Effects of kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia) on soil chemical properties and crop response

In 1981 a two-year field plot experiment was established to assess the effects of quantities (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 t ha⁻¹) of fresh kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia) on crop growth and nutritional response and chemical properties of a fine-textured soil. Soil was analyzed for NO₃−N, NH₄−N, electrical conductivity, pH, Cl and exchangeable cations (K, Mg, Ca, Mn and Na). The plots were planted to beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the first year and peas (Pisum sativum) in the second year. Marketable bean yields increased in the first year with kelp applications up to 60 t ha⁻¹, with yields, emergence and flowering being reduced by the 120 t ha⁻¹ application. Soluble salts (EC) and Cl concentrations in the soil eight days after application increased linearly and sharply with increasing quantities of kelp. Increased K concentration and moisture content, characteristics of plants growing in a salt-stressed soil environment, were measured. A subsequent companion greenhouse experiment confirmed that the reduced bean emergence and growth with 120 t ha⁻¹ applications of kelp were primarily due to soluble salts. The only growth effects upon peas in the second year was a slight reduction in leaf plus stem yields with increasing applications of kelp.     

煤矿复垦区土壤水动力学特性对下渗过程的影响

煤矿复垦区土壤水对植物生长、溶质运移以及土壤环境的变化起着至关重要的作用。定量揭示煤矿复垦区土壤水下渗过程是亟待诠释的关键科学问题。本研究通过测定典型矿区不同深度土壤非饱和导水率、容重、总孔隙度和粒径等水动力学参数,结合染色示踪试验,刻画矿区非饱和带土壤水运移过程。染色示踪结果显示30、60 L和90 L这3种实验下渗水量条件下,水流沿X方向侧向扩散的最大距离分别为10、30 cm和35 cm,沿Y方向侧向扩散的最大距离分别为10、25 cm和30 cm。互相关函数显示随着下渗水量增大,水流扩散作用也在加强,但过多水量并没有明显增加下渗深度和扩散距离。吸力大于300 hpa时,0.01—0.05 mm土壤粒径含量和非饱和导水率呈负相关关系;吸力和非饱和导水率采用指数函数拟合效果较好(r~20.9),对拟合参数a、b和土壤容重(x)进行回归分析:a=0.0015x~2-0.00499x+0.0004,b=0.0583x~2+0.1234x-0.072。同一吸力下土壤容重大的土样非饱和导水率较小;吸力值为300 hpa是非饱和导水率的转折点;非饱和导水率和土壤容重呈现负相关关系,和总孔隙度呈现正相关关系,且二者的相关性随吸力的增加而降低。     

瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林土壤有机碳组分特征

次生林在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,为了研究中国中亚热带次生林土壤有机碳组分特征,以四川瓦屋山中山段扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林为对象,通过挖取土壤剖面分层(0—10、10—40、40—70 cm和70—100 cm)取样方式,研究土壤各有机碳组分特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、可浸提溶解性有机碳和易氧化碳含量均随土层深度增加而减小,0—10 cm土层有机碳含量为121.89 g/kg,高于已报道的亚热带其他常绿阔叶林和四川各类森林;0—10 cm层微生物生物量碳含量为1931.82 mg/kg,可浸提溶解性有机碳含量为697.42 mg/kg,易氧化碳含量为20.98 g/kg,高于已报道的许多相似天然林和人工林活性碳含量。土壤有机碳储量为154.87 t/hm2,在四川省各类森林中处于中等水平。研究表明瓦屋山扁刺栲-中华木荷常绿阔叶次生林活性碳含量较大,微生物活动和养分流动较为活跃,凋落物层转化为土壤碳的潜力较大,这类生态系统可能会在区域碳循环过程中扮演更为重要的角色。     

Ecosystem carbon accretion 10 years after afforestation of depleted subhumid grassland planted with three densities of Pinus nigra

