Lymphocyte antigens in Norwegian goats: serological and genetic studies

Altogether, 292 goat alloantisera were screened for antilymphocyte reactivity in a two-step dye exclusion microcytotoxicity test. Fifteen different lymphocyte antigen specificities were characterized by cluster analysis and absorption studies. The specificities were designated N1-N15 (N for Norwegian). Lymphocytes from 247 Norwegian dairy goats were tested. Each animal displayed from none to four of the characterized specificities. Lysostrip testing and family studies indicated that the specificities N1-N14 were coded for by multiple alleles belonging to at least two closely linked loci. It is suggested that these loci are part of the caprine major histocompatibility complex. Family studies gave strong evidence that the specificity N15 was not coded for by genes located in the same region as the other 14 specificities. Absorption studies showed that this specificity was located on both lymphocytes and erythrocytes.     

Linkage studies on erythrocyte antigen loci, the major histocompatibility complex and the haemoglobin beta gene cluster in goats

Linkage studies on seven erythrocyte antigen loci, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the haemoglobin beta gene cluster (HBB) were performed in 48 Norwegian goat families. Close linkage was excluded between the erythrocyte antigen B-system and the MHC, between the erythrocyte antigen N7 locus and HBB, and between the MHC and the HBB.     

Mouse monoclonal antibodies to swine blood group antigens

Eight mouse hybridomas with haemagglutination capacity to swine blood group antigens were obtained, three of them producing antibodies capable of being used as blood group reagents. Two detected the Ba factor and another the Fa factor. The others gave non-specific and weak reactions or cross-reaction with antigens present in more than one system. We conclude that mouse monoclonal antibodies are also suitable for use in swine as a complement of polyclonal reagents.     

Mouse monoclonal antibodies to bovine blood group antigens: additional results

Seven fusions of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with bovine red cells yielded 61 clones producing discriminant antibodies out of total of 651 secreting clones. Although antigenic factors of all known bovine blood group systems were present on the donors' cells, the antibodies identified reacted with antigenic factors from only five systems, A, B, F, S and Z. The antibody specificities produced by more than two clones were anti-A1 or -A2 (21 clones), -S (9),- Z(6),-G' (3) and -V1 (3). The absence of clones secreting antibodies to antigens of the other systems, especially the complex C system, remains unexplained. The properties of the antibodies reacting with antigens of the S system (anti-SU", anti-SUU') and of the B system (O-like antibodies) are in accordance with previous interpretations of polyclonal sera and with present knowledge of the genetic map of the B system.     

Genetic systems of red cell blood groups in goats.

Evidence is presented for six genetic systems of goat red cell blood groups. The A system presently consists of one specificity, two alleles, two phenotypes (A1 and no-A1) and appears to be homologous to the A system of sheep. The B system, like its homologue in sheep, is very complex. Fourteen of 21 specificities detected in the present study, i.e. B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B14, B15, B16, B17 and B20, belong to the B system which involves a large number of phenogroups (31 different B phenogroups identified in 26 sires). Because of their homology with sheep C and R systems, two other genetic systems of goat blood groups are named C and R respectively. Each of the two goat systems is presently a one blood group specificity, two phenotype (C12 and no-C12; R and no-R detectable on the red cells) two allele system. Two specificities, namely E6 and E18, belong to a genetic system called E in which four phenotypes are under the control of two alleles codominant and one recessive at a single locus. The F system involves but a single pair of alleles and two phenotypes (F19 and no-F19). Because of its low frequency in the goats tested, the X13 specificity remains unassigned.     

Monoclonal antibodies to bovine blood group antigens

Hybridomas were made by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with bovine red cells. Sixteen cloned lines which secreted haemolytic monoclonal antibodies reacting with antigens in the A, B, F, Z and S blood group systems were established; one of the antibodies identified a new factor in the B system. Extensive tests on red cells from 1000 animals indicated that several of the antibodies are suitable for use in routine blood typing; others are of potential use for genetic studies of the bovine blood group systems.     

Caprine blood groups. 1. The B system

Twelve of 24 monospecific caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera identified a complex blood group system of goats which was designated B, based on the results of a small comparison test with ovine reagents. The frequencies of the 12 B factors differed significantly among the Australian Angora, Texan Angora, Cashmere, and Dairy goat breeds. Three of the antigens detected by the reagents were shown to be related as linear subtypes, designated Ba₁, Ba₂, and Ba₃, and inherited as alleles. The segregations of B factors in 80 sire groups involving 1086 offspring demonstrated that groups of B factors (phenogroups) segregated as products of allelic genes. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.     

