鸡胚脊髓背角中神经营养活性物质的初步分离和检测

从9d龄鸡胚脊髓背、腹角组织提取液中,用SephadexC-75凝胶层析法分离出DⅠ和DⅡ,VⅠ和VⅡ各组蛋白质组分,体外培养检测各组分对鸡胚背根节的神经营养活性,结果表明,DⅡ组分具有明显的促背根节神经突起生长的作用,而DⅠ组分无此作用;经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,DⅡ组分中蛋白质的分子量范围是61-15kD。而腹角的分离组分VⅠ和VⅡ对背根神经节神经突起的生长并无明显作用。     

吗啡对备用根大鼠脊髓Ⅱ板层背根终未的影响——抗氟化物酸性磷酸酶组化定量研究

应用酶组化方法和图象分析探讨脊髓Ⅱ板层无髓传入纤维终末标记物——抗氟化物酸性磷酸酶(fluoride-resistant acid phoshatase,FRAP)活性的变化,从而了解吗啡对备用根大鼠的侧支出芽有无促进作用。结果显示:备用根大鼠手术侧L_3、L_4和L_5节段Ⅱ板层FRAP阳性反应物面积因切除了大部分腰段背根于17天时下降到最低水平,于34天时L_3平面开始回升,即其阳性面积比17天时增大5倍多。吗啡备用根大鼠17天时其术侧Ⅱ板层阳性反应物面积也降到最低水平,唯L_3Ⅱ板层的阳性面积比17天备用根者大4倍,表明17天时阳性面积已开始回升;而到34天时术侧L_4Ⅱ板层阳性面积比17天时增大75％,比34天备用根大鼠增大一倍。表明吗啡促进了背根无髓纤维的侧支出芽,而出芽的纤维更快地分布到L_4节段,稍后也分布到L_4节段Ⅱ板层。     

去部分背根后猫脊髓Ⅱ板trKC表达的变化

目的　探讨部分去背根猫脊髓 板 (L3 、 L5) trk C的表达变化。方法　将 15只成年猫分正常组、单侧备用根术 (切除一侧 L1 - L5,L7- S2 背根节 ,保留 L6备用根 )后 3天和 10天组 (n=5 )。取各组脊髓 L3 、L5节段制作 2 0 μm冰冻切片 ,用 trk C兔抗血清以免疫组织化学 ABC法染片 ,观察 tr KC在脊髓 板层的分布 ,测量各组 板层 tr KC的平均灰度。结果　在正常组 tr KC阳性物主要分布于脊髓腹角中间带及背角深部的神经元。而 板层仅见 tr KC匀质状阳性染色。去部分背根后 3天 ,手术侧 L3 、 L5脊髓 板层 tr KC的平均灰度均较非手术侧及正常组者增加 (P<0 .0 5 )。 10天时 ,手术侧 L5平面 tr KC的平均灰度已恢复到近对侧和正常对照组水平 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,而 L3 平面仍较对侧及正常组者高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但已较3天者减少 (P<0 .0 5 )。去部分背根后 3天 ,手术侧 L3 、 L5脊髓 板层 tr KC的含量均较非手术侧及正常组者减少。 10天时 ,手术侧 L5平面 tr KC的含量已恢复近对侧及正常水平 ,而 L3 平面虽有恢复 ,但仍未达正常者水平。结论　 tr KC的表达变化可能与脊髓可塑性有关。     

针刺对鼠部分背根切断模型的背根神经节和脊髓背角内生长相关蛋白GAP43表达的影响

制备大鼠备用根模型 （切断单侧腰骶背根Ｌ２, ３, ４, ６, 及Ｓ１, ２, 保留Ｌ５ 背根）, 用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法研究生长相关蛋白ＧＡＰ４３ 在相应节段背根神经节和脊髓背角表达的变化及针刺对其表达的影响。结果发现, 切断一侧Ｌ２, ３, ４, ６, 及Ｓ１, ２ 背根后, 它们对应的背根神经节内ＧＡＰ４３ 表达与正常对照组和假手术组相比无显著性差别, 而备用根神经节Ｌ５ 的ＧＡＰ４３ 表达较正常对照组和假手术组明显增强; 手术侧Ｌ５ 水平脊髓背角与正常对照组相比ＧＡＰ４３ 阳性信号加强。针刺后可促进手术侧Ｌ５ 神经节内ＧＡＰ４３ 表达增加; Ｌ５ 水平脊髓背角ＧＡＰ４３ 阳性信号也进一步加强这表明在一定条件下, 神经系统损伤可诱发中枢神经系统ＧＡＰ４３ 介导的可塑性变化, 针刺可通过ＧＡＰ４３ 对神经的可塑性起调节作用。     

