RELATION BETWEEN THYROID GLAND,METAMORPHOSIS, AND GROWTH

1. Two substances are involved in amphibian metamorphosis as studied in Ambystoma opacum: first, iodine, which is taken up by the food, and second, an excretor substance, which is evolved during the processes of growth and serves to induce the excretory function of the thyroid gland. 2. This explains why in larvæ, whose metamorphosis is inhibited by lack of iodine, growth is checked at the time when metamorphosis should occur; for at this time the excretor substance commences to act and this results, if iodine is absent, in the excretion by the thyroid of toxic substances which cause the breakdown of proteins and consequently a decrease in size of the larvæ. 3. Larvæ whose metamorphosis is inhibited by extirpation of the thyroid or by the hereditary lack of a thyroid (as is the case in Typhlomolge) can grow normally, since in them the action of the excretor substance cannot result in the excretion by the thyroid of a toxic growth-inhibiting substance. 4. At low temperature less excretor substance is produced than at high temperature during an equal rate of growth; therefore larvæ kept at low temperature reach a larger size than larvæ kept at high temperature, before they metamorphose.     

稻田蜘蛛与飞虱制约关系及其利用

1972—1991年间,我们对稻田蜘蛛及其相关害虫—褐稻虱进行了较为系统的调查研究。本文主要论述稻田蜘蛛种类多,发生量大,繁殖力强.与稻飞虱的季节消长、生态分布、变态类型相一致,彼此制约关系明显,有良好的保护利用价值。创造有利于蜘蛛发生发展的环境,合理施用化学农药,既是保护利用蜘蛛的有效途径,又可保护飞虱的其它天敌,发挥多种天敌联合控制飞虱的作用,在经济、生态与社会三方面都可收到显著效益。     

去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺及γ-氨基丁酸与高压氧惊厥发作的关系

大鼠经高压氧暴露后,脑内去甲肾上腺素含量下降,脑室内预先注射6-羟基多巴胺,高压氧惊厥发作的潜伏期明显缩短。a_2受体阻断剂育亨宾加强了高压氧惊厥的发作,β受体阻断剂心得安有保护作用。上述结果表明中枢肾上腺素递质抗高压氧惊厥的作用很可能是通过a_2受体实现的。虽然加压后脑内多巴胺含量下降,但脑室注射多巴胺受体阻断剂氟哌丁醇不能改变高压氧惊厥发作的潜伏期,因此尚不能肯定脑内多巴胺系统与高压氧惊厥有直接的联系。脑室注射Υ-氨基丁酸对高压氧惊厥的影响不显著,然而脑室注射Υ-氨基丁酸15分钟后测定其脑内含量与对照组相比无差异,故还不能排除Υ-氨基丁酸与高压氧惊厥有关。     

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TOXICITY,RESISTANCE, AND TIME OF SURVIVAL,AND ON RELATED PHENOMENA

1. A relation between toxicity, resistance, and time of survival has been derived on the basis of the assumption that the time is a function of a parameter which is the difference between the toxicity and the resistance. Toxicity and resistance act like forces which can maintain an equilibrium-like (or stationary) state. If the equilibrium is upset, the time at which the event (death) occurs is proportional to the logarithm of the difference between toxicity and resistance. 2. It was found that if values proportional to the resistance are calculated with the proposed equation and the percentage mortality plotted against them (instead of against the time as is usual) symmetrical curves are obtained even though the corresponding mortality-time curves are asymmetrical. Assuming that the resistance varies like an error, that is, according to probability rules, theoretical mortality-time curves, similar to the experimental curves, can be constructed from the proposed equations. 3. In the case of a toxic agent acting on a unicellular organism suspended in solution, the toxicity is proportional to the adsorbed amount of the agent, as calculated with the aid of the Langmuir equation. In small concentration ranges the toxicity can be taken as approximately proportional to the concentration. 4. The variation of the temperature affects mainly the constant a which is a function of the temperature similar to that of the velocity constant of a chemical reaction (Arrhenius'' law). 5. The proposed equation has been tested in four different combinations of the variables, concentration, resistance, time, and temperature. The agreement with the experiments is satisfactory. 6. Any noxious agent acting on a unicellular organism may be characterized by three constants: r, the resistance, which is the threshold value at which the agent is still fatally toxic for the organism; a, the reciprocal of the rate constant determining the specific rate (that is, the time corresponding to a difference of 1 between the toxicity and the resistance); and finally the constant γ of the function representing the relation between toxicity and concentration.     