Biomass and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were measured in a replicated trial after afforestation of a New Zealand upland subhumid low-productivity grassland with four tree stockings, including an unplanted control, of Pinus nigra. Total biomass accumulation of P. nigra in the cool, dry and N-limited environment was low, ranging from 10 to 20 Mg ha⁻¹ dry weight at age 10. Carbon and N accumulation in above- and belowground tree biomass ranged between 5–10 and 0.03–0.07 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Soil C, N and bulk density were measured 5 and 10 years after the trees were planted. Soil samples taken at year 5 from between tree rows spaced 5 m apart were considered to be representative of grassland not affected by afforestation. Co-variance analysis showed that, at year 10, soil C and N concentrations, and soil bulk density and C and N mass were not significantly affected by afforestation. The results are at variance with paired site studies in more humid environments that show soil C declines following afforestation, but confirm other studies and model predictions that show soil C decline in the early stages after afforestation in low-productivity environments is limited. Afforestation did not affect root biomass of herbaceous species and this may have contributed to the lack of effect on soil C. Although afforestation by itself did not significantly affect soil C and N, over the measurement period soil C concentrations increased, while soil N declined by 450 kg ha⁻¹. The decline in soil N was confined to lower soil layers and could not be accounted for by uptake in vegetation. The observed decline in soil N is consistent with results of other work in grazed, depleted grassland in the region that indicates losses of soil N occur that cannot be accounted for by pathways directly associated with grazing.     

不同林型树倒林隙内微立地类型的土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林和云冷杉红松林两种林型下树倒林隙内丘坑微立地类型(丘顶和坑底)土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征。结果表明: 两种林型的土壤微团聚体0.25～2 mm和0.05～0.25 mm粒级含量较高,分别为25.7%～50.7%和27.0%～42.8%,<0.002 mm粒级含量最小,为4.4%～8.9%。在两种林型的树倒林隙内,坑底和丘顶的土壤容重较大,且丘顶土壤养分含量均高于坑底。阔叶红松林树倒林隙内丘顶和坑底的土壤养分含量均高于云冷杉红松林。<0.002 mm土壤微团聚体与土壤物理和化学性质均无相关性,0.25～2 mm和0.002～0.02 mm土壤微团聚体分别与土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、通气度、有机质、全磷、全氮和有机碳之间呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关。整体来看,阔叶红松林的土壤分形维数(D)和土壤特征微团聚体组成比例(PCM)大于云冷杉红松林。两种林型下,丘顶和坑底的土壤特征微团聚体粒级比值(RMD)均增高。土壤D和PCM与各土壤理化性质均无显著相关性,土壤RMD与土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、土壤容重和通气度呈显著负相关。丘顶和坑底微立地的形成会导致土壤较大粒级微团聚体减少,土壤微团聚体稳定性降低,土壤D和PCM增加,RMD显著增加;土壤RMD可作为定量化描述不同林型下丘坑微立地内土壤理化性质的指标。     

晋西黄土区退耕还林22年后林地土壤物理性质的变化

退耕还林林地土壤物理性质的变化,是评价退耕还林措施及其生态效益的重要内容之一。选取晋西黄土区退耕22年后形成的3种典型乔木林分,包括自然恢复的辽东栎林、油松刺槐人工混交林和刺槐人工纯林,并以耕地作为对照,通过外业调查和采样分析,从深度和程度两方面研究了退耕还林对土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等物理性质的影响,结果表明:(1)就土壤容重而言,自然恢复林80 cm以上土层较耕地有显著变化(P0.05),平均降低了28.78%,变化程度最大的在10—20 cm土层;人工林较耕地显著变化发生在60 cm以上土层,混交林和纯林分别降低了10.58%和8.34%,变化程度最大的土层为20—40 cm;(2)3种退耕林地土壤总孔隙度在80 cm以上较耕地发生显著增加(P0.05),增加程度表现为自然恢复林(35.53%)混交林(15.04%)纯林(13.68%),20—40 cm土层变化程度最大;(3)土壤毛管孔隙度自然恢复林、混交林和纯林分别达到耕地的1.36,1.13和1.12倍,自然恢复林和人工林显著变化土层分别为80 cm和60 cm以上,变化程度最大的均为40—60 cm处;(4)土壤有机质和粘粒含量对土壤理化性质影响显著。对于土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的变化,有机质的增加可解释31%以上,而粘粒含量的解释度则达到44%—51%,均为极显著水平(P0.01)。自然恢复林对于土壤物理性质影响程度和影响土层深度都大于人工林。     

Allocation of carbon in a mature eucalypt forest and some effects of soil phosphorus availability

