Hyphomonas beringensis sp. nov. and Hyphomonas chukchiensis sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

Two Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, oval to pear shaped motile strains, designated 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T, isolated from surface seawater from the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, respectively, were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strains 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T clustered together with Hyphomonas atlanticus 22II1-22F38^T and Hyphomonas oceanitis DSM 5155^T, respectively, within genus Hyphomonas. Based on whole genome sequence analysis, the calculated DDH and ANIm values between strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T are 18.8 and 83.19 % respectively. The calculated DDH values of strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T with seven type strains ranged from 18.2 to 19.9 % and from 18.4 to 40.4 %, respectively. The ANIm values of strain 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T with seven type strains ranged from 83.00 to 84.67 % and from 83.14 to 90.58 %, respectively. Both isolates were found to contain Q-11 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids of strain 25B14_1^T were identified as C_16:0, C_17:0, C_18:1 ω7c-methyl and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/ω7c as defined by MIDI), while in the case of strain BH-BN04-4^T they were identified as C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c-methyl and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The G+C contents of 25B14_1^T and BH-BN04-4^T were determined to be 58.4 and 61.0 mol%, respectively. The combined phenotypic and genotypic data show that the two isolates each represent novel species of the genus Hyphomonas, for which the names Hyphomonas beringensis sp. nov. and Hyphomonas chukchiensis sp. nov. are proposed, with the type strain 25B14_1^T (=MCCC 1A07321^T = LMG 27914^T) and BH-BN04-4^T (=MCCC 1A07481^T = LMG 27915^T), respectively.     

Paracoccus pacificus sp. nov., isolated from the Western Pacific Ocean

A Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated F14^T, was isolated from the Western Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic and phenotypic properties of the organism supported that it belongs to the genus Paracoccus. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequences similarity between strain F14^T and other type strains of recognized members of the genus Paracoccus were 93.6–96.5 %. Growth of strain F14^T was observed at 4–40 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C), pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0) and in the presence of 0–7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1–2 %). The major cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c and/or C_18:1 ω7c). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and three unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 61.4 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic characterization, strain F14^T represents a novel species, for which the name Paracoccus pacificus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F14^T (=CGMCC 1.12755^T=LMG 28106^T=MCCC 1A09947^T).     

Bizionia psychrotolerans sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

A novel Gram-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated PB-M7^T, was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber collected from Pohang, South Korea. Growth was observed at 4–30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0), and with 2.0–6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). In a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain PB-M7^T was found to belong to the genus Bizionia and to be most closely related to Bizionia echini KMM 6177^T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Bizionia hallyeonensis T-y7^T (97.9 %), Bizionia algoritergicola APA-1^T (97.5 %), Bizionia argentinensis JUB59^T (97.5 %) and Bizionia myxarmorum ADA-4^T (97.1 %). The predominant fatty acids of strain PB-M7^T were identified as iso-C_15:0 (22.2 %), iso-C_15:1 G (10.8 %), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (16.7 %) and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c; 11.2 %). The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The polar lipid profile of strain PB-M7^T was found to contain phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain PB-M7^T was determined to be 33.4 mol% and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of B. echini, B. hallyeonensis, B. algoritergicola, B. argentinensis, and B. myxarmorum were 52.9, 48.5, 46.5, 37.1 and 26.6 %, respectively. Based on the data presented, strain PB-M7^T represents a novel species of the genus Bizionia, for which the name Bizionia psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of B. psychrotolerans is PB-M7^T (= KCCM 43042 ^T = JCM 19924 ^T).     

Further survey of chromosomal polymorphisms in the freshwater planarian Polycelis auriculata

Although the chromosomal number of Polycelis (Seidlia) auriculata Ijima et Kaburaki is basically 2n = 6, this species shows remarkable chromosomal polymorphisms in different populations. Among worms collected at 30 stations in the central part of Japan's Main Island and in Hokkaido, we found five new karyotypes, considered to be variations of tetraploidy and diploidy: 4n?fis¹. + 1 = 3SM + 2A + 3T₁ + 2T₂ + 4M = 14, 4n?fis².(B) = 2SM + 2A + 4T₁ + 2T₂ + 4M + (0?2B) = 14 –16, 4n?fis². + 1 = 2SM + 2A + 4T₁ + 2T₂+5M= 15, 4n?fis².?2 = 2SM + 2A + 4T₁ + 4M = 12, and 2nM- = 2SM + 2A = 4 (where SM = submetacentric; A = acrocentric; T₁ and T₂ = telocentric; M = metacentric; B = B-chromosome; fis¹. and fis². = occurrence of one or two centric fissions, respectively; and M- = deletion of a metacentric chromosome). These karyotypes exist singly in one individual or as various mixoploids within the same individual. No individual having only karyotype 2nM- has yet been found. This brings the total number of known karyotypes in P. auriculata to 17; these can be arranged in an order that we believe reflects their evolution.     