蚯蚓与微生物的相互作用

蚯蚓从成体到卵内均有微生物,微生物来源于蚯蚓生活的环境,在消化消化道时,随食物进入体内的真菌营养体及大部分细菌被杀死,只有真菌的孢子和部分细菌仍保持生活力,生长缓慢的细菌通过蚯蚓消化道后群体下降;而生长快的细菌,由于在消化道内迅速繁殖,在蚯蚓排泄物中的群体数量甚至会超过进入蚯蚓体内时的数量,蚯蚓能促进土表有益和致病微生物在土壤内从向传播,但也能减轻由病原真菌引起的病害。真菌是蚯蚓食物的一部分,消化     

昆明两栖动物分布与栖息环境关系初探

本项工作自１９９７年６月－１９９９年５月以点、面结合的方式对昆明地区两栖类的种类、分布作了调查,共采集标本４５０余号,计１１种,隶属２目６科６属,其中牛蛙为引入种。工作中以白龙寺地区为研究重点,连续对该地区的两栖类动物进行采集和观察,依据观察结果记述了两栖动物的种类和种群分布,探讨了种群分布与栖息环境变化的关系、种群受人类活动影响的程度等。各物种季节栖息范围的变化主要受水的影响,也与各物种的生态习     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPIPHYTES, MACROPHYTES AND FRESHWATER SNAILS: A REVIEW

Epiphyton-feeding snails are often a conspicuous feature ofthe invertebrate fauna associated with submerged freshwatermacrophytes. In this paper I review the different interactionstaking place between snails, epiphyton and macrophytes. Studies on grazing by freshwater snails show that snails havea great impact on the biomass, productivity and species compositionof epiphytic communities. Direct effects of grazing on livingmacrophytes are probably of minor importance, but snails havea significant indirect effect on macrophytes by reducing thedetrimental impact of epiphyton (e.g. shading and competitionfor nutrients). Predators of snails can have a mediating effecton snail-epiphyton-macrophyte interactions, both through a directpredatorprey relationship (reducing the density of snails) andby inducing a habitat displacement of the snails. In a studyon the effects of predation by the pumpkinseed sunfish (a specializedsnail predator) it was found that predation indirectly affectsthe biomass and species composition of epiphytic algae by regulatingthe density of snails.     

mRNA的序列、结构以及翻译速率与蛋白质结构的关系

mRNA所包含的核苷酸序列通过三联体密码子决定了蛋白质的氨基酸序列。但是, 由于对氨基酸同义密码使用频率上的差异, 密码子与反密码子相互作用效率上的不同, 以及密码子上下文关系和mRNA 不同区域二级结构上的差异, 造成了核糖体对mRNA 不同区域翻译速度上的差异, 加之共翻译折叠的作用, 使得mRNA 的序列和结构影响着蛋白质空间结构的形成。     

SOME INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM IN THE NUTRITION OF SOYBEAN, FLAX AND OATS

Soybean and flax were grown in nutrient solutions containing high and low levels of molybdenum and vanadium, in combination with toxic (10–25 p.p.m.) and non-toxic (1 p.p.m.) manganese. Molybdenum (20 and to a less extent 10 p.p.m.) intensified the chlorosis induced by manganese excess, though these concentrations were harmless in the presence of 1 p.p.m. Mn. Vanadium (= 1.0, 5 and 10 p.p.m. Mo) counteracted some of the symptoms of manganese toxicity, but the two higher rates were harmful to growth irrespective of the manganese supply. Toxic concentrations of vanadium at first deepened the green colour of the shoot, though apical iron-deficiency chlorosis was generally induced later. Low molybdenum (0.1 p.p.m.) or equivalent vanadium had no influence on growth or iron nutrition at either level of manganese. Visual differences were corroborated by changes in the nitrogen, phosphorus and iron contents of the plants. There was no evidence of replaceability of molybdenum by vanadium.
Oats were grown in nutrient solutions containing various combinations of manganese (nil–400 p.p.m.) and molybdenum (nil–20 p.p.m.). The appearance of manganese-deficiency symptoms was not affected by the quantity of molybdenum provided, and the manganese and molybdenum contents of the leaves were mutually independent of the quantity of each element supplied.     

物种数和面积、纬度之间关系的研究

本文在排除了“平衡假说”中的“岛屿效应”的情况下,估算了世界部分国家兽类,鸟类,爬行类和两栖类的物种－面积,物种－纬度及物种－面积－纬度关系式中的参数。研究发现,大陆连续栖息地性的ｚ值并不比岛屿或栖息地“岛屿”性的ｚ值小,ｚ值与面积样本大小和范围有关。栖息地异质性对ｚ值的大小也起着很重要的作用。本文建立了全球脊推动物物种－面积－纬度相关模型,即Ｌｏｇｓ＝ｂ＿ｏ＋ｂ＿１·ＬｏｇＡ＋ｂ＿２·Ｌ,总复合相关系数达０．９０２８（ｐ＜０．０１）,可用于预测或评估全球脊推动物种数分布或由于栖息地破坏后物种数消失的情况。