不同森林恢复类型对土壤微生物群落的影响

为了评价不同森林恢复类型与方式对南方红壤丘陵区退化生态系统土壤微生物群落的影响,借助氯仿熏蒸法、平板涂抹法和BIOLOG检测法,比较研究了4种森林恢复类型土壤微生物的群落特征．结果表明,4种森林恢复类型土壤微生物生物量碳、细菌数量差异显著,2项指标均以天然次生林土壤最高,人工林次之,荒地最差;碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD法)和微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)在5种植被类型的土壤中也有明显差异,其趋势与微生物量碳、细菌数量基本相同;天然次生林土壤微生物群落利用碳源的整体能力和功能多样性比人工林和荒地强．相关分析表明,0～20和20～40cm土壤微生物的代谢多样性与根系生物量紧密相关(r=0．933,P<0．05;r=0．925,P<0．05)．自然恢复更有利于改善土壤微生物的结构和功能．     

Plants and fertilisers as drivers of change in microbial community structure and function in soils

Here we report on a range of studies designed to understand the link between diversity and function in soils and in particular how plants and fertilisers might interact with microbial community dynamics in soils. The data presented indicate that although plants and fertilisers do impact on microbial community structure, the relationship between diversity, community structure and function remains complex and difficult to interpret using currently available chemical and molecular fingerprinting techniques. The paper assesses plants and management practices as drivers of change in soil and argues that whilst understanding diversity per se is unlikely to contribute to our understanding of function, an appreciation of what causes communities to change and also the relative importance of such drivers, could lead to new insights into the sustainable management and conservation of soils and natural resources.     

Mechanism underlying the response of fungi and their Fusarium symbiotic networks to the rotations of soybean and corn

Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani are the main soybean root rot pathogens in northern China. We investigated the distribution and driving factors of Fusarium under different cropping systems to evaluate and regulate soil health. The factors affecting Fusarium in soybean cropping systems were assessed using high-throughput sequencing of ITS1 to identify soil microbial population diversity, and then the soil physicochemical properties were assessed to determine the levels of various elements present in the environment. According to the results, the abundance of Fusarium was obviously reduced in the corn–soybean rotation and uncultivated soil systems. The relative abundance of Fusarium in the soil and the abundance and diversity of fungal communities were significantly positively associated with the abundance of Ascomycota. Additionally, the relative abundance of Fusarium was significantly positively correlated with the zinc (Zn) content. When the Zn content was high, the abundance of Fusarium increased, and the correlations with Chaetomium, Cryptococcus, Penicillium and Trichoderma significantly decreased. Soybean yield was significantly negatively correlated with fungal community abundance and diversity. Based on our results, the uncultivated soil and corn–soybean rotation cropping systems improved the organizational structure of the soil fungal community and were conducive to the health and production of soybean.     

Plant community structure, soil properties and microbial characteristics in revegetated quarries

Quarries are an important type of degraded land in southern China requiring ecological improvement and rehabilitation. In this study, plant community structure, soil properties, and microbial biomass and community function were examined at different rehabilitated phases in three quarries, namely Turret Hill Quarry, Lam Tei Quarry and Shek O Quarry, in Hong Kong. Results show that plant species richness and the percentage of native species increased with rehabilitated ages in the three quarries. The highest coverage of woody species was found at older phases, while the lowest woody coverage occurred at younger phases. Soils were strongly to moderately acidic in reaction, and more acidic soils were found in the older than in the younger sites. Organic C as well as total N and P accumulated in soil along with secondary succession in the three quarries, which were positively correlated with woody species richness. Older phases had higher total microbial biomass C and N which were positively correlated with soil organic C, total N and extractable NO₃-N, as well as woody species coverage and native species richness as shown by the biplot of redundancy analysis. Diversity of utilized carbons suggested that metabolic abilities developed gradually with rehabilitation ages in Shek O Quarry, but Turret Hill Quarry and Lam Tei Quarry had similar patterns of carbon source utilization. Principal component analysis further revealed consistent differences in metabolic diversity. Woody coverage and native species richness were significantly correlated with carbon source utilization and functional diversity.     

磷脂脂肪酸法分析鹤山针叶林和荷木林的土壤微生物多样性

用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)分析广东鹤山两种人工林——针叶林和荷木林不同土层(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm)的土壤微生物群落结构。结果表明,两种人工林的磷脂脂肪酸总量(PLFAs总量)、细菌特征脂肪酸(细菌PLFAs)、真菌特征脂肪酸(真菌PLFAs),以及革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌特征脂肪酸的含量都是0~20 cm土层最高;荷木林的PLFAs总量高于针叶林,但这种差异随土壤深度增加而递减, 且与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈正相关。在相同土层,细菌PLFAs含量均显著高于真菌PLFAs含量。主成分分析表明,土壤微生物多样性及其丰富度受林型和土层综合作用的影响;单一的PLFAs中,i13:0、a13:0、17:0、cy17:0和16:0等脂肪酸对第一主成分的贡献较大;i16:0、cy19:0、18:1ω9c、i15:0、18:2ω6c和a17:0等脂肪酸对第二主成分贡献较大。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from a Cu-contaminated soil remediated by in situ stabilization and phytomanaged by a mixed stand of poplar,willows, and false indigo-bush