Pools and annual fluxes of carbon (C) were estimated for a mature Eucalyptus pauciflora (snowgum) forest with and without phosphorus (P) fertilizer addition to determine the effect of soil P availability on allocation of C in the stand. Aboveground biomass was estimated from allometric equations relating stem and branch diameters of individual trees to their biomass. Biomass production was calculated from annual increments in tree diameters and measurements of litterfall. Maintenance and construction respiration were calculated for each component using equations given by Ryan (1991a). Total belowground C flux was estimated from measurements of annual soil CO₂ efflux less the C content of annual litterfall (assuming forest floor and soil C were at approximate steady state for the year that soil CO₂ efflux was measured). The total C content of the standing biomass of the unfertilized stand was 138 t ha^-1, with approximately 80% aboveground and 20% belowground. Forest floor C was 8.5 t ha^-1. Soil C content (0–1 m) was 369 t ha^-1 representing 70% of the total C pool in the ecosystem. Total gross annual C flux aboveground (biomass increment plus litterfall plus respiration) was 11.9 t ha^-1 and gross flux belowground (coarse root increment plus fine root production plus root respiration) was 5.1 t ha^-1. Total annual soil efflux was 7.1 t ha^-1, of which 2.5 t ha^-1 (35%) was contributed by litter decomposition.The short-term effect of changing the availability of P compared with C on allocation to aboveground versus belowground processes was estimated by comparing fertilized and unfertilized stands during the year after treatment. In the P-fertilized stand annual wood biomass increment increased by 30%, there was no evidence of change in canopy biomass, and belowground C allocation decreased by 19% relative to the unfertilized stand. Total annual C flux was 16.97 and 16.75 t ha^-1 yr^-1 and the ratio of below- to aboveground C allocation was 0.43 and 0.35 in the unfertilized and P-fertilized stands, respectively. Therefore, the major response of the forest stand to increased soil P availability appeared to be a shift in C allocation; with little change in total productivity. These results emphasise that both growth rate and allocation need to be estimated to predict changes in fluxes and storage of C in forests that may occur in response to disturbance or climate change.     

Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain

Aims

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on maize yield and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in a calcareous loamy soil poor in organic carbon from Henan, central great plain, China.

Methods

Biochar was applied at rates of 0, 20 and 40?t?ha^?1 with or without N fertilization. With N fertilization, urea was applied at 300?kg?N ha^?1, of which 60% was applied as basal fertilizer and 40% as supplementary fertilizer during crop growth. Soil emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were monitored using closed chambers at 7?days intervals throughout the whole maize growing season (WMGS).

Results

Biochar amendments significantly increased maize production but decreased GHGs. Maize yield was increased by 15.8% and 7.3% without N fertilization, and by 8.8% and 12.1% with N fertilization under biochar amendment at 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1, respectively. Total N₂O emission was decreased by 10.7% and by 41.8% under biochar amendment at 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1 compared to no biochar amendment with N fertilization. The high rate of biochar (40?t?ha^?1) increased the total CO₂ emission by 12% without N fertilization. Overall, biochar amendments of 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1 decreased the total global warming potential (GWP) of CH₄ and N₂O by 9.8% and by 41.5% without N fertilization, and by 23.8% and 47.6% with N fertilization, respectively. Biochar amendments also decreased soil bulk density and increased soil total N contents but had no effect on soil mineral N.

Conclusions

These results suggest that application of biochar to calcareous and infertile dry croplands poor in soil organic carbon will enhance crop productivity and reduce GHGs emissions.     

玛纳斯河流域扇缘带不同植被类型下土壤物理性质

对生长在玛纳斯河流域扇缘带上的柽柳、盐穗木、白刺、猪毛菜4种植被类型下的土壤物理性质进行了研究.结果表明:在水平方向上,1m剖面内柽柳土壤pH值、全盐含量、土壤容重最小,分别为8.75、0.97g/kg和1.42g/cm3;土壤有机质、含水率、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均最大,分别为9.04 g/kg、16.67％、45.57％和36.18％,表明柽柳能够显著降低土壤盐分,改善土壤结构.沿垂直剖面,4种植被类型在表层0-20 cm土壤盐分均达到最高,出现盐分“表聚”现象而形成“盐霜”;随着土层深度增加,含水率和土壤容重均呈显著性升高,土壤有机质、田间持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均呈显著性降低(P＜0.05).相关性分析显示,土壤有机质是引起其他土壤物理性质变化的主要原因.相比空裸地,4种植被覆盖类型1 m剖面内土壤有机质、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均呈显著性提高,土壤容重显著性降低,有机质分别提高了162.94％、82.94％、85.59％和27.94％,总孔隙度分别提高了44.90％、20.83％、36.06％和15.80％,毛管孔隙度分别提高了58.27％、30.71％、43.48％和25.72％,土壤容重分别降低了18.86％、10.86％、17.14％和7.43％,表明干旱荒漠区盐碱土上生长的不同盐生植物能够显著改善土壤质量.     

