MDCK细胞宿主蛋白含量双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

目的建立检测犬肾细胞(madin-darby canine kidney, MDCK)宿主细胞蛋白(host cell protein, HCP)含量的双抗体夹心ELISA。方法从MDCK细胞中提取细胞总蛋白,免疫新西兰兔制备兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体,抗体经辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀和Protein A层析纯化后,采用SDS-PAGE分析抗体纯度,Western blot检测抗体特异性。用纯化的多克隆抗体作为包被抗体,并采用改良过碘酸钠标记法制备酶标抗体,建立ELISA并确定包被抗体浓度和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记抗体稀释度等最适条件。确定该方法较佳的线性范围及检测限,并对该法特异性、准确度、精密性和重复性进行验证。最后,用该方法分别对接种流感病毒的MDCK细胞上清收获液和纯化样品进行MDCK细胞蛋白含量检测,初步验证其在纯化工艺开发中的适用性。结果通过免疫新西兰兔制备了高滴度的兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体血清,滴度可达1∶8 000。纯化后的兔抗MDCK细胞蛋白多克隆抗体纯度>90%,并可与MDCK细胞蛋白特异性结合。建立的双抗体夹心ELISA的理想包被抗体质量浓度为10μg/mL,酶标抗体的工作浓度为1∶500稀释。该方法的线性范围为50~2 500 ng/mL,检测限为50 ng/mL;该方法对Vero细胞、293T细胞和Mrc-5细胞等其他细胞HCP无交叉反应,特异性良好;不同浓度的MDCK细胞HCP回收率在98.5%~111.9%之间,变异系数均<10%。接种流感病毒的MDCK细胞培养上清经多步纯化后MDCK细胞蛋白质量浓度逐渐降低至<900 ng/mL,纯化工艺可有效去除MDCK细胞蛋白残留。结论建立双抗体夹心ELISA检测MDCK细胞残余HCP含量的方法,可用于基于MDCK细胞培养的流感疫苗下游工艺开发中宿主细胞残留HCP含量监测。     

Assay of DNA Photolyase Activity in Spinach Leaves in Relation to Cell Compartmentation-Evidence for Lack of DNA Photolyase in Chloroplasts

Spinach cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-specific DNA photolyase was successfully detected in leaf extracts by an assay system for plant photolyase using an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which was newly introduced by novel horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked CPD specific monoclonal antibodies. The assay system includes two main steps: a photorepair reaction of CPD introduced in substrate DNA and measurement of CPD remained after the photorepair by the improved ELISA. When CPD- induced salmon sperm DNA was used as a substrate, high CPD-photolyase activities were observed in the enzyme fraction prepared from whole spinach leaf extracts, but not from chloroplast extracts. This strongly suggests that spinach CPD-specific photolyases are localized in cell compartments other than chloroplasts.     

Accuracy and sensitivity of residual DNA detection by QPCR is not predicted by target copy number

A major issue in the use of mammalian cell culture in biopharmaceutical manufacturing is the removal of process related impurities, such as residual host cell DNA, during the product purification process. To ensure that sufficient DNA removal is achieved during purification, it is essential to have an accurate and sensitive assay for host cell DNA. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) is widely used for this purpose; however, the extent to which the choice of QPCR gene target can have an impact on final results requires further understanding. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the genomic copy number of eight different Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) gene targets and the sensitivity and accuracy afforded by those targets in a residual host cell DNA QPCR assay. We also evaluated the use of each gene target for accurate measurement of residual DNA clearance using in-process purification samples from two CHO production cell lines. Our results revealed a correlation between gene target abundance and the potential sensitivity for use in a QPCR assay. However, we found that higher copy number gene targets do not provide the highest measurement or reveal the largest clearance of residual host cell DNA from purification samples. These findings suggest that different DNA sequences may clear or degrade at differential rates and highlight unexpected considerations that must be made in the choice of QPCR gene target when designing QPCR assays.     