Cancer-associated antigens and antigen arrays in serological diagnostics of malignant tumors

The appearance of antibodies to cancer-associated antigens in biological fluids (particularly, in blood sera) of cancer patients is now a well-established fact, and their detection by immunochemical methods is a promising approach to diagnostics of malignant neoplasms. In this review, we consider some immunobiological aspects of the most extensively studied cancer-associated B-cell antigens, various applications of autoantibodies as cancer biomarkers, and prospects for the use of antigen arrays for improving diagnostic sensitivity.     

Presence of horse blood group antigens in the major glycoprotein fraction of the erythrocyte membrane

The aqueous phase of the chloroform/methanol extract of the horse erythrocyte membrane contained the blood group activities Ad, Dc or Dd. The factors Ad and Dc could be separated by gel filtration.     

Murine/bovine hybridomas producing monoclonal alloantibodies to bovine red cell antigens

In attempts to produce stable lines secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies, murine/bovine hybridomas (1 degree xenohybridomas) were selectively cultured in 8-azaguanine to derive HAT-sensitive lines that were then used as myeloma partners for further fusions with bovine lymphocytes. The resulting 2 degrees xenohybridomas were further selected to produce 3 degrees xenohybridomas. Four stable lines secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies recognizing blood group determinants X1 (an IgG1), E'2 (an IgM) and SU" (an IgGI) and another (an IgGI) as yet unidentified were produced from fusions of 2 degrees xenohybridomas with lymphocytes from calves that had been immunized with bovine red cells.     

Blood group antigens: molecules seeking a function?

The blood group antigens have been dismissed by some researchers as merely ‘icing on the cake’ of glycoprotein structures. The fact that there are no lethal mutations and individuals have been described lacking ABO, H and Lewis antigens seems to lend weight to the argument. This paper reviews the research which suggests that these antigens do indeed have function and argues that blood group antigens play important roles in modulation of protein activity, infection and cancer. It explores the evidence and poses questions as to the relevance and implications of the results. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamic studies on oxygen binding by human red blood cells

Oxygen equilibrium curves have been measured on human normal red blood cells, at the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 37 and 41 degrees C, and at pHs ranging from 6.8 to 8.2. The thermodynamical parameters have been determined for the four successive steps of oxygenation and for overall oxygenation, according to the Adair and MWC models [Monod J, Wyman J, Changeux JP. On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol 1965;12:88-118]. The heat release appears to be nearly equal for the four steps. At the first three steps, the delta H change is counterbalanced by a nearly equivalent change of delta S, resulting in a rather small delta G value. delta G is greater at the fourth step, because of diminution of this enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon. The four steps are both enthalpy and entropy driven. According to the MWC model, the T to R transition is endothermic, and allosteric quaternary transition occurs at binding of the third oxygen. The average heat release increases by 2.8 kcal/mol when pH raises from 7.4 to 8.2, but flattens below pH 7.4. After correction for the heat of solution of oxygen and for the heat of proton release (referred to intracellular pH), an intrinsic heat for oxygenation of the heme of approximately--13 kcal/mol is obtained for the successive steps of oxygenation (at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C). These results are compared with those previously obtained for pigeon and trout red blood cells.     

Additional information on the linear order of the genes encoding the red blood group C-system antigens in cattle

A linear model for the genes controlling the system C blood group factors was presented by Bouw et al. (1974) and confirmed by Guerin et al. (1981). The relative order of the R and W genes was not established by either of these studies. A recently observed recombination in the C system is reported here, providing evidence for the positioning of the R and W genes.     

