土壤铜对凤丹籽油含量和成分的影响

高含量不饱和脂肪酸,特别是高含量亚麻酸是牡丹籽油品质的主要体现,但到目前为止,在凤丹传统栽培区（铜矿区）土壤铜含量是否影响牡丹籽油品质并没有被调查。本研究通过调查安徽省凤凰山-丫山30个凤丹（Paeonia ostii）栽培区土壤Cu元素含量和凤丹籽油组成,显示凤丹栽培区土壤铜含量为18.98~298.82 mg·kg^-1,变异系数为83.06%;凤丹籽油中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸5种主要脂肪酸含量分别为5.62%、1.89%、24.59%、29.76%、38.13%,变异系数在5.66~9.72,其中亚油酸变异系数最高为9.72;土壤和叶片中Cu含量与亚油酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量均存在明显的负相关性,与亚麻酸含量没有显著相关性;土壤和叶片中Cu含量呈显著正相关,r=0.778。以上表明以油用为目的的凤丹栽培应该避免土壤中铜含量过高影响牡丹籽油品质。     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1．1～3．4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587．43～1176．44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3．08～5．16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍,凤丹各部位的Cu、CA和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31．50～64．00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0．98～1．45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1．6～3．6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染．凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高．凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小。     

铜陵铜尾矿凤丹种植基地重金属污染初探

通过对安徽铜陵凤凰山铜尾矿凤丹种植基地土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行采样分析.结果表明,在尾矿空白地和凤丹种植地土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn元素含量、存在形态差异明显,说明凤丹对尾矿土壤的修复效果明显;尾矿土壤中的Cu、Cd元素总量分别是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的436～1443倍和3.67～3.86倍,凤丹种植地重金属元素的CPI指数达到5.607,表明尾矿土壤中重金属元素污染仍相当严重.研究发现,4种元素在凤丹各部位含量明显不同:叶和根心为Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd,茎和根皮为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd,根皮中Zn含量最高;土壤中重金属元素各形态的变化与凤丹体内相应元素总量无显著相关;丹皮内Cu、Cd、Pb元素含量与丹龄之间相关系数分别为0.842、0.993、0.992,Cu、Cd元素在凤丹体内含量约是出口药用植物绿色行业限量指标的1.43～2.53倍和1.17～3.17倍,可见缩短栽种时间可有效减少重金属元素对丹皮药效的影响.     

蚕蛹油对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝形成的影响

目的观察蚕蛹油对高脂大鼠模型的非酒精性脂肪肝形成的影响。方法SD大鼠100只,雌雄各半,按体重并参考血脂水平随机分为9组:空白对照组,高脂对照组,预防低剂量组,预防中剂量组,预防高剂量组,治疗低剂量组,治疗中剂量组,治疗高剂量组,及阳性对照组(月见草油),分别喂饲各种饲料。于第11周处死大鼠,检测肝脏的肝重指数和肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、丙二醛(malondialde-hyde,MDA)水平。结果实验11周末,预防组、治疗组和阳性对照组大鼠的肝重指数,肝脏TG、TC及MDA水平均明显低于高脂对照组(P<0.05),并具有剂量依赖性。结论蚕蛹油可通过调整脂质代谢,具有十分显著的预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝形成的效果,优于月见草油。     

Fatty acid composition of oil during maize kernel development

Dry wt, total oil and fatty acid composition of the oil was determined during kernel development of three maize inbreds. There was significant variability among these inbreds for duration and rate of dry wt, oil and fatty acid accumulation. Relative quantities of the component fatty acids changed as the kernels developed. Palmitic and linolenic decreased while oleic and stearic increased with maturity. Inbred C103, the higher oil inbred, appeared to accumulate oil over a longer period of time while inbred Hy2, the lower oil inbred, accumulated oil over a shorter period of time. However, the latter had higher daily rates of synthesis for some of the unsaturated fatty acids.     