Quantitative real-time PCR technique for the identification of E. coli residual DNA in streptokinase recombinant product

Recombinant streptokinase is a biopharmaceutical which is usually produced in E. coli. Residual DNA as a contamination and risk factor may remain in the product. It is necessary to control the production procedure to exclude any possible contamination. The aim of the present study was to develop a highly specific and sensitive quantitative real-time PCR-based method to determine the amount of E. coli DNA in recombinant streptokinase. A specific primers and a probe was designed to detect all strains of E. coli. To determine the specificity, in addition to using NCBI BLASTn, 28 samples including human, bacterial, and viral genomes were used. The results confirmed that the assay detects no genomic DNA but E. coli’s and the specificity was determined to be 100%. To determine the sensitivity and limit of detection of the assay, a 10-fold serial dilution (10¹ to 10⁷ copies/µL) was tested in triplicate. The sensitivity of the test was determined to be 101 copies/µL or 35 fg/µL. Inter-assay and intra-assay were determined to be 0.86 and 1.69%, respectively. Based on the results, this assay can be used as an accurate method to evaluate the contamination of recombinant streptokinase in E. coli.     

藏绵羊子宫内膜炎主要致病菌多重PCR检测方法的建立与评价

本研究旨在建立一种多重PCR方法检测青海藏绵羊子宫内膜炎主要的病原菌。首先,提取5种标准菌株基因组,筛选出特异性引物;然后以标准菌株的基因组为模板,建立多重PCR方法。用无菌棉拭子涂抹藏绵羊子宫,置于LB培养液中培养并编号,48 h后提取样品基因组。运用单一PCR法对600份样品基因组进行检测,记录阳性样品;再挑取单一PCR法检测的阳性样品进行多重PCR检测,再次记录阳性样品,通过计算两种检测方法的符合率验证多重PCR方法;随机挑出30份阳性样品,进行病原菌分离鉴定菌种种类。单一PCR检测的样品中,无乳链球菌感染比例占47.33%,大肠杆菌占34.83%,金黄色葡萄球菌占6.5%,未检出沙门氏菌和化脓隐秘杆菌;多重PCR检测的阳性样品中,无乳链球菌感染比例占45.50%,大肠杆菌占33.50%,金黄色葡萄球菌占6.5%;两种检测结果相比较,多重PCR检测出的符合率均高于95%;分离鉴定的病原菌与两种PCR方法检测出的菌种结果基本一致。成功建立了多重PCR方法并检测出引起青海藏绵羊子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌为无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。     

Development of advanced host cell protein enrichment and detection strategies to enable process relevant spike challenge studies

An orthogonal chromatography methodology for the enrichment of host cell protein (HCP) species relative to monoclonal antibody (mAb) products was developed and applied for the successful enrichment of HCP from post‐Protein A process pools for seven different mAb products. An advanced two‐dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry platform (2D‐LC/MS^E) was utilized to demonstrate that the HCP enriched material was representative, in terms of species content, to pre‐enriched process pools. The HCP enrichment methodology was scaled up for two different mAb products, and this process relevant enriched HCP material was used to conduct advanced spike challenge studies to demonstrate the utility of the approach for the understanding of (1) quantitative HCP clearance, (2) individual species clearance, and (3) species clearance redundancy across polishing chromatography steps. The combined ability to enrich process relevant HCP, detect individual HCP species with 2D‐LC/MS^E technology, and conduct advanced challenge studies with process relevant material surmounts prior limitations to high integrity process challenge study implementation, and facilitates significant process understanding for development of risk‐based control strategies and strategic process design. This also demonstrates implementation of a foundational strategy for conducting spike‐challenge studies using process‐relevant impurities isolated from processes of interest using orthogonal approaches. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:983–989, 2015     

Mass spectrometric evaluation of upstream and downstream process influences on host cell protein patterns in biopharmaceutical products

For production of different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), biopharmaceutical companies often use related upstream and downstream manufacturing processes. Such platforms are typically characterized regarding influence of upstream and downstream process (DSP) parameters on critical quality attributes (CQAs). CQAs must be monitored strictly by an adequate control strategy. One such process-related CQA is the content of host cell protein (HCP) which is typically analyzed by immunoassay methods (e.g., HCP-ELISA). The capacity of the immunoassay to detect a broad range of HCPs, relevant for the individual mAb-production process should be proven by orthogonal proteomic methods such as 2D gel electrophoresis or mass spectrometry (MS). In particular MS has become a valuable tool to identify and quantify HCP in complex mixtures. We evaluate up- and DSP parameters of four different biopharmaceutical products, two different process variants, and one mock fermentation on the HCP pattern by shotgun MS analysis and ELISA. We obtained a similar HCP pattern in different cell culture fluid harvests compared to the starting material from the downstream process. During the downstream purification process of the mAbs, the HCP level and the number of HCP species significantly decreased, accompanied by an increase in diversity of the residual HCP pattern. Based on this knowledge, we suggest a control strategy that combines multi product ELISA for in-process control and release analytics, and MS testing for orthogonal HCP characterization, to attain knowledge on the HCP level, clusters and species. This combination supports a control strategy for HCPs addressing safety and efficacy of biopharmaceutical products.     

