油松林对油松毛虫危害的补偿与超补偿效应的研究

本文从油松毛虫的优化管理出发,在油松林-油松毛虫生态系统中,将油松林视为一个子系统,通过人工模拟摘叶和油松毛虫自然危害的方法,从宏观上进行了油松生长指标的测定,从微观上进行了油松生理指标的分析,均证明了油松在一定失叶率条件下,具有补偿与超补偿效应。并进一步组建了不同龄级油松的补偿与超补偿模型,同时寻求了相应的补偿点和超补偿点。通过1988—1991年在北京部分地区的应用,有力地说明了该项研究成果具有明显的经济效益和生态效益,可为制定油松毛虫综合防治的新策略提供可靠的科学依据。     

马尾松诱导抗性对马尾松毛虫幼虫生长发育的影响

利用不同受害方式和受害程度的马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb.)针饲养马尾松毛DendrolimuspunctarusWalker虫幼虫 ,研究受害松针对幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明 :马尾松毛虫取食受害松针后 ,幼虫的取食量下降 ,排粪量减少 ,对食物的消耗和利用指数降低 ,幼虫发育速率缓慢 ,死亡率增加 ,从而影响马尾松毛虫的种群动态     

松树受害后一些化学物质含量的变化及其对马尾松毛虫种群参数的影响

通过探讨松树受害后松针的一些化学物质变化与马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus 种群参数的相互作用关系。结果表明：松针被马尾松毛虫为害后,针叶的氨基酸含量减少、单宁和总酚含量增加;马尾松毛虫取食被害松针后,体内的2种解毒酶(过氧化氢酶、羧酸酯酶)活性增加,其种群参数表现出发育历期延长、体重减轻、死亡率增加、生殖力下降的变 化。     

转换寄主对马尾松毛虫生长发育与繁殖的影响

在室内条件下,分别用马尾松针叶(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、湿地松针叶(Pinus elliottii Engelm)、以及在不同的幼虫龄期从用马尾松针叶转移到用湿地松针叶饲养马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker,观察转换寄主对马尾松毛虫生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明:(1)从用马尾松针叶饲养转换到用湿地松针叶饲养,可显著影响马尾松毛虫生长发育和繁殖参数;而且当在马尾松毛虫幼虫老龄期进行转换寄主饲养比低龄期转换寄主饲养,可显著缩短马尾松毛虫幼虫的发育历期,降低死亡率,同时,可显著增加幼虫体重、蛹重和化蛹率;对食物的营养效应也越强。(2)取食马尾松的松毛虫较取食湿地松的马尾松毛虫发育历期短,死亡率低,幼虫及蛹重增加,产卵量高。结果说明,马尾松毛虫从马尾松转换移到湿地松上取食对其生长发育与繁殖是不利的。     

不同林相的松针对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响

为探讨混交林中松树对害虫的生态调控作用机制,研究了不同林分类型下马尾松林和湿地松林对马尾松毛虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,取食马尾松针叶的马尾松毛虫与取食湿地松针叶的相比,其发育历期缩短,死亡率降低,幼虫及蛹（雌、雄）重增加,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量均提高;且其幼虫的代谢量（取食量与排泄量）更大,对食物的利用与消耗的各项指标均高。取食不同林分类型下的同一种松树（马尾松或湿地松）针叶的马尾松毛虫,以取食纯林松针的幼虫生长发育更快,死亡率更低,化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量更高,对食物的利用、转化和消耗率更强。混交林中的松针不利于马尾松毛虫的生长发育和种群增长。     

马尾松受害诱导的化学物质滞后变化

通过接种马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus和人工剪叶,分析比较了不同受害方式对马尾松针叶内化学物质的影响。结果表明,害虫取食松针诱导的次生代谢物质(单宁、酚类物质)比人工剪叶处理略有增加,而营养物质-可溶性糖变化不大。对马尾松进行害虫取食为害、人工剪叶受害、未受害三种处理后,连续3年跟踪测定了松针叶内化学物质含量的变化。结果发现,无论是害虫取食为害,还是人工剪叶受害,针叶内次生代谢物质含量都减少,可溶性糖含量降低,直至一年后才恢复到原有的水平;蛋白质变化的趋势则始终是受害处理的含量比未受害处理的含量高,表明马尾松受害后诱导的化学物质变化具有滞后特性。     