Bacillus thermophilum sp. nov., isolated from a microbial fuel cell

A novel thermophilic, Gram-staining positive bacterium, designated DX-2^T, was isolated from the anode biofilm of a microbial fuel cell. Cells of the strain were oxidase positive, catalase positive, facultative anaerobic, motile rods. The isolate grew at 30–60 °C (optimum 50 °C) and pH 5–9 (optimum pH 8–8.5). The pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain DX-2^T was most closely related to Bacillus fumarioli LMG 17489^T (96.2 %), B. firmus JCM 2512^T (96.0 %) and B. foraminis DSM 19613^T (95.7 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DX-2^T formed a cluster with B. smithii (95.5 %) and B. infernus (94.9 %). The genomic G+C content of DX-2^T was 43.7 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and unknown phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acid was iso-C_16:0. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic features, and results of phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified to represent a distinct novel species in the genus Bacillus, and the name proposed is B. thermophilum sp. nov. The type strain is DX-2^T (=CCTCC AB2012194^T = KCTC 33128^T).     

Bacillus cihuensis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a plant in the Cihu area of Taiwan

A Gram-positive, moderately halotolerant, rod-shaped, spore forming bacterium, designated strain FJAT-14515^T was isolated from a soil sample in Cihu area, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. The strain grew at 10–35 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH 5.7–9.0 (optimum at pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 1 % w/v). The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan of the isolated strain was meso-diaminopimelic acid and major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 (40.6 %), iso-C_15:0 (20.7 %) and the DNA G+C content of strain FJAT-14515^T was 37.1 mol %. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain FJAT-14515^T belongs to the genus Bacillus, and was most closely related to the reference strains of Bacillus muralis DSM 16288^T (97.6 %) and Bacillus simplex DSM 1321^T (97.5 %). Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain FJAT-14515^T and the reference strains of B. muralis DSM 16288^T and B. simplex DSM 1321^T were 27.9 % ± 3.32 and 44.1 % ± 0.57, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties, strain FJAT-14515^T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus cihuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-14515^T (=DSM 25969^T = CGMCC 1.12697^T).     

Bradyrhizobium xenonodulans sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Australian Acacia species invasive to South Africa

A genealogical concordance approach was used to delineate strains isolated from Acacia dealbata and Acacia mearnsii root nodules in South Africa. These isolates form part of Bradyrhizobium based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of six housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, glnII, gyrB, recA and rpoB) confirmed that these isolates represent a novel species, while pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANIb) calculations with the closest type strains (B. cosmicum 58S1^T, B. betae PL7HG1^T, B. ganzhouense CCBAU 51670 ^T, B. cytisi CTAW11^T and B. rifense CTAW71^T) resulted in values well below 95–96%. We further performed phenotypic tests which revealed that there are high levels of intraspecies variation, while an additional analysis of the nodA and nifD loci indicated that the symbiotic loci of the strains are closely related to those of Bradyrhizobium isolates with an Australian origin. Strain 14AB^T (=LMG 31415 ^T = SARCC-753 ^T) is designated as the type strain of the novel species for which we propose the name Bradyrhizobium xenonodulans sp. nov.     

Rhizobium smilacinae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the leaf of Smilacina japonica

During a study of endophytic bacteria from traditional Chinese medicinal plants, a bacterial strain, designated PTYR-5^T, was isolated from the leaf of Smilacina japonica A. Gray collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PTYR-5^T is a member of the genus Rhizobium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities to R. cellulosilyticum LMG 23642^T (97.2 %), R. huautlense LMG 18254^T (97.2 %) and R. alkalisoli CCBAU 01393^T (97.1 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other Rhizobium species with validly published names were less than 97.0 %. Phylogenies of the housekeeping genes atpD, recA and glnII confirmed its distinct position, showing low similarity with respect to those of recognized Rhizobium species (no more than 94.1?, 90.0 and 88.0 ?    % similarity, respectively). The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain PTYR-5^T with R. cellulosilyticum LMG 23642^T, R. huautlense LMG 18254^T and R. alkalisoli CCBAU 01393^T were 33.6, 21.4 and 29.5 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain PTYR-5^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium smilacinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PTYR-5^T (=CCTCC AB 2013016^T=KCTC 32300^T=LMG 27604^T).     