霍乱疫苗中残余霍乱毒素检测方法的建立及验证

采用间接酶联免疫法,即用神经节苷脂包被,加入待检样品,再加入兔抗霍乱毒素B亚单位抗体,用标准样品的吸光值(A值)对标准样品的浓度绘制4-参数拟合曲线,根据标准曲线计算出待测样品中的CT浓度。结果显示,在浓度范围(0.6～16)ng/ml之间,CT标准浓度和检测浓度成线性关系,r2=0.9986。精确度在浓度范围(0.6～16)ng/ml,CT的平均回收率在96.24%～114.44%之间。精密度:批内变异CV%≤12.98%,批间变异CV%≤18.48%。特异性CT浓度在10ng/ml时,平均回收率为102.6%;CT浓度在5ng/ml时,平均回收率为111.17%;CT浓度在2.5ng/ml时,平均回收率为123.83%。实验表明该方法可检测霍乱疫苗原液中CT的含量。     

Application of the Bradford Assay for Cell Lysis Quantification: Residual Protein Content in Cell Culture Supernatants

Frequently measured mammalian cell culture process indicators include viability and total cell concentration (TCC). Cell lysis, an additional important process characteristic that substantially contributes to the overall product purity profiles, is often not addressed in detail. In the present study, an inexpensive and simple application of the Bradford assay is developed to determine the residual protein content (RPC) in cell culture supernatants. The reliability and reproducibility of the method are tested in a long‐term study and compared with lysis quantification via the DNA measurement. The results show that its performance is more robust and accurate over time and the respective concentration range. Additionally, both methods are used for cell lysis process monitoring in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary fed‐batch process. In the presented process, by applying the established assay, the lysis rate k _DL is determined to be constant over time at 4.6 × 10 ^?4 lysed cell concentration (LCC) per TCC and time (LCC/TCC/h). In contrast, DNA data did not confirm the constant lysis rate due to variations of the content per cell during cultivation. Thus, information on the RPC can facilitate the determination of the optimal harvest time point with respect to purity and in improving process characterization.     

灭癌素链霉菌中磷硫酰化修饰DNA结合结构域的功能分析

[目的]DNA磷硫酰化(phosphorothioation,PT)是由硫原子取代DNA骨架磷原子上的非桥联氧原子形成的一种新型DNA修饰.PT修饰除参与组成限制修饰系统外,其更为广泛的生物学功能仍有待揭示.PT修饰现有的检测方法操作复杂、成本高、耗时长,而具有操作简便、成本低、耗时短等特点的酶联免疫检测(enzyme...     

弹尾虫单克隆抗体的制备及其在捕食研究中的应用

应用杂交瘤技术制备了针对弹尾虫的单克隆抗体2F10。该抗体的效价为1.024×108,只与灰橄榄长角跳虫、球角跳虫和钩圆跳虫等弹尾虫发生强烈反应而不与稻田常见的其它昆虫和蜘蛛发生交叉反应,具有高度特异性。建立了2F10、HRP-2F10和蜘蛛样品分别稀释4000倍(34.193ng/L)、1500倍(2.4624ng/L)和50倍(50ml/individual)的抗体夹心ELISA检测系统用于检测稻田常见蜘蛛对弹尾虫的捕食作用。其检测灵敏度为1/2头灰橄榄长角跳虫(4.49μg),拟环纹豹蛛捕食1头灰橄榄长角跳虫成虫后,在25℃下猎物的可测定时间为4.5h。应用该检测系统研究了不同稻区常见蜘蛛对2F10的阳性反应率。其中狡蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、纵条蝇狮和纵条蝇虎的阳性反应率显著高于食虫瘤胸蛛、八斑球腹蛛和锥腹肖蛸。     

Host cell protein analysis in therapeutic protein bioprocessing – methods and applications