通过脊髓-延脑-脊髓回路引起的脊髓背根电位

过去的工作提示在针刺抑制内脏-躯体反射的效应中,针刺信号沿着脊髓腹外侧索上行至延脑,激活包括中缝大核在内的延脑内侧网状结构,由此发出下行冲动至脊髓,阻遇内脏Aδ传入纤维冲动的向上传递。本工作在经麻痹的清醒猫刺激以上神经回路的各个部分,均能在腰段及胸段引起背根电位。为了刺激上行纤维,我们将右半部胸段脊髓分离出一段,其尾端切断,前端仍与脊髓相连。在 T2-4水平将这样半孤立的脊髓(S_p)挂在钧形电极上刺激,所引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是48±6;在 P9水平刺激中缝大核(R_m)引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是36±3,刺激背外侧索表面引起的 L6背根电位潜伏期仅3—5毫秒。背根电位的时程和反射的抑制时程大体相符,但后一时程一般总是要长些。刺激 S_p 和 R_m 引起的背根电位的长度常数均在3毫米左右,表示是较细纤维的去极化。如在脊髓 T2-3水平切割背外侧索,则由刺激 S_p(T5-7)及 R_m 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位均消失。毁损延脑内侧网状结构后,刺激 S_p 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位大为减弱或消失。以上结果指示通过我们所提出的神经回路能引起脊髓较细传入末梢发生去极化,这种突触前机制可能在针刺镇痛效应中起一定的作用。     

激活素促进鸡胚神经节神经突起生长作用

为了探讨激活素(activin)促进鸡胚背根神经节(dorsal root ganglia,DRG)突起生长、维持神经节细胞生存作用及其与一氧化氮(NO)释放的关系,实验采用8 d的鸡胚分离背根神经节,原代培养法,观察鸡胚背根神经节的体外生长情况。研究结果表明,添加激活素A培养的背根神经节有明显的神经突起生长,形成密集的网络,背根神经节可存活8~10 d;而阴性对照组几乎无神经突起生长,背根神经节可存活3~4 d。添加激活素A的背根神经节单层培养神经节细胞也可长期存活;而阴性对照组在培养第5 d几乎无神经节细胞生存。NO检测结果显示,添加激活素A培养的背根神经节上清NO分泌水平明显降低,与阴性对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05);激活素A与神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)具有协同抑制背根神经节NO分泌作用。激活素结合蛋白(follistatin)明显抑制激活素A诱导的背根神经节神经突起生长。研究结果提示,激活素可维持鸡胚神经节细胞存活并刺激神经突起生长,其作用与抑制神经损伤因子NO的释放有关。     

下丘脑背内侧核在缰核兴奋诱发的心血管反应及腓深神经抑制中的作用

目的 :阐明下丘脑背内侧核 (DMH)在缰核 (Hb)兴奋诱发的心血管反应中的作用及DMH在腓深神经 (DPN)传入冲动调节Hb兴奋诱发的心血管活动中的作用及机制。方法 :脲酯和氯醛糖混合静脉麻醉的家兔 ,电刺激Hb、腓深神经 ,记录股动脉血压及心外膜电图 ,DMH内微量注射受体拮抗剂。结果 :同侧DMH微量注射谷氨酸受体阻断剂Kynurenicacid ,部分取消了电刺激Hb兴奋诱发的升压反应及缺血性心电变化反应。同侧DMH微量注射纳洛酮对腓深神经传入冲动抑制Hb兴奋诱发的上述反应有削弱作用。结论 :DMH及其中的谷氨酸受体参与电刺激缰核兴奋诱发的心血管反应 ,DMH及其中的阿片受体参与了DPN传入冲动对上述心血管反应的抑制作用     

重组人胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的生物学活性研究

从人星形胶质细胞瘤BT-325细胞中克隆胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF) cDNA序列.以大肠杆菌作为表达系统,GDNF蛋白在大肠杆菌JM103中获得了高效表达;表达产物经纯化、复性后,以8日龄鸡胚背根节（DRG）、14日龄胎鼠脊髓前角运动神经元以及新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞作为实验材料,研究了GDNF的生物学活性,结果表明： rhGDNF可有效地促进DRG突起的生长,rhGDNF对体外培养的运动神经元表现出明显的促突起生长作用,并可显著提高体外培养运动神经元的存活率,rhGDNF 对体外培养的胶质细胞具有促增殖作用.     