Morphometric and phytochemical profile of seeds of metallicolous and nonmetallicolous Echium vulgare populations

The morphometric and phytochemical parameters of seeds of three populations of Echium vulgare L. were compared. Two metallicolous populations (designated as MZ and MC) originated from waste deposits left over ZnPb ore smelting and processing and the reference population originated from an uncontaminated area (NM - nonmetallicolous population). The length, width, weight, and surface area of collected seeds were measured; additionally, the germination ability and vigour index for each population were determined. Moreover, heavy metal, seed oil, and secondary metabolite concentrations were measured. The results obtained indicated differentiation in the seed size and germination ability between the populations. The smaller size of seeds from the metallicolous populations was accompanied by lower germination ability; however, the seeds from the MC population achieved the highest vigour index. Furthermore, the MC population was characterized by the lowest concentration of allantoin and rosmarinic acid; additionally, the seeds of the MC population contained higher content of seed oils and increased contribution of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids by ca. 60 and 45%, respectively, and a decreased (by 16%) fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the NM population. The strong differentiation of the MC population coincided with the high seed metal accumulation.     

改性措施对复合污染土壤重金属行为影响的研究

采用田间实验的方法,研究了在复合污染土壤上石灰＋Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ肥处理对重金属迁移、积累的影响及重金属的作物效应．结果表明,在污染土壤上采用石灰＋Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ肥处理可减少重金属向作物籽实的迁移和积累,特别是Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ａｓ３元素;改性以后,水稻、小麦Ｃｄ吸收量比改性前降低了３１．５—５５％．４种作物对Ｐｈ的吸收量降低了２３．４－５７．８％,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ吸收量略有降低．水稻Ａｓ吸收量增加了５６．８％,小麦、大豆Ａｓ吸收量减少６１．８－８１．１％．重金属在土壤中存在的形态发生了变化,Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ交换态百分含量不同程度地有所减少,而碳酸盐结合态有所增加,可被植物吸收利用的有效含量降低．     

重金属污染可能改变稻田土壤团聚体组成及其重金属分配

采集了太湖地区污染与非污染稻田表土,采用原状土低能量分离-分散技术提取土壤团聚体粒组,分析土壤中不同粒径团聚体颗粒组质量组成和Pb、Cd、Hg、As等重金属元素的含量, 讨论重金属污染下土壤团聚体组成和重金属团聚体分配的变化.结果表明：在重金属污染下,供试水稻土砂粒级团聚体减少,而较细粒径团聚体相对增多;4种重金属元素在不同粒径团聚体颗粒组中的含量存在差异,但随粒径的变化趋势基本一致,即在<0.002 mm粒径的颗粒组中最高, 其次是0.2～2 mm粒径的颗粒组,而在0.02～0.2 mm和0.002～0.02 mm粒径的团聚体中呈现亏缺现象（富集系数为0.56～0.96）.表明重金属污染可能减弱了较大土壤团聚体的形成,导致细粒径团聚体相对增多,从而明显提高了重金属元素在粉砂和粘粒组团聚体中的分配,这可能进一步提高了污染农田重金属的水迁移和大气颗粒物迁移的风险.对于重金属污染对稻田土壤生物物理和生物化学过程的影响及其机制还需要进一步研究.     

Changes in lipid profiles in the developing haustorium of oil palm seeds

Germinated oil palm seeds were placed in special trays in the field and at different intervals the haustoria were harvested. Changes in haustorial lipids were followed until the eighth week after germination. The moisture content decreased while the lipids increased. The haustorial fatty acid profile was similar to that of the palm kernel. Changes in fatty acid composition at different weeks after germination were observed. The major haustorial lipids were triacylglycerols; free fatty acids and diacylglycerols were also present     

福建省耕地土壤重金属含量和可浸提性研究

测定了福建省6市、县耕地土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的全量和可浸提态含量,并对测定结果进行了数理统计。结果表明,福建省耕地土壤存在着不同程度的重金属污染,但依元素不同而不同,重金属可浸提态含量占全量的10.0?52.2 Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni的可浸提态含量与全量之间的相关达极显著水平,Zn、Cd、Pb、As等4元素含量之间存在着显著正相关,而Ni则只与Zn元素有极显著正相关,Cu和Hg与其它重金属元素的相关则均不显著。     

不同土地利用方式对城市土壤质量的影响

通过对兰州市西固区种土地利用类型(工业园区、道路两侧、农业、居民区和公园)320个土壤样品的测试,研究了不同土地利用方式对城市土壤理化性状和Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Hg元素积累的影响.在种类型土壤中,工业园区土壤的pH值最低而电导率最高,道路两侧土壤有机碳含量显著高于居民区、公园和农业土壤;Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Hg的含量在种类型土壤中存在显著差异,并明显高于兰州市土壤背景值;计算得到的工业园区、道路两侧、农业、居民区和公园土壤的内梅罗综合污染指数分别为4.9、3.7、4.0、2.4和2.2.结果表明,不同土地利用方式对城市土壤质量的影响不同,工业活动的影响最大,交通污染次之,再依次为农业活动及居民生活.     