宁夏贺兰山、六盘山典型森林类型土壤主要肥力特征

采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,对该区域典型森林类型下土壤的主要剖面肥力特征进行了研究,并对主要理化指标进行了因子分析.结果表明:受森林凋落物的累积、分解和成土母质、气候条件的影响,贺兰山、六盘山主要森林土壤的剖面肥力具有明显差异.其中,土壤孔隙度(54.50％-72.22％,剖面均值,下同)受有机质影响显著,随土层加深逐渐减小,容重(0.72-1.21 g/cm3)、比重(2.55-2.68 g/cm3)随土层加深显著增大,且六盘山各样地比重大于贺兰山.受有机质归还作用影响,有机碳(24.03-65.37 g/kg)、全N(1.48-3.49 g/kg)、NO3--N(1.88-10.50 mg/kg)、NH4+-N(5.02-11.01 mg/kg)、全P (0.37-1.19 g/kg)、有效P(4.82-13.38 mg/kg)、速效K含量(82.03-244.62 mg/kg)均随土层加深逐渐降低;全K含量(18.92-26.14 g/kg)随土层加深逐渐增大,且六盘山各样地全K含量大于贺兰山.土壤C/N (11.74-19.88)旱现B层＞C层＞A层,且贺兰山各样地C/N大于六盘山.土壤CEC(23.94-40.30 cmol/kg)受有机质的主导作用明显,随土层加深显著减小,pH值(7.09-8.09)、ESP(0.59％-2.47％)及BSP(51.24％-80.57％)均随土层加深逐渐增大,且贺兰山各样地pH值、ESP大于六盘山.粘粒(5.46％-10.20％)、TDS (0.33-1.12 g/kg)及CaCO3(1.44-14.23 g/kg)均未出现明显积聚,且贺兰山各样地TDS、CaCO3含量大于六盘山.因子分析显示,对于该区域各样地土壤的肥力特征,可以应用有机质因子、环境因子和NO3--N因子进行综合描述.其中青海云杉、山杨混交林下土壤的有机质因子得分最高,贺兰山各样地环境因子得分显著大于六盘山,NO3--N因子得分则以小叶金露梅灌丛和华北落叶松天然林最高.     

Control of beet cyst-nematode, Heterodera schachtii, by aldicarb applied to the soil by a vertical band-reciprocating harrow technique or by rotary cultivation

As little as 0.8 kg aldicarb ha^-1 applied to bands of soil 15 cm wide × 15 cm deep, in which sugar beet seeds were sown, increased beet yields as much as did 2.6 or 5.0 kg ha^-1 rotary cultivated into the top 15 cm of soil lightly or moderately infested with beet cyst-nematode, Heterodera schachtii. In a very heavily infested soil, 1.7 kg ha^-1 applied to the bands of soil increased beet yields as much as 2.6 kg ha^-1 rotavated into the top 15 cm of the soil; yields were further increased by 5.0 and 9.9 kg ha^-1 rotavated in but not by 3.5 kg ha^-1 in the bands of soil. Soil populations of the nematode increased little or not at all whether the soil was treated with aldicarb or not. The band treatment was achieved by a vertical band- reciprocating harrow technique, which is described. The advantages of this new technique for the control of beet cyst-nematode and other soil pests of widely spaced row crops are safer application of less pesticide, thereby minimising cost of treatment and any risk to the environment, faster seedbed preparation and adequate control of pest population increase on the susceptible crop, especially if coupled with biological control.     