The analysis of host cell proteins (HCPs) is one of the most important analytical requirements during bioprocess development of therapeutic moieties. In this review, we focus on the comparison of different methods for the analysis of HCPs and how cell lines, fermentation conditions, and unit operations influence HCP distribution during the process chain. Current guidelines typically require reduction of HCPs to the ppm level, depending on the intended use, the route of administration of the product, and the production system. A range of immunospecific and non-specific methods are available that have been globally accepted by regulatory bodies. Immunospecific methods, such as ELISA, are simple to use in routine analysis and can quantify low levels of HCPs when specific antibodies are available. Non-specific methods are more complex; however, they provide a holistic view of the HCP profile and qualitative information of the composition of HCP in the sample. Different methods for the comparison of bioprocessing strategies during scale-up and purification development are compared herein. The methods include immunospecific methods, such as ELISA, western blot, and threshold, and non-specific methods, such as 2D-DIGE and 2D-HPLC combined with MS.     

大肠杆菌细胞抽提物制备方案的简化与优化

无细胞蛋白表达系统是一种将目的蛋白在体外进行表达的新技术和新方法,已广泛应用到蛋白质组学、蛋白质结构和功能等领域的研究中。在无细胞蛋白表达系统中,细胞抽提物的制备是关键因素之一。通过对大肠杆菌细胞抽提物制备过程中离心速度、预孵化和透析等参数的考察,利用绿色荧光蛋白作为报告蛋白,可以得到一个细胞抽提物制备的简化方案。采用相对低的转速(12 000×g,10 min),简易空孵化即可制备出活性高的细胞抽提物,用于无细胞体系蛋白表达,其表达的绿色荧光蛋白产量为209μg/mL。与传统的大肠杆菌细胞抽提物S30相比较,新方案将使时间与成本节省62%,产量是传统方法的2.6倍,使无细胞蛋白表达技术的操作快速、高通量的优势更加明显。     

Carboxyl terminal region of the MukB protein in Escherichia coli is essential for DNA binding activity

Abstract The purified MukB protein of Escherichia coli has DNA binding activity and nucleotide binding activity. We have isolated a mutation, mukB1013 , causing a substitution of valine at position 1379 to leucine. This mutant MukB protein was defective for DNA binding, while the ATP binding activity remained unaffected. A truncated MukB protein that is short of 109 amino acids from the C-terminus failed to bind DNA.     

华东三省转Bt基因棉花种植对边际水体中Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留的影响

为调查转基因棉花种植地区边际水体中的Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留情况, 在华东地区的山东、江苏、安徽三省棉田设置采样点, 连续3年在棉花的花铃期和收获季节, 对棉区地块内部及周围边际水体随机采样, 进行去杂及纯化处理后, 利用ELISA (酶联免疫吸附测定)方法检测水样中的Cry1Ab/c蛋白含量。结果表明: (1)在花铃期和收获季前后两周, 分别在5个布控点边际水体中检出Cry1Ab/c蛋白, 其中1个布控点阳性蛋白残留浓度最高达到0.4 ppb, 另外4个布控点检测出的阳性蛋白量均在0.04 ppb以下; (2)距离棉田越近, 蛋白检出阳性率越高, 其中棉田内水渠阳性率为13.3%; (3)连续种植时间超过7年的田地周围水体中蛋白阳性率为12.4%。在所有取样时间点中, 与花铃期相比, 收获季更容易检测到阳性结果。这表明在转基因棉花产区, 应在收获季进行适当的指导和监控, 以预防和降低转基因棉花中Cry1Ab/c蛋白对边际水体的潜在影响。     

Intestinal Distribution and Intraluminal Localization of Orally Administered Clostridium butyricum in Rats

Clostridium butyricum has been used as a probiotic in animals and humans for years, however, its fate in the intestine has not been clarified yet. We investigated the intestinal fate of C. butyricum using a selective medium and a monoclonal antibody after orally administering C. butyricum spores to rats. The number of C. butyricum, both viable and dead cells, in the intestinal contents were counted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at various times after a single oral administration. The total viable number of C. butyricum was counted using a selective medium, and viable resting spores were selectively detected by treating the samples with ethanol. To investigate the intraluminal localization of the C. butyricum cells, frozen intestinal tracts were imprinted onto slides and stained with immunogold-silver. Total viable spores exceeded the number of viable resting spores by more than 10-fold from the proximal to middle of the small intestine 30 min after administration. Vegetative cells of C. butyricum were first detected in the distal small intestine after 2 hr, and vegetative growth was observed from the cecum to the colon 5 hr after administration. Dead vegetative cells were detected 9 hr after administration, and C. butyricum cells were not detected in the intestine after 3 days. The C. butyricum cells in the intestinal imprints were stained specifically by immunogold-silver staining, and proliferative cells were observed in the cecum after 3 hr. These results suggest that the administered C. butyricum germinated in the upper small intestine, grew mainly from the distal small intestine to the colon and were excreted from the rat intestine within 3 days.     