Effects of dietary lead,fish oil,and ethoxyquin on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks

Three experiments were conducted with day-old broiler chicks reared to 18 or 19 d of age. The objective was to examine the effects of dietary oil (cottonseed oil vs fish oil), dietary antioxidant (0 vs 75 ppm ethoxyquin), and dietary lead (0 vs 1000 ppm Pb as lead acetate trihydrate) on hepatic fatty acid composition. A 2×2 factorial arrangement was used in all experiments. In Experiment 1, the factors were oil (4% of each) and Pb. In Experiments 2 and 3, the factors were ethoxyquin and Pb in diets containing 3.5% cottonseed oil (Experiment 2) or 3.5% fish oil (Experiment 3). Hepatic fatty acid profiles were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in 10 chicks/treatment (Experiment 1) or 4 chicks/treatment (Experiments 2 and 3). Dietary oils altered the profiles, with cottonseed oil producing the higher values for linoleic acid (18∶2) and arachidonic acid (20∶4). With fish oil, in addition to the lower levels of 18∶2 and 20∶4, there were significant levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6). Pb enhanced the levels of 20∶4, but the effect was greater with cottonseed oil diets compared with fish oil diets. The enhanced 20∶4 levels resulted in lower ratios of 18∶2/20∶4. Ethoxyquin enhanced the level of 18∶2 with the cottonseed oil diet, and of 20∶5 and 22∶6 with the fish oil diet. Ethoxyquin decreased the level of hepatic 20∶4 when fish oil was fed. The results clearly show that all three factors (oil type, Pb level, and ethoxyquin level) after hepatic fatty acid composition. Both oil source and Pb level appeared to exert an effect on the metabolic conversion of 18∶2 and 20∶4. The primary effect of ethoxyquin was to enhance the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver. The data do not allow the partitioning of possible ethoxyquin effects to protection of polyunsaturated acids in feed vs protection of polyunsaturated acids in liver tissue. Use of trade names implies neither approval by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of products named nor criticism of products not named.     

Diets enriched in menhaden fish oil, seal oil, or shark liver oil have distinct effects on the lipid and fatty-acid composition of guinea pig heart

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether diets supplemented with oils from three different marine sources, all of which contain high proportions of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), result in qualitatively distinct lipid and fatty acid profiles in guinea pig heart. Albino guinea pigs (14 days old) were fed standard, nonpurified guinea pig diets (NP) or NP supplemented with menhaden fish oil (MO), harp seal oil (SLO) or porbeagle shark liver oil (PLO) (10%, w/w) for 4-5 weeks. An n-6 PUFA control group was fed NP supplemented with corn oil (CO). All animals appeared healthy, with weight gains marginally lower in animals fed the marine oils. Comparison of relative organ weights indicated that only the livers responded to the diets, and that they were heavier only in the marine-oil fed guinea pigs. Heart total cholesterol levels were unaffected by supplementing NP with any of the oils, whereas all increased the triacylglycerol (TAG) content. The fatty-acid profiles of totalphospholipid (TPL), TAG and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions of heart lipids showed that feeding n-3 PUFA significantly altered the proportions of specific fatty-acid classes. For example, all marine-oil-rich diets were associated with increases in total monounsaturated fatty acids in TPL (p < 0.05), and with decreases in total saturates in TAG (p < 0.05). Predictably, the n-3 PUFA enriched regimens significantly increased the cardiac content of n-3 PUFA and decreased that of n-6 PUFA, although the extent varied among the diets. As a result, n-6/n-3 ratios were significantly lower in all myocardial lipid classes of marine-oil-fed guinea pigs. Analyses of the profiles of individual PUFA indicated that quantitatively, the fatty acids of the three marine oils were metabolized and/or incorporated into TPL, TAG and FFA in a diet-specific manner. In animals fed MO-enriched diets in which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) > docosahexacnoic acid (DHA), ratios of DHA /EPA in the hearts were 1.2, 2.2 and 1.5 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. In SLO-fed guinea pigs in which dietary EPA DHA, ratios of DHA/EPA were 0.9, 3.4 and 2.1 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. Feeding NP + PLO (DHA/EPA = 4.8), resulted in values for DHA/EPA in cardiac tissue of 2.1, 10.6 and 2.9 in TPL, TAG and FFA, respectively. In the TAG and FFA, proportions of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) were equal to or higher than EPA in the SLO- and PLO-fed animals. The latter group exhibited the greatest difference between the DHA/n-3 DPA ratio in the diet and in cardiac TAG and FFA fractions (7, 3.4 and 3.1, respectively). Quantitative analysis indicated that 85% of the n-3 PUFA were in TPL, 7-11% were in TAG, and 2-6% were FFA. Specific patterns of distribution of EPA, DPA and DHA depended on the dietary oil. Both the qualitative and quantitative results of this study demonstrated that in guinea pigs, n-3 PUFA in different marine oils are metabolized and/or incorporated into cardiac lipids in distinct manners. In support of the concept that the diet-induced alterations reflect changes specifically in cardiomyocytes, we observed that direct supplementation of cultured guinea pig myocytes for 2-3 weeks with EPA or DHA produced changes in the PUFA profiles of their TPL that were qualitatively similar to those observed in tissue from the dietary study. The factors that regulate specific deposition of n-3 PUFA from either dietary oils or individual PUFA are not yet known, however the differences that we observed could in some manner be related to cardiac function and thus their relative potentials as health-promoting dietary fats.     