Denitrification losses from a natural grassland in the Basque Country under organic and inorganic fertilization

Denitrification losses from a poorly drained clayey loamy soil under natural pasture were measured over a two-year period using the acetylene inhibition technique. Plots received two different applications of fertilizer as calcium ammonium nitrate or cow slurry (a total of 145–290 kg N ha^–1 in 1991 and 120–240 kg in 1992). In the first year, N losses in the mineral treatments were about 4 times greater than losses in the slurry treatments. In the second year losses in the slurry treatments increased in such a way that losses in the higher slurry application became similar to those for the two mineral treatments. Soil nitrate was the factor producing differences between treatments. In this way, N mineralization in periods between fertilizations coinciding with high soil water contents was responsible in the second year for the increase in N losses in the slurry treatments. Denitrification rates greater than 0.1 kg N ha^–1 day^–1 occurred at soil water contents > 33 % (air filled porosity < 26 %) and soil nitrate contents > 1 mg N kg^–1 dry soil. Spring and autumn were the seasons of highest risk of denitrification because of N fertilizations coinciding with periods of soil saturation with water. Winter losses were low, but this is a period when there is a risk of denitrification in wetter seasons, particularly for a slurry application management.     

黄土高寒区典型植被类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为了研究黄土高寒区典型植被在不同坡位下土壤入渗性能差异及其影响因素,采用恒定水头法测定了不同植被类型的土壤入渗过程,并分析了土壤孔隙状况、机械组成、水稳性团聚体等与渗透速率的相关性。结果表明:(1)初渗速率和稳渗速率均表现为青海云杉祁连圆柏华北落叶松荒草地,且差异性显著;同一植被类型的土壤入渗速率沿坡面向下逐渐增大,但差异性不显著;(2)对不同植被类型的土壤入渗过程模拟发现Horton模型拟合效果最好,决定系数均在0.8以上,通用经验模型拟合精度较差,决定系数在0.614—0.982之间;(3)土壤入渗性能与孔隙状况、水稳性团聚体质量分数、有机质含量均有极显著相关性;0.25 mm团聚体质量分数是影响稳渗速率的主要决策因素;总孔隙度是影响初渗速率的最主要的决策因素,而毛管孔隙度是主要的限制因子。为高寒地区土壤入渗模拟以及植被配置等提供了科学依据。     

Influence of soil edaphic factors and their critical limits on seedling emergence of corn (Zea mays L.)

Summary In the present investigation the influence of various soil physical parameters on seeding emergence of corn (Zea mays L.) and their critical limits was studied in order to obtain a proper crop stand. The effect of soil compaction, resulting into various bulk densities on some soil physical properties was also studied. Seedling emergence decreased with increasing bulk density, soil suction, seed placement depth, soil strength and with decreasing oxygen diffusion rates. The critical values for these soil physical parameters were found to be 1.4 g/cm³, 3 atm., 4 cm, 1.0 kg/cm² and 40×10^-8 g O₂/cm²/min bulk density, soil suction, seed placement depth, soil strength and oxygen diffusion rates respectively. Increasing bulk density decreased the soil water content, oxygen diffusion rates and increased the soil strength. re]19751117 Soil Science Department     

Response of soil properties and maize yield to simulated erosion by artificial topsoil removal

The study was aimed at identifying the soil properties responsible for maize yield decline on eroded soils and at quantifying their relationship with yield. Topsoil was artificially removed to incremental depths of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm to simulate various degrees of erosion. Maize growth and yield were monitored on the plots and soil physical and chemical properties were determined after two years (4 seasons) of cultivation. Soil pH was significantly higher on the control plot and decreased with increased depth of topsoil removal. Bulk density (BD) increased with depth of topsoil removal from a mean value of 1.38 g cm⁻³ under control to 1.55 g cm⁻³ at 20 cm depth of removal, while cone index of penetrometer resistance (CI) correspondingly increased from 1.09 g cm⁻² to 1.37 g cm⁻². Maize yield significantly decreased in the first year from 3.2 t ha⁻¹ on the control plot to 0.12 t ha⁻¹ where 20 cm of topsoil was removed and correspondingly from 1.85 to 0.09 t ha⁻¹ in the second year of cropping. Maize yield decreased exponentially with increase in depth of topsoil removal (r ²=0.99, P<0.01) with an average of 55% yield loss on the removal of just 5 cm topsoil. Soil organic carbon (SOC), BD, CI, field capacity (FC), pH and exchangeable Mg²⁺ were significantly correlated to maize yield parameters. However, factor analysis showed that the combination of SOC and exchangeable Mg²⁺ with soil physical properties (BD, FC, CI and depth of topsoil removal) explained 99% of variation in maize grain yield. The need for conservation farm practices is recommended on the soil to prevent soil degradation. Section Editor: L. Wade     