Gordonibacter faecihominis sp. nov., isolated from human faeces

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated CAT-2^T, was isolated from human faeces as a bacterium capable of dehydroxylating (+)-catechin derivatives. Strain CAT-2^T was found to be strictly anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming coccobacilli. The major fatty acids were identified as C_16:0 DMA (dimethy acetal), C_16:0, C_14:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_14:0. The three predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-6 (menaquinene-6), MMK-6 (monomethylmenaquinone-6) and DMMK-6 (dimethylmenaquinone-6). The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain CAT-2^T was 68.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain CAT-2^T belongs to the genus Gordonibacter, sharing the highest level of sequence homology with Gordonibacter pamelaeae DSM 19378^T (97.3 %). Combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics support the conclusion that the strain CAT-2^T represents a novel species, for which the name Gordonibacter faecihominis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAT-2^T (= KCTC 15204^T = JCM 16058^T).     

Bacterioplanes sanyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a PHB-accumulating bacterium isolated from a pool of Spirulina platensis cultivation

A Gram-negative, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating rod bacterium, strain GYP-2^T, was isolated from a pool of marine Spirulina platensis cultivation, Sanya, China. Growth was observed at 10–45 °C and pH 6–10 in the presence of 1–10 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate belonged to Gammaproteobacteria and displayed 93.8–95.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequences similarities to members of the genera Thalassolituus, Oleibacter, and Oceanobacter, but house-keeping gene gyrB (encode DNA gyrase beta subunit) demonstrated that the new isolate was distantly related to Thalassolituus, Oleibacter, and Oceanobacter species (only 77–83 % gene gyrB sequences similarities).The G+C content of genomic DNA was 55 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-9, while that for Oceanobacter kriegii LMG 6238^T was Q-8. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. On the basis of its physiological, chemotaxonomic, and molecular properties, strain GYP-2^T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus in Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Bacterioplanes sanyensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYP-2^T (=CGMCC 1.12392^T=KCTC 32220^T).     

Streptosporangium subfuscum sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

A Gram-stain positive, filamentous bacterial strain, designated strain NEAU-TWSJ13^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of a marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plant collected in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was observed to form abundant aerial hyphae differentiated into spherical sporangia. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-TWSJ13^T belongs to the genus Streptosporangium, being most closely related to Streptosporangium fragile DSM 43847^T (98.6 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it formed a phyletic line with S. fragile DSM 43847^T, Streptosporangium jomthongense NBRC 110047^T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes DSM 43849^T (97.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity). A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-TWSJ13^T can be distinguished from S. fragile DSM 43847^T and S. jomthongense NBRC 110047^T. Moreover, strain NEAU-TWSJ13^T can also be differentiated from S. violaceochromogenes DSM 43849^T and other Streptosporangium species showing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>98.0 %) by morphological and physiological characteristics. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-TWSJ13^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptosporangium, for which the name Streptosporangium subfuscum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-TWSJ13^T ( = CGMCC 4.7146^T = DSM = 46724^T).     

Seohaeicola nanhaiensis sp. nov., A Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from the Benthic Sediment of South China Sea

An aerobic, Gram-staining negative, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, SS011A0-7#2-2^T, was isolated from the sediment of South China Sea with the depth of 1,500 m. Optimum growth occurred at pH 8.0, 30 °C, and 6 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SS011A0-7#2-2^T did not synthesize bacteriochlorophyll a or carotenoid, neither possess photosynthesis genes. Its genome DNA G+C content was 67.9 mol%. It contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c (52.3 %) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipid, and unidentified aminolipid. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that it was closely related to Seohaeicola saemankumensis SD-15^T, Phaeobacter gallaeciensis BS 107^T and Roseovarius pacificus 81-2^T in Rhodobacteraceae, with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities being 96.5, 95.7, and 95.6 %, respectively. However, the phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SS011A0-7#2-2^T was a member of the genus Seohaeicola. Strain SS011A0-7#2-2^T was moderately halophilic which was different from Seohaeicola saemankumensis SD-15^T, and it showed the enzyme activities and carbon source spectrum significantly different from Seohaeicola saemankumensis SD-15^T. As its physiological and chemotaxinomic properties were different from those of Seohaeicola saemankumensis SD-15^T, strain SS011A0-7#2-2^T represents a novel species of the genus Seohaecola. The name Seohaeicola nanhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SS011A0-7#2-2^T (=LMG 27733^T = CGMCC 1.12759^T) as the type strain.     