兔红细胞的荧光标记及寿命检测法

目的 :建立一种简单有效的兔红细胞标记及寿命检测法 ,并对GMA保养液 4℃保存的红细胞质量进行评价。方法 :日本大耳白兔动脉取血 ,红细胞用异硫氰酸荧光素 (FITC)标记后自体回输 ,定期检测荧光标记的红细胞数所占百分比。应用SAS软件对所得数据进行回归分析 ,根据方程计算兔体内标记红细胞的 2 4h回收率和半寿期。结果 :正常兔红细胞的 2 4h回收率是 93 .76%± 5.40 % ,半寿期为 ( 2 2 .50± 4.3 7)d ,与有关文献相符。GMA液 4℃保存 2 1d的红细胞 2 4h回收率为 89.13 %± 7.10 % ,半寿期为 ( 11.41± 1.63 )d ,符合输注条件。结论 :与其他红细胞体内标记方法相比 ,FITC标记法简便实用 ,价格便宜 ,不具有放射性危害 ,可用于输注红细胞的质量评价和体内生物学特性分析     

银杏叶提取物(EGb761)导致人红细胞溶血作用的研究

本文用不同剂量的EGb761在37℃的环境下对健康人的红细胞(RBC)进行处理,发现EGb761对RBC有损伤作用,主要表现为导致溶血和诱导细胞形变,且其作用大小与浓度和时间呈正相关.这一实验结果对长期大剂量服用EGb761及其它银杏叶提取物的人群具有警示意义.EGb761对RBC损伤作用的机制仍不清楚,有待于进一步的研究.     

A Role for Lewis a antigens on salivary agglutinin in binding to Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is a major etiological agent in dental caries. Salivary agglutinin is one of the main salivary components binding to S.mutans. To learn more about the interaction of salivary agglutinin with S.mutans, parotid, submandibular, sublingual and palatal saliva samples were incubated with S. mutans suspension. Both depleted saliva samples and bacterial extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Salivary agglutinin was present in all types of glandular saliva and in all cases bound to S.mutans, also to PC337C, a P1^– mutant of S.mutans. Agglutinin was separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions and then transferred to nitrocellulose. Non-reduced agglutinin bound S.mutans, but reduced agglutinin did not. Adhesion of S.mutans to agglutinin-coated microplates was inhibited by amine-containing components, 1 M NaCl or KCl and EDTA. Adhesion decreased with decreasing pH with no adhesion below pH 5.0. These data suggest that calcium-dependent electrostatic interactions play a role in binding. By immunoblotting was demonstrated that blood group antigens and Lewis antigens were present on agglutinin. Synthetic blood group antigens and Lewis antigens covalently coupled to polyacrylamide were tested for binding to S.mutans. Only Le^a(Gal1,3(Fuc1,4)GlcNAc) bound to S.mutans, whereas the blood group antigens Le^b, Le^x, Le^y, H1, H2, A, B and sialylated Le^a did not. Le^a without galactose (Fuc1,4GlcNAc) still bound to S. mutans, but Le^a without fucose (Gal1,3GlcNAc) did not. Binding of agglutinin to S. mutans was not inhibited by Le^a. In conclusion, S. mutans can bind to Le^a carbohydrate epitopes in which the fucose is an essential residue. Le^a carbohydrate epitopes are present on salivary agglutinin but play no major role in binding.     

Anti-human red cell monoclonal antibodies produced by macaque-mouse heterohybridomas: their reactivity with human and nonhuman primate erythrocytes.

Eighteen monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against human red blood cells (RBCs) produced by macaque mouse heterobybridomas gave uniformly positive reactions with all human samples except for some with particular null phenotypes. Based on reactions with latter cells, the human antigenic targets of 11 antibodies could be identified: six were specific for glycophorin-related antigens (Wr(b), En(a), Ge4), and each of the live remaining antibodies showed one of the following specificities: CD55, CD44, CD59, Kell, and Rh proteins. Four Mabs recognized the Vc antigen of the chimpanzee V-A-B-D system. Six macaque Mabs detected polymorphisms in chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon that did not correspond to any known blood group in these animals, while other Mabs gave monomorphic reactions with ape RBCs. The reagents produced by macaque hybridomas are useful tools not only for human blood grouping tests, but also for tracing the relationships among blood group antigens of man and anthropoid apes.     

红细胞伪装纳米颗粒:一个具有潜力的药物及疫苗递送系统

红细胞伪装纳米颗粒是一种以红细胞或红细胞膜纳米囊泡为载体在体内递送药物、酶、多肽和抗原等物质的系统,具有生物相容性好、循环周期长、靶向性强等优势。本文从红细胞载体的种类、发展历程、递送策略应用以及其局限性和未来的挑战等方面进行了详细阐述,并展望了其未来的发展方向。