Exploring the linkage between cell culture process parameters and downstream processing utilizing a plackett‐burman design for a model monoclonal antibody

Linkage of upstream cell culture with downstream processing and purification is an aspect of Quality by Design crucial for efficient and consistent production of high quality biopharmaceutical proteins. In a previous Plackett‐Burman screening study of parallel bioreactor cultures we evaluated main effects of 11 process variables, such as agitation, sparge rate, feeding regimens, dissolved oxygen set point, inoculation density, supplement addition, temperature, and pH shifts. In this follow‐up study, we observed linkages between cell culture process parameters and downstream capture chromatography performance and subsequent antibody attributes. In depth analysis of the capture chromatography purification of harvested cell culture fluid yielded significant effects of upstream process parameters on host cell protein abundance and behavior. A variety of methods were used to characterize the antibody both after purification and buffer formulation. This analysis provided insight in to the significant impacts of upstream process parameters on aggregate formation, impurities, and protein structure. This report highlights the utility of linkage studies in identifying how changes in upstream parameters can impact downstream critical quality attributes. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:163–170, 2017     

Design and validation of a new method to detect and quantify residual host cell DNA in human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO)

During the purification of human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) from host cells, residual DNA may remain in final products. This contamination is a risk factor for patients and may result in the inactivation of some tumor suppressor genes or activation of oncogenes if its concentration is more than the standard defined by WHO. Based on WHO’s criteria, acceptable level of residual DNA in biopharmaceuticals is less than 10–100?pg/dose. In this study, we have designed a sensitive and specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of residual DNA in human rEPO products. All reported sequences of CHO’s GAPDH gene were retrieved from GenBank, and a multiple alignment was performed using Mega 6 software to find conserved regions of the gene. Primers and probe were designed by AlleleID7 software for the highly conserved region. Quantitative real-time PCR showed an R² value more than 0.99 and the efficiency equal to 101% indicating a highly accurate and efficiency of the reaction, respectively. Based on the standard curve, the limit of detection of the assay was determined to be 10?copies/µL (0.00967?fg/µL). In addition, the inter- and intra-assay of the test were determined to be 1.14% and 0.65%, respectively, which are in acceptable range according to the WHO’s guidelines.     

An aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer

The analysis of estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast carcinomas plays a crucial role in determining the endocrine responsiveness of tumors for systemic adjuvant therapy. Conventionally, the ER levels in breast carcinomas had been detected using the dextran-coated charcoal assay and radioimmunoassay, which are now substituted with safer and economic antibody-based assays such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Despite a gold (Au) standard method, the IHC has been criticized for factors such as tissue fixation, antibody selection, and threshold staining for result interpretation that could falsify test accuracy and reproducibility. The quest for alternative methods of ER quantification in tissue samples paved the way for aptamer-based diagnostics. Previously, we have isolated a DNA aptamer against human ER alpha (ERα) using an in vitro evolution system. In this study, we developed an electrochemical sensor using the 76-nucleotide DNA ERα- aptamer for rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection of ERα expression in human breast cancer patients. The aptasensor was constructed by covalently immobilizing the thiolated ERα- aptamer onto a screen-printed Au electrode. Construction of aptasensors was confirmed through atomic force microscopy and differential pulse voltammetry measurements. A detection limit of 0.001 ng/ml was calculated for full-length ERα (66.2 kDa) in a detection time of 10 min. Analysis of the cancerous breast tissue samples using the ELISA and aptasensor methods enabled distinctive classification of samples into the categories of ER −ve, weak ER +ve, and strong ER +ve samples. The current change of this aptasensor lies within 5% after a storage of 60 days at 4°C. Further studies on a reasonably large sample size are required to realize the clinical potential of the sensor.