REDUCTION IN TRAP CAPTURES OF FEMALE FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) WHEN SYNTHETIC MALE LURES ARE ADDED

Abstract
Captures of females of 4 species of fruit flies on or in both coloured sticky traps and protein baited traps were reduced by synthetic male attractants. Captures of female Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), Dacus neohumeralis Hardy and Dacus cacuminatus (Hering) were reduced by both cuelure and methyl eugenol, and female Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann) by Capilure®. These effects were sufficient to overcome the normally attractive stimuli of colour and odours associated with yeast.     

短柄大蚊属六新种及一中国新纪录种(双翅目:大蚊科)

短柄大蚊属(Nephrotoma)是双翅目大蚊科(Tipulidae)的一大类群,我国的种类相当丰富。本文根据采自云南、甘肃、山西及黑龙江四省的标本,记述了五个新种、一个新亚种及一中国新纪录种,模式标本均保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。长度单位均为mm。     

新疆维吾尔自治区虻科(双翅目)记略

作者根据近年来收集到的标本,结合文献资料,记述了新疆维吾尔自治区虻科共50种,其中斑虻属5种;瘤虻属18种,包括1新种;黄虻属6种;虻属15种;麻虻属6种,包括1新种。模式标本均保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

青藏高原蝇科昆虫生物地理初探

对青藏高原蝇科昆虫进行了生物地理学研究.青藏高原已知蝇科9亚科42属574种,以特有类群占优势.其中特有属占11.9%,特有种占66.2%,文中讨论了该地区区系成分的多源性,特有成份的特异性及青藏高原北缘特有属的起源与演化,特有种的狭域分布现象及理论探讨.讨论了该地区与其它地区间隔分布的多样性及高原蝇科昆虫的适应性.分析了青藏高原的隆起与冰期对蝇科昆虫的作用.青藏高原的横空崛起以及第四纪冰期--间冰期的循环往复,导致该地区生境千差万别,使蝇科区系不仅有地域分异,且垂直差异显著.在此期间,北方物种向南入侵,南北成分交互渗透,高山类群适应进化,使许多特有成分在这里被陶冶、孕育,故而造成了该地区蝇科区系的特有性和物种的多样性.     

THE EVOLUTION OF WING DIMORPHISM IN INSECTS

Wing-dimorphic insects are excellent subjects for a study of the evolution of dispersal since the nondispersing brachypterous morph is easily recognized. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework within which the evolution of wing dimorphism can be understood. A review of the literature indicates that the presence or absence of wings may be controlled by a single locus, two-allele genetic system or a polygenic system. Both types of inheritance can be subsumed within a general threshold model. An increase in the frequency of a brachypterous morph in a population may result from an increased relative fitness of this morph or the emigration of the macropterous type. The abundance of wing-polymorphic species argues for an increased fitness of the brachypterous form. An analysis of the life-history characteristics of 22 species of insects indicates that the brachypterous morph is both more fecund and reproduces earlier that the macropterous morph. Unfortunately, data on males are generally lacking. It is suggested that suppression of wing production results when some hormone, perhaps juvenile hormone, exceeds a threshold value during a critical stage of development. Further, it is known that in the monomorphically winged species Oncopeltus fasciatus both flight and oviposition are regulated by the titer of juvenile hormone. These observations are used to construct a possible pathway for the evolution of wing dimorphism. This suggests that evolution to a dimorphic species requires both an increase in the rate of production of the wing suppressing hormone and a change in the threshold level at which wing and wing-muscle production are suppressed. The stage in this evolutionary sequence that an organism will reach depends on the stability of the habitat.     

THE ORIGIN OF AN ORGAN: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF FLIES (INSECTA: DIPTERA)

The cardia, a prominent digestive tract organ consisting of several specialized cell types, occurs throughout the “higher” or muscoid flies, division Schizophora of order Diptera. Phylogenetic analysis of cellular organization in 65 insect species from 36 families indicates that this organ originated within the order Diptera from ancestrally undifferentiated tissues. “Lower” flies, suborder “Nematocera,” display little or no epithelial cell specialization at the corresponding site. Scorpionflies of the outgroup order Mecoptera are similarly unspecialized. Intermediate levels of cellular specialization occur in Tabanomorpha, Asilomorpha and Aschiza, dipteran taxa that diverge between “Nematocera” and Schizophora. The distribution of epithelial characteristics suggests that the cardia evolved through a sequence of simple tissue transformations, combining changes in epithelial configuration with local differentiation of cell structure and function. The evolution of locally specialized cell types implies the emergence of structural genes and regulatory mechanisms through the modification of an ancestral genome that had not supported such extensive differentiation. Comparison of localized gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster with that in other fly species having greater or lesser degrees of cell specialization may provide a practical model system for studying specific patterns of mutation associated with such evolutionary innovation.     