低浓度神经生长因子存在下GPI-1046刺激鸡胚神经节突起生长

对GPI-1046是否具有神经营养作用目前有两种不同的认识。Steiner等认为GPI-1046能促进体外培养的感觉神经节神经元突起生长。但Harper等却没能证明GPI-1046有这样的作用。由于GPI-1046在临床上具有重要应用价值和前景,我们重新评价了GPI-1046对体外培养鸡胚神经节的神经营养作用,发现在低浓度神经生长因子（nerve growth factor,NGF）存在下,GPI-1046能明显促进鸡背根神经节神经突起的生长。     

背根切断对脊髓后角Ⅱ板层BDNF,NT-3表达的影响——免疫组织化学研究

目的　采用免疫组织化学技术探讨切断背根 (L1)后脊髓Ⅱ板层脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)和神经营养因子 3 (NT 3)表达的变化。方法　将成年雄猫 5只行单侧L1背根切断术 (对侧为非手术侧 )。术后 5天取L1脊髓制作2 0 μm厚冰冻切片 ,用BDNF及NT 3抗体分别进行免疫组化染色。观察BDNF、NT 3免疫阳性反应物在脊髓的分布 ,计数单位面积内Ⅱ板层BDNF阳性膨体密度及NT 3阳性细胞数。结果用t检验进行统计分析。结果　BDNF样免疫反应物在Ⅱ板层主要分布于神经膨体 ,NT 3样免疫反应物在神经元及胶质细胞均有分布。背根切断后 ,手术侧Ⅱ板层BDNF阳性膨体数量明显较非手术侧者减少 (P <0 0 1)。而手术侧Ⅱ板层NT 3阳性神经元及胶质细胞数量则较非手术侧者明显增加(P <0 0 1)。结论　背根切断后脊髓Ⅱ板层BDNF ,NT 3的表达发生不同变化。BDNF减少 ,而NT 3表达增多。提示BD NF和NT 3在脊髓损伤修复中的不同作用。     

Effects of Electro-acupuncture on PDGF Expression in Spared Dorsal Root Ganglion and Associated Dorsal Horn Subjected to Partial Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy in Cats

The effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the expression of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in spared dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and associated dorsal horns were evaluated in cats subjected to bilateral removal of L₁–L₅ and L₇–S₂ DRG, while sparing L₆ DRG and were demonstrated using Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR techniques. On the acupunctured side, there was a significant increase in the total number of PDGF positive neurons. Large neurons of the L₆ DRG at 7 days post operation (dpo), and small to medium-sized neurons at 14 dpo, as well as in the lamina II of the L₆ spinal cord at 14 dpo was observed. The expression of PDGF protein increased significantly in the L₆ DRG at 7 and 14 dpo and in the dorsal horn of the L₆ spinal cord at 14 dpo while the upregulation of PDGF mRNA was seen at 3 dpo in the L₆ DRG and the dorsal horn of the L₃ and L₆ spinal cord. These findings demonstrate that intrinsic PDGF has been upregulated in cats subjected to partial dorsal root ganglionectomy following EA, indicating endogenous PDGF is involved in promoting spinal plasticity following EA.     

Effects of Electro-Acupuncture on IGF-I Expression in Spared Dorsal Root Ganglia and Associated Spinal Dorsal Horn in Cats Subjected to Adjacent Dorsal Root Ganglionectomies

The effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and associated spinal dorsal horns were explored in cats subjected to unilateral removal of L₁–L₅ and L₇–S₂ DRG, sparing the L₆ DRG. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of IGF-I immunoreactive products in the L₆ DRG neurons and some neurons and glial cells in the spinal cord. Western blot demonstrated that the level of IGF-I was significantly up-regulated both in the spared DRG and the dorsal horns of L₃ and L₆ cord segments at both 7 and 14 days post operation following EA. The present findings demonstrated the association between neuroplasticity and IGF-I expression, suggesting the possible role of IGF-I in EA promoted spinal cord plasticity.     