不同火烈度对四川泸山林场云南松林土壤有机碳组分的影响

林火通过改变土壤理化性质显著影响土壤固碳能力及土壤有机碳各组分含量。阐明不同火烈度对云南松林土壤有机碳的影响,对于云南松林火后生态系统恢复及土壤碳库管理具有重要意义。以火烧2年后四川泸山林场云南松林0-5、5-10、10-15、15-20cm层土壤为研究对象,根据不同火烈度（未过火、低烈度、中烈度、高烈度）设置3块20m×30m样地,共12块样地,野外采集土壤样品,室内测定土壤全氮、容重等理化性质和土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）、土壤活性有机碳（易氧化有机碳,Readily oxidizable carbon,ROC;颗粒有机碳,Particulate organic carbon,POC;微生物生物量碳,Microbial biomass carbon,MBC;水溶性有机碳,Water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC）,采用方差分析研究不同火烈度下土壤有机碳各组分含量的差异性和变化趋势,并采用相关性分析和冗余分析从土壤理化性质角度探究林火对土壤有机碳的影响机制。研究结果表明：（1）不同火烈度显著影响土壤理化性质,其中土壤全氮、有效磷、阳离子交换量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度随火烈度增大而增加,而土壤pH、速效钾、碱解氮、容重随火烈度增大而减少。（2） SOC随火烈度增大而减少,其中5-10cm土层降幅最大为44.79%;4种土壤活性有机碳随火烈度增大而减小,其中0-5cm土层下降幅度最明显,各组分降幅大小依次为ROC （36.31%-61.31%） > POC （30.05%-53.61%） > MBC （20.60%-48.19%） > WSOC （13.47%-29.29%）,不同组分对林火的不同响应显著影响了土壤ROC、POC、WSOC的占比。（3）土壤有机碳及其活性组分与阳离子交换量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有效磷、碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与容重呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。火烧后土壤有机碳的变化主要与阳离子交换量、容重、全氮、含水率有关,且阳离子交换量影响最大（解释率为61.7%）。     

三江源区高寒草甸退化对土壤水源涵养功能的影响

三江源区是我国重要的水源涵养区,研究草地退化对土壤水源涵养功能的影响,可为三江源区水源涵养功能的科学评估与合理监测提供科学依据。以实地采样与室内测试分析相结合的方法研究了三江源区内不同土壤类型高寒草甸生物量特征、土壤水文物理性质及土壤水源涵养量。结果表明:高寒草甸在重度退化阶段地上生物量、地下生物量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、自然含水量、最大持水量、土壤水源涵养量显著低于未退化和中度退化阶段(P<0.05)。随着高寒草甸退化程度加剧,土壤容重逐渐增大,且非毛管孔隙度规律不显著。未退化、中度退化、重度退化草甸的土壤水源涵养量范围分别为1884.32—1897.44t/hm2、1360.04—1707.79t/hm2、1082.38—1550.10t/hm2。中度退化草甸土壤水源涵养量比未退化草甸低9.37%—10.35%,重度退化草甸低18.31%—27.82%。草甸退化进程中土壤总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度的降低是影响土壤水源涵养量下降的直接原因,而草甸退化进程中地上生物量与地下生物量的减少则是间接原因。度量三江源区高寒草甸土壤水源涵养功能时应着重考虑毛管孔隙度的蓄水作用。研究表明高寒草甸地上生物量与土壤水源涵养量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),该结果能够推动水源涵养功能评估向空间化、精细化发展,为探索利用遥感技术监测三江源区水源涵养功能提供参考依据。     

Fine-root biomass and soil properties in a semideciduous and a lower montane rain forest in Panama