西藏蚋属三新种（双翅目：蚋科）

本文第二,第三作者于１９９２年５－８月,在西藏亚东地区作学昆虫区系调查,采得一批蚋科村本。经整理、鉴定,计６种,其中Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ（Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）ｄｉｇｉｔａｔｕｍＰｕｒｉ,１９３２,Ｓ．（Ｓ．）ｈｉｍａｌａｙｅｎｓｅＰｕｒｉ,１９３２,Ｓ．（Ｓ．）ｒｕｆｉｂａｓｉｓＢｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ,１９１１３种蚋为该地原有记录种;其余３种为新种。该文对３新种作了详细记述。所有模式标本保存在军事医学科学院微     

SIGNIFICANCE OF PASSIVE MIGRATION IN EVOLUTION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE MOSQUITO CULEX PIPIENS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

In order to determine the combined effects of migration and gene flow on evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens, four samples were collected in China, among which two were collected along the railway from Beijing to Guangzhou. Bioassay data showed that the resistance levels of the four populations to dichlorvos were high and to parathion moderate as compared with the susceptible strain and there was no significant difference among the four populations to the same organophosphate (OP) insecticide. Starch electrophoresis was done to identify the frequency of known overproduced esterases and to analyze genetic diversity among various populations by electrophoretic polymorphism of five presumably neutral loci. The results indicated that the gene flow between populations existed and the number of effective migrants (Nm) was related to collection geography (Nm from 1.67 to 40.07). In contrast with lower genetic differentiation between two nearby populations (between GZ and ZS, ZZ and SQ) and higher genetic differentiation between two distant populations (between GZ and ZZ), there was a significant and inconsistent difference in the distribution of resistance alleles, A2‐B2 when explained only with active migration. This divergent situation could be straightened out when considering passive migration (such as railway transport) which increased the spread of A2‐B2 along the railway, i.e., in GZ and ZZ. The resistance alleles, A2‐B2, dispersing to around areas by active migration suffered from the limitation of gene flow and the speed of invasion.     

辽宁省丽蝇总科新种记述

在整理辽宁本溪地区麻蝇科和丽蝇科标本过程中,发现槽叶亚麻蝇 Parasarcophaga uliginosa(Kra-mer,1908)应成立一新亚属,同时发现二新种和二新亚种,一并描述如下。     

被动迁移在抗性进化中的作用

为了明确迁移和基因交流在杀虫剂抗性基因进化中的作用,我们从四个不同的地区采集有机磷抗性的库蚊野生种群,利用淀粉电泳鉴定了各种群中存在的已知过量产生酯酶的分布频率,并通过5个假定的中性位点的电泳多态性分析了种群间的遗传多样性。结果表明种群间的基因交流是存在的,遗传分化与地理位置存在一定关系,而抗性等位基因A2一B2的分布却与种群间的遗传分化不一致。对这种差异的解释是：被动迁移(铁路运输等)加速了抗性基因的交流,而当抗性基因以自然迁飞的方式向周围地区扩散时,却是一个相对缓慢的过程。     

河北省有瓣蝇类研究(一)(双翅目:蝇科)

整理近年来采自河北省蝇科标本,发现阳蝇属Helina R.-D.二新种和棘蝇属Phaonia R.-D一新种,特此描述。模式标本存于沈阳师范学院生物系。 1.黑古阳蝇Helina nigricnnosa Xue et Zhao,新种(图1—4)     

RAPID EVOLUTION OF ASYMMETRIC REPRODUCTIVE INCOMPATIBILITIES IN STALK‐EYED FLIES

The steps by which isolated populations acquire reproductive incompatibilities remain poorly understood. One potentially important process is postcopulatory sexual selection because it can generate divergence between populations in traits that influence fertilization success after copulation. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of this form of reproductive isolation by conducting reciprocal crosses between variably diverged populations of stalk‐eyed flies (Teleopsis dalmanni). First, we measure seven types of reproductive incompatibility between copulation and fertilization. We then compare fertilization success to hatching success to quantify hybrid inviability. Finally, we determine if sperm competition acts to reinforce or counteract any incompatibilities. We find evidence for multiple incompatibilities in most crosses, including failure to store sperm after mating, failure of sperm to reach the site of fertilization, failure of sperm to fertilize eggs, and failure of embryos to develop. Local sperm have precedence over foreign sperm, but this effect is due mainly to differences in sperm transfer and reduced hatching success. Crosses between recently diverged populations are asymmetrical with regard to the degree and type of incompatibility. Because sexual conflict in these flies is low, postcopulatory sexual selection, rather than antagonistic coevolution, likely causes incompatibilities due to mismatches between male and female reproductive traits.