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of primary afferent fibers mediated by GABAergic axo-axonal synapses (primary afferent depolarization). The strength of primary afferent depolarization can be measured by recording of volume-conducted potentials at the dorsal root (dorsal root potentials, DRP). Pathological changes of presynaptic inhibition are crucial in the abnormal central processing of certain pain conditions and in some disorders of motor hyperexcitability. Here, we describe a method of recording DRP in vivo in mice. The preparation of spinal cord dorsal roots in the anesthetized animal and the recording procedure using suction electrodes are explained. This method allows measuring GABAergic DRP and thereby estimating spinal presynaptic inhibition in the living mouse. In combination with transgenic mouse models, DRP recording may serve as a powerful tool to investigate disease-associated spinal pathophysiology. In vivo recording has several advantages compared to ex vivo isolated spinal cord preparations, e.g. the possibility of simultaneous recording or manipulation of supraspinal networks and induction of DRP by stimulation of peripheral nerves.     

Postsynaptic Currents in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Co-cultured with Spinal Cord Neurons

In co-cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and spinal cord neurons from newborn rats, using a voltage-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration enabled us to observe in DRG neurons the effects evoked by extracellular local electrical stimulation of cells corresponding to spinal cord neurons in their morphological characteristics. Such stimulation caused the appearance of postsynaptic currents (PSC) in DRG neurons in 9% of the cases. The mean delay of these currents (measured from the stimulus leading edge) was 4.7 ± 0.29 msec, the mean time to peak was 2.6 ± 0.77 msec, and the decay time constant = 14.5 ± 1.04 msec. The reversal potential of evoked PSC (ePSC) was close to the equilibrium potential for chloride ions estimated by the Nernst equation. Application of 20 M bicuculline induced practically complete and reversible ePSC block. The conclusion was drawn that these currents arise due to activation of the chloride channels operated by GABA receptors and, hence, represent an inhibitory PSC. Thus, one may deem it proved that spinal cord neurons can establish functional inhibitory synapses with DRG neurons.     

不同频率电针刺激对神经痛模型大鼠脊髓背角P物质的影响

目的:观察P物质(Substance P,SP)在慢性坐骨神经压迫损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)模型脊髓中表达的变化,探讨电针镇痛的机制是否与脊髓背角中SP表达的变化有关。方法:选择32只雄性、体重180-200 g的SD大鼠,并将其随机均分为4组(n=8)。空白组(Con组)为正常痛阈值大鼠;假电针组(CCI+A组)在损伤的坐骨神经旁置入电针,但无电流刺激;2 Hz组和100Hz组分别给予相应频率电流刺激30 min。在实验开始前和术后1、4、7、14、20、22天记录大鼠的热缩足反射潜伏期(Paw Withdrawal Latency,PWL)和机械刺激缩足反射阈值(Paw Withdrawal Threshold,PWT)。免疫组化方法检测脊髓背角SP的表达。结果:术后20天,电针治疗后,100 Hz组和2 Hz组PWT分别为(7.33±1.42)g和(7.80±1.42)g,均显著高于假电针组(2.60±1.46)g,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。100 Hz组在术后20天后和2 Hz组在术后14天后PWL值均显著高于假电针组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。免疫组化显示:2 Hz组和100 Hz组大鼠脊髓背角中P物质阳性细胞显著低于假电针组(P0.05)。结论:坐骨神经旁电针刺激能够显著减轻CCI模型大鼠热痛觉及机械痛觉过敏,其机制可能与抑制脊髓背角SP的表达有关。     

Synaptogenesis in Co-Culture of Neurons of Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord

In co-culture of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we studied at different terms of culturing postsynaptic currents in DRG neurons evoked by direct electrical stimulation of single spinal neurons using a voltage-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration. According to the reversal potential and sensitivity to bicuculline, these currents were classified as inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSC) carried by Cl^- ions through GABA_A receptors. During neuronal development in dissociated co-culture, the amplitude of evoked IPSC and their time to peak significantly increased. The time to peak of spontaneous IPSC (sIPSC) in DRG neurons remained unchanged, while the frequency of these currents increased with increasing culturing time. It is concluded that under culturing conditions spinal neurons establish inhibitory synaptic contacts with the somata of DRG neurons, and the number of such functional contacts increases in the course of culturing. Our findings show that in dissociated co-culture the process of formation of inhibitory synapses on the axon terminals of primary afferent neurons is akin to that realized in vivo, but with dissimilar topography of distribution of such synapses.     