Phytomanagement of trace element-contaminated soils can reduce soil toxicity and restore soil ecological functions, including the soil gas exchange with the atmosphere. We studied the emission rate of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O; the potential CH₄ oxidation; denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), and glucose mineralization of a Cu-contaminated soil amended with dolomitic limestone and compost, alone or in combination, after a 2-year phytomanagement with a mixed stand of Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, S. caprea, and Amorpha fruticosa. Soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition after analysis of the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profile were determined. Phytomanagement significantly reduced Cu availability and soil toxicity, increased soil microbial biomass and glucose mineralization capacity, changed the composition of soil microbial communities, and increased the CO₂ and N₂O emission rates and DEA. Despite such increases, microbial communities were evolving toward less GHG emission per unit of microbial biomass than in untreated soils. Overall, the aided phytostabilization option would allow methanotrophic populations to establish in the remediated soils due to decreased soil toxicity and increased nutrient availability.     

Effects of forest-pasture edge on C,N and P associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caesalpinia eriostachys</Emphasis>, a dominant tree species in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico

Forest fragmentation in tropical ecosystems can alter nutrient cycling in diverse ways. We have analysed the effects of the forest-pasture edge on nutrient soil dynamics in a tropical deciduous forest (TDF) in Mexico. In two remnant forest fragments, both larger than 10 ha, litterfall, litter and soil samples associated to the tree Caesalpinia eriostachys were collected at five distances from the pasture edge into the inner forest (10 m in the pasture and 0–10, 30–40, 70–80 and 100–110 m towards the forest interior). We measured the concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in litterfall, surface litter and soil, and soil microbial C (C_mic) and microbial N (N_mic). Soil nutrient concentrations and C_mic and N_mic were lower in the pasture soils than in the forest soil samples. Total C and N pools, and C_mic and N_mic in the pasture were lower than in the forest. In contrast, net N immobilization and the increase in N_mic from rain to dry season increased from the edge to the inner forest. Soil P concentration was lower in the pasture and at the first distance class in the forest margin (0–10 m) than in the sites located further into the forest, while litter P concentration had the inverse pattern. Litterfall P was also reduced near the edge and increased towards the forest interior. As a consequence, litterfall C:P and N:P ratios decreased from the edge to the inner forest. These results suggest that the forest–pasture edge disrupts P dynamics within the first 10 m in the forest. Thus, plants' use of nutrients and productivity could be altered in the edge of fragmented forests.     

不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响

以两个长期定位试验不同施肥处理玉米秸秆为对象,采用室内培养试验研究了其碳、氮养分在土壤中的矿化特性.结果表明：与未施肥处理相比,施用化肥（NPK）或化肥与有机肥配施（MNPK）处理明显增加了玉米秸秆的氮素含量,降低了其C/N.不同处理秸秆碳、氮矿化量和被微生物固持的碳、氮量因培养时期不同而异,NPK、MNPK和240 kg N·hm^-2处理秸秆在培养期间碳的矿化率显著高于相应不施肥处理;60 d培养期结束后,NPK处理秸秆的有机碳矿化量最大,占加入总有机碳的13.24%.各施肥处理玉米秸秆施入土壤后引起的土壤矿质氮固持量均较不施肥秸秆低,其中MNPK处理最低.施用秸秆增加了土壤微生物的代谢熵（qCO₂）,但不同处理间qCO₂的差异较小;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量因培养时期不同而异.因此,生产中利用秸秆时应考虑不同施肥处理秸秆养分含量的差异.     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被恢复对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

以典型湖南省衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法,选用立地条件基本相似的草本(狗尾草,GS)、灌草(紫薇-狗尾草,FG)、灌丛(牡荆+剌槐,FX)和乔灌(枫香+苦楝-牡荆,AF)群落阶段,运用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,对4个不同恢复阶段0～10和10～20 cm土层的土壤微生物功能多样性进行研究,探讨植被恢复对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响.结果表明: 植被恢复后土壤微生物群落代谢活性显著升高,同一土层不同恢复阶段AWCD值的大小顺序为乔灌群落＞灌丛群落＞灌草群落＞草本群落,相同恢复阶段不同土层的AWCD值的大小顺序为0～10 cm＞10～20 cm;主成分分析(PCA)表明,灌草群落与灌丛群落具有相似的土壤微生物C源利用方式及代谢功能,而草本群落、乔灌群落具有不同的C源利用方式及代谢功能,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的C源是糖类、氨基酸类以及代谢中间产物和次生代谢物;土壤微生物的Shannon物种丰富度指数(H)、Shannon均匀度指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和McIntosh指数(U)均以乔灌群落最高,灌草群落和灌丛群落次之,草本群落最低;相关分析表明,土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤总有机碳(STOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)对土壤微生物代谢功能及功能多样性指数有重要影响,脲酶(URE)、磷酸酶(APE)、蔗糖酶(INV)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与土壤微生物代谢功能及功能多样性指数存在显著相关关系.表明植被恢复可使土壤微生物代谢功能增强,土壤微生物繁殖加快、数量增大,从而促进土壤微生物对土壤C源的利用强度.