不同产地山茱萸种子中油脂含量及脂肪酸组成分析

山茱萸( Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.)为山茱萸科( Cornaceae)山茱萸属( Cornus Linn.)的多年生木本植物[1],主要产自中国的陕西、河南和浙江等地,在四川、安徽和山东等地亦有栽培[2]。山茱萸是世界三大名贵木本药材之一[3],临床上常以成熟果实去核后的果肉入药,而占山茱萸果实质量约80%的种子则被大量废弃。因此,对山茱萸种子资源的研究有利于提高山茱萸的综合利用价值。     

土壤重金属污染生态过程、效应及修复

本文探讨了重金属在土壤中的行为特性及其生态化学过程作用的特点,不同的重金属元素在土壤胶体颗粒表面的吸附特性及不同元素间的交互作用类型有所不同,自然对重金属迁移积累的影响有所不同。土壤重金属污染影响了种子萌发、幼苗生长、作物产量及体内重金属含量,探讨了污染土壤的酶学评价方法。阐述了重金属污染土壤生物修复的特点,展望了重金属污染生态过程研究的未来发展趋势。     

Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with rapeseed oil, milled or whole rapeseeds on milk fatty-acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets

Inclusion of rapeseed feeds in dairy cow diets has the potential to reduce milk fat saturated fatty acid (SFA) and increase cis-monounsaturated fatty acid (cis-MUFA) content, but effectiveness may depend on the form in which the rapeseed is presented. Four mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were allocated to four maize silage-based dietary treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin Square design, with 28-day experimental periods. Treatments consisted of a control diet (C) containing 49 g/kg dry matter (DM) of calcium salts of palm oil distillate (CPO), or 49 g/kg DM of oil supplied as whole rapeseeds (WR), rapeseeds milled with wheat (MR) or rapeseed oil (RO). Replacing CPO with rapeseed feeds had no effect (P > 0.05) on milk fat and protein content, while milk yields were higher (P < 0.05) for RO and MR compared with WR (37.1, 38.1 and 34.3 kg/day, respectively). Substituting CPO with RO or MR reduced (P < 0.05) milk fat total SFA content (69.6, 55.6, 71.7 and 61.5 g/100 g fatty acids for C, RO, WR and MR, respectively) and enhanced (P < 0.05) milk cis-9 18:1 MUFA concentrations (corresponding values 18.6, 24.3, 17.0 and 23.0 g/100 g fatty acids) compared with C and WR. Treatments RO and MR also increased (P < 0.05) milk trans-MUFA content (4.4, 6.8, 10.5 g/100 g fatty acids, C, MR and RO, respectively). A lack of significant changes in milk fat composition when replacing CPO with WR suggests limited bioavailability of fatty acids in intact rapeseeds. In conclusion, replacing a commercial palm oil-based fat supplement in the diet with milled rapeseeds or rapeseed oil represented an effective strategy to alter milk fatty acid composition with the potential to improve human health. Inclusion of processed rapeseeds offered a good compromise for reducing milk SFA and increasing cis-MUFA, whilst minimising milk trans-MUFA and negative effects on animal performance.     