Effects of substance P analogues on spinal dorsal horn neurons

The effects of iontophoretically applied (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP and (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP on the spontaneous and evoked activity of functionally identified cat spinal dorsal horn neurons have been investigated in vivo by means of extracellular single unit recording technique. In addition, the rat spinal cord slice preparation has been used to study the actions of (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP and (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11)-SP on the resting membrane potential of dorsal horn neurons and also on their responses to dorsal root stimulation and exogenous SP application. We have observed that both (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP and (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP produced an excitation of about 15% of all neurons tested and had a weak antagonistic effect against SP in the cat spinal cord. (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP suppressed the SP-induced excitation in 63% of examined cells. In addition, depression of the glutamate-induced excitation and spontaneous activity was evident in 10% and 19% of the cat dorsal horn neurons tested, respectively. In the spinal cord slice preparation (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11)-SP proved to be a more potent antagonist of the SP-induced depolarization and the dorsal root-elicited slow depolarization, if compared with (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP.     

针刺对部分背根切断后猫脊髓Ⅱ板层SP、CCK、L－ENK和5－HT神经纤维可塑性的影响──免疫组化定量分析

本研究用免疫组化结合图像分析观测了针刺对切除一侧Ｌ１－Ｓ２背根（保留Ｌ６背根）猫脊髓Ｌ５Ⅱ板层内含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ）,亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）神经纤维可塑性的影响。结果如下：非针刺组手术侧Ⅱ板层ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积分别为非手术侧的７７％和４６％,而针刺组手术侧ＳＰ已恢复到非手术侧水平,ＣＣＫ为非手术侧的６６％,均比非针刺组明显增加。术后３０天再切断Ｌ６备用根后两组动物手术侧ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积显著下降,表明针刺促进备用根中ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ神经纤维发生可塑变化;手术切断背根上Ｌ－ＥＮＫ阳性面积无影响,而针刺后有所增加,表明针刺能影响中间神经元的Ｌ－ＥＮＫ神经纤维发生可塑性变化;背根切断后下行投射的５－ＨＴ阳性面积明显增加,而针刺无进一步促进作用。     

Interferon-γ receptors are expressed at synapses in the rat superficial dorsal horn and lateral spinal nucleus

Summary Interferon-γ can facilitate the spinal nociceptive flexor reflex and elicit neuropathic pain-related behavior in rats and mice. Immunoreactivity for the interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR) occurs in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and the lateral spinal nucleus in the rat and mouse spinal cord, as well as in subsets of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The aim of the present study was to examine the cellular localization and origin of the IFN-γR in the spinal cord. As viewed by confocal microscopy, the immunopositivity for the IFN-γR was co-localized with that of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin and with neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the lateral spinal nucleus, whereas only a minor overlap with these molecules was observed in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn. There was no co-localization of the IFN-γR with markers for astrocytes and microglial cells. Ultrastructurally, the IFN-γR was found predominantly in axon terminals in the lateral spinal nucleus but also at postsynaptic sites in dendrites in laminae I and II. The IFN-γR expressed in neurons in dorsal root ganglia was transported in axons both centrally and peripherally. Hemisection of the spinal cord caused no reduction in immunolabelling of the IFN-γR in the dorsal horn or the lateral spinal nucleus. Since rhizotomy does not effect the immunolabelling in the lateral spinal nucleus, our observation indicates that the presynaptic receptors in this nucleus are derived from intrinsic neurons. The localization of the IFN-γR in the spinal cord differed from that of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits 2 and 3 and the substance P receptor (NK1). Our results, showing localization of IFN-γR to pre- and postsynaptic sites in the dorsal horn and lateral spinal nucleus indicate that IFN-γ can modulate nociception at the spinal cord level.