The distribution of root biomass and physical and chemical properties of the soils were studied in a semideciduous and in a lower montane rain forest in Panama. Roots and soil samples were taken by means of soil cores (25 cm deep) and divided into five, 5-cm deep sections. Soils were wet-sieved to retrieve the roots that were classified in four diameter classes: very fine roots (<1 mm), fine roots (1–2 mm), medium roots (2–5 mm) and coarse roots (5–50 mm). Soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity, pH, aluminium and exchangeable acidity. Total root biomass measured with the soil corer (roots <50 mm in diameter) was not different between the forests (9.45 t ha^-1), while biomass of very fine roots was larger in the mountains (2.00 t ha^-1) than in the lowlands (1.44 t ha^-1). The soils in the semideciduous forest were low in available phosphorus, while in the mountains, soils had low pH, high exchangeable aluminium and exchangeable acidity, and low concentration of exchangeable bases. Phosphorus was in high concentration only in the first 5 cm of the soil. In both forests, there was an exponential reduction of root biomass with increasing depth, and most of the variation in the vertical distribution of roots less than 2 mm in diameter was explained by the concentration of nitrogen in the soils. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a large root biomass in montane forests is related to nutrients in low concentration and diluted in organic soils with high CEC and low bulk density, and that fine root biomass in tropical forests in inversely related to calcium availability but not a phosphorus as has been suggested for other forests.     

火烧对黔中喀斯特山地马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响

在黔中喀斯特山地马尾松人工次生林内取样分析火烧和对照样地间土壤理化指标的变化,研究了火烧对林地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明马尾松火烧林地表层土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高、最大持水量和最小持水量增加,土壤密度和非毛管孔隙度降低、土壤质量含水量和体积含水量减少;土壤有机质、全N量、全P量、全K量,水解N量、有效P量、速效K量、交换性盐基量和pH值增大,阳离子交换量降低。林火对马尾松林地土壤主要理化指标影响的趋势为或表层土壤影响率大于剖面影响率、或表层土壤影响率小于剖面影响率,不同指标在土壤剖面的变化趋势或增加、或降低,对数或幂函数拟合曲线均达相关显著性水平。火烧和对照样地间的表层土壤理化指标变化主要反映了林火影响,近岩层土壤理化指标变化主要是成土母质在空间上的分异,也受生物的影响。乔木层植株死亡率同表层土壤最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量和全N量的正相关性显著,同土壤密度的负相关性显著;灌木层植株死亡率同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量、全N量、全P量和速效K量的负相关性达显著或极显著水平;灌木层生物损失量同表层土壤密度和有机质量正相关显著,同速效K量的负相关性显著,枯物层生物损失量同pH值的正相关性显著。火烧马尾松林分平均胸径同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量和有机质量的负相关性显著。     

The influence of organic soil amendments on sulfate adsorption and sulfur availability in a Brazilian Oxisol

Soil management practices that involve additions of organic materials may influence plant sulfur availability in highly-weathered, acid soils. This study evaluated the effects of organic additions on sulfate adsorption and sulfur availability in a limed (3,4 t ha^-1) and unlimed Typic Haplustox soil of the Cerrado Region of Brazil. In unlimed soil, the proportion of applied sulfate (600 kg S ha^-1 as gypsum) that was adsorbed temporarily decreased over two cropping seasons by incorporation of 10 t dry matter ha^-1 crop^-1 of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) but not when a similar quantity of a tropical legume, feijâo de porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.), was added. Liming reduced sulfate adsorption and resulted in sulfate leaching to a depth of 30 to 45 cm. Both plant materials temporarily reduced sulfate adsorption in laboratory studies when added to an unlimed soil at a rate equivalent to 40 t ha^-1. Analysis of soil properties affected by organic additions and liming showed significant correlations between sulfate adsorption and soil pH, extractable aluminum, calcium and magnesium, and surface charge. Maize dry matter yields increased by 1.3 to 3.5 t ha^-1 with addition of both organic materials. However, only the feijâo de porco treatment resulted in increases in sulfur uptake for the years in which organic materials were applied. Determining the effects of organic material additions on plant sulfur availability is complicated by the combined effects of sulfur mineralization, sulfate adsorption, and the plant's ability to utilize adsorbed subsoil sulfate.Joint contribution of Cornell University and CPAC-EM- BRAPA. This research was supported by USAID through the Title XII CRSP subgrant SM-CRSP-10 from North Carolina State University