of Jatropha. Results showed that increasing salt levels caused a significant reduction in survival (%), growth parameters, leaf relative water content (LRWC) (%), and chlorophyll content with an increase in electrolyte leakage (%) and lipid peroxidation of membranes of Jatropha. AM inoculation improved biomass yields as well as other physiological parameters (LRWC (%), chlorophyll, proline, and soluble sugar) of salt-stressed Jatropha over noninoculated plants. Tolerance index of Jatropha was higher with AM fungi than without at all salt levels; however, a decline in its value was recorded with increased salinity levels. AM inoculation also enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and decreased oxidative damage to lipids. In conclusion, results indicate that AM inoculation was capable of alleviating the damage caused by salinity stress on Jatropha plants by reducing lipid peroxidation of membrane and membrane permeability and increasing the accumulation of solutes and antioxidant enzyme activity.