重金属复合污染对小麦种子根活力的影响

应用二次回归旋转设计法,以小麦种子为材料,研究了水培条件下重金属复合污染对其根生长及活力的影响;借助回归分析建立了相应的数学模型,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb4种重金属对根活力的毒性、两两重金属问的联合作用以及各重金属的边际毒性效应．结果表明重金属对根活力的影响顺序为Pb＞Cu＞Cd＞Zn;Cu与Cd、Cu与Zn、Zn与Cd以及Cd与Pb元素间的互作效应显著;在0-20mg.L^-1浓度范围内,Cu和zn两元素在最小浓度时的边际效应值最大,Cd和Pb两元素的边际效应最大值却出现在最高浓度处．     

Fatty acids from seeds of Pinus pinea L.: composition and population profiling

Pinus pinea L. is widely disseminated all over the Mediterranean Basin. Qualitatively, P. pinea fatty acid seed composition is identical and typical of the genus Pinus. This composition is made of unsaturated oil with several unusual polymethylene-interrupted unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the major fatty acid followed by oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Quantitatively, for all Mediterranean populations, total amounts of fatty acids seem to be fairly constant and independent from their origin. When applying principal component analysis, it seems that there is not a distinct geographical variability. Tunisian populations appear to be integral part of the Mediterranean populations without any particular structuring. Taking into account this research and the data reported in the literature, we can confirm that P. pinea expresses no significant variability. This low genetic diversity revealed by fatty acid composition can be explained by anthropogenetic diffusion of genetically homogeneous reproductive material as early as the first explorations.     

Chemical speciation of some heavy metals and human health risk assessment in soil around two municipal dumpsites in Sagamu,Ogun state,Nigeria

Environmental and health risk posed by heavy metals from municipal landfill cannot be over emphasized. However, the toxicity and fate of metal in the soil is dependent on its chemical form and therefore quantification of the different forms of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its total concentration. This study investigated the chemical form and potential hazards of heavy metal pollution at two municipal landfills in Sagamu, Ogun state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected around the landfills and chemical form of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Fe were studied, using the Tessier Five-step sequential chemical extraction procedure. The results showed that Cu and Fe were speciated into residual fractions with averages of 23.9 and 31.3% respectively, while Cd and Zn were associated with Carbonate fractions with respective averages of 20.3 and 20.6%. The order of mobility and bioavailability of these metals are: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Fe. A comparison of the result of total extractible metals with standard set by USEPA reveals that Cd and Cu level in the dumpsite soils are far above the critical permissible limit of 3.0 and 250 mg kg^?1, respectively which potent a health risk. Assessment of soil pollution level using geoaccumulation index (I_geo) revealed that the landfill was extremely polluted by Cd (I_geo > 5). Pearson correlation and principal component analysis showed that there were no significant correlations (p < 0.05) among all the metals, suggesting that they are all from different anthropogenic sources. The cancer risk ranged from 1.36E?01 to 2.18E?04 and 5.82E?01 to 9.35E?04 for Children and Adult respectively. The level of cancer risk falls above the threshold values (10^?4–10^?6) which US Environmental Protection Agency considered as unacceptable risk. Based on the above findings, it was suggested that environmental management policy should be implemented to decrease the environmental risks.     

利用乙二胺四乙酸淋洗修复重金属污染的土壤及其动力学

通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)浓度、pH、淋洗时间对重金属去除效果的影响.利用一级反应动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,并测定了EDTA处理前后土壤中重金属形态的变化.结果表明,EDTA溶液在浓度为0.1 mol·L^-1、pH 7、淋洗时间1 d的条件下能达到对污染土壤重金属的最大去除率,去除率分别为Cd 89.14%、Pb 34.78%、Cu 14.96%、Zn 45.14%.模型拟合结果表明,Cd的质量转移系数最大,其次是Zn、Pb和Cu.说明在土壤淋洗过程中,Cd和Zn最先达到质量转移的平衡状态,然后是Pb和Cu.形态分级结果表明,EDTA能有效地去除交换态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态重金属,而对有机态和残余态部分重金属作用效果不明显.