油松毛虫受球孢白僵菌感染的组织病理学变化

为了研究昆虫病原真菌对松毛虫的致病机理, 提供北方地区松毛虫生物防治的科学依据, 本研究采用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin 菌株1573感染油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu, 通过扫描电镜和石蜡切片光学显微镜观察技术, 研究了菌株的感染过程和虫体的组织病理学变化。结果表明, 该病原真菌通过穿透表皮入侵油松毛虫, 染菌后24 h, 观察到分生孢子附着于头部的颅顶, 单眼、触角和口器的基部, 在胸、腹部附着于毛簇、毛瘤、棘状突和节间褶。染菌后36 h, 孢子萌发长出菌丝, 在入侵部位, 菌丝的端部特化成附着胞和侵入钉。染菌后48 h, 菌丝依靠机械力和胞外酶的作用穿透表皮, 虫体表皮出现了裂痕和黑化。染菌后72 h, 菌丝已进入体腔, 感染血淋巴、脂肪体、肌肉、消化道、丝腺和神经组织, 并利用血液和内部组织器官作为营养大量繁殖, 此时, 虫体发涨, 表皮变暗。染菌后96 h, 菌丝占据了松毛虫的血腔, 内部的组织结构被完全瓦解, 松毛虫死亡。最后, 菌丝冲破体壁, 在尸体表面长出新的分生孢子。这些结果说明, 球孢白僵菌B. bassiana菌株1573是一种油松毛虫的高致病性菌株, 可以引起虫体的一系列组织病理变化而致其死亡。     

昆虫种群动态时空回归预测方法及应用研究

根据昆虫种群内个体空间相互作用的特点,提出分析昆虫种群时空相关的三维相关图方法及种群动态预测的时空混合回归模型,对马尾松毛虫幼虫密切分布的预测采用了时空自回归加空趋势面的形式,预测的马尾松毛虫幼虫的平均密度和实测的平均密度在时空变化的趋势上是完全一致的,而且预测结果给出了马尾松毛虫的幼虫密度分布的图形形式,给防治决策提供了方便。     

Growth and response patterns of Picea crassifolia and Pinus tabuliformis to climate factors in the Qilian Mountains,northwest China

Different tree species exhibit different phenological and physiological characteristics, leading to complexity in inter-species comparison of stem radial growth response to climate change. This study explored the climate-growth responses of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Meanwhile, Vaganov-Shashkin model (VS-oscilloscope) was used to simulate the relationships between radial growth rates and phenology. The results showed that 1) in their radial growth patterns, Qinghai spruce showed a significant increasing trend, while Chinese pine showed a decreasing trend, and Qinghai spruce has a longer growing season than Chinese pine. 2) For the radial growth-climate dynamic response, Qinghai spruce was influenced in an unstable manner by the mean temperature in the mid-growing season of the current year and the late growing season of the previous year and by the mean minimum temperature in the mid-growing season of the current year, while Chinese pine was influenced in a stable manner by the mean temperature and mean maximum temperature during the growing season of the current year. 3) The radial growth rates of the two conifer species were limited by temperature at the initiation and cessation of growth and by soil moisture at the peak of growth. But Chinese pine was more severely affected by soil moisture than Qinghai spruce in the middle of growth. Therefore, different management and restoration measures should be taken based on the differences in ecological responses and physical and physiological properties of the two conifer species to climate change in the subalpine forest ecosystems in the semiarid and arid regions of Northwest China.     

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INSECT COMMUNITY ON PINE CATERPILLAR DENSITY IN DIFFERENT STAND CONDITIONS

Abstract  Natural enemies play an important role in inhibiting population growth of pine caterpillar, but they are difficult to be used in systematic management models. This paper attempts to use some forest stand factors to substitute the effect of natural enemies, which could be used in management models. Through the studies from more than 200 stand plots with different stand conditions in Qu County, Changshan County, and Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, 16 predominant species groups from insect community were selected, and the canonical correlation coefficient between the diversity index, species number, individual number of predominant species and the stand factors was analyzed. The results indicated that the canopy density and ground vegetation were the key stand factors for characterizing the function of insect community. The forest area was divided into four types according to the variation of canopy and vegetation conditions by using cluster analysis. The regression models between the rate of variation of pine caterpillar density and the forest factors including canopy density and vegetation covers were developed in each type of forests. There were significant differences in diversity index, species number, individual number of insect community and population density of pine caterpillar among four types of forests, and correlation coefficients of the four regression models were rather high ( r =0. 924 — 0. 964). This means that the classification of the forest stands is reasonable and the stand factors can characterize the effect of natural enemies in practice.