A Novel EPS-Producing Strain of Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from a Shallow Vent Off Panarea Island (Italy)

A haloalkaliphilic, thermophilic Bacillus strain (T14), isolated from a shallow hydrothermal vent of Panarea Island (Italy), produced a new exopolysaccharide (EPS). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T14 was highly related (99 % similarity) to Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13^T and Bacillus sonorensis DSM 13779^T. Further DNA–DNA hybridization analysis revealed 79.40 % similarity with B. licheniformis DSM 13^T and 39.12 % with B. sonorensis DSM 13779^T. Sucrose (5 %) was the most efficient carbon source for growth and EPS production. The highest EPS production (366 mg l^?1) was yielded in fermenter culture at 300 rpm after 48 h of incubation. The purified fraction EPS1 contained fructose/fucose/glucose/galactosamine/mannose in a relative proportion of 1.0:0.75:0.28:tr:tr and possessed a molecular weight of 1,000 kDa displaying a trisaccharide unit constituted by sugars with a β-manno-pyranosidic configuration. Screening for biological activity showed anti-cytotoxic effect of EPS1 against Avarol in brine shrimp test, indicating a potential use in the development of novel drugs.     

Mixotrophic metabolism in Burkholderia kururiensis subsp. thiooxydans subsp. nov., a facultative chemolithoautotrophic thiosulfate oxidizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil and proposal for classification of the type strain of Burkholderia kururiensis as Burkholderia kururiensis subsp. kururiensis subsp. nov.

A thiosulfate-oxidizing facultative chemolithoautotrophic Burkholderia sp. strain ATSB13^T was previously isolated from rhizosphere soil of tobacco plant. Strain ATSB13^T was aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, rod shaped and motile by means of sub-terminal flagellum. Strain ATSB13^T exhibited mixotrophic growth in a medium containing thiosulfate plus acetate. A phylogenetic study based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain ATSB13^T was most closely related to Burkholderia kururiensis KP23^T (98.7%), Burkholderia tuberum STM678^T (96.5%) and Burkholderia phymatum STM815^T (96.4%). Chemotaxonomic data [G+C 64.0 mol%, major fatty acids, C_18:1 ω7c (28.22%), C_16:1 ω7c/15 iso 2OH (15.15%), and C_16:0 (14.91%) and Q-8 as predominant respiratory ubiquinone] supported the affiliation of the strain ATSB13^T within the genus Burkholderia. Though the strain ATSB13^T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of B. kururiensis but considerably distant from the latter in terms of several phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. DNA–DNA hybridization between strain ATSB13^T and B. kururiensis KP23^T was 100%, and hence, it is inferred that strain ATSB13^T is a member of B. kururiensis. On the basis of data obtained from this study, we propose that B. kururiensis be subdivided into B. kururiensis subsp. kururiensis subsp. nov. (type strain KP23^T = JCM 10599^T = DSM 13646^T) and B. kururiensis subsp. thiooxydans subsp. nov. (type strain ATSB13^T = KACC 12758^T).     

Micromonospora taraxaci sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from dandelion root (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-P5^T, was isolated from dandelion root (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.). Strain NEAU-P5^T showed closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Micromonospora chokoriensis 2–19/6^T (99.5 %), and phylogenetically clustered with Micromonospora violae NEAU-zh8^T (99.3 %), M. saelicesensis Lupac 09^T (99.0 %), M. lupini Lupac 14N^T (98.8 %), M. zeae NEAU-gq9^T (98.4 %), M. jinlongensis NEAU-GRX11^T (98.3 %) and M. zamorensis CR38^T (97.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the gyrB gene sequence also indicated that the isolate clustered with the above type strains except M. violae NEAU-zh8^T. The cell-wall peptidoglycan consisted of meso-diaminopimelic acid and glycine. The major menaquinones were MK-9(H₈), MK-9(H₆) and MK-10(H₂). The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were C_16:0, iso-C_15:0 and C_17:0. Furthermore, some physiological and biochemical properties and low DNA–DNA relatedness values enabled the strain to be differentiated from members of closely related species. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-P5^T represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora taraxaci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-P5^T (=CGMCC 4.7098^T = DSM 45885^T).     

Geodermatophilus chilensis sp. nov., from soil of the Yungay core-region of the Atacama Desert,Chile

A polyphasic study was undertaken to establish the taxonomic status of three representative Geodermatophilus strains isolated from an extreme hyper-arid Atacama Desert soil. The strains, isolates B12^T, B20 and B25, were found to have chemotaxonomic and morphological properties characteristic of the genus Geodermatophilus. The isolates shared a broad range of chemotaxonomic, cultural and physiological features, formed a well-supported branch in the Geodermatophilus 16S rRNA gene tree in which they were most closely associated with the type strain of Geodermatophilus obscurus. They were distinguished from the latter by BOX-PCR fingerprint patterns and by chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties. Average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the whole genome sequences of isolate B12^T and G. obscurus DSM 43160^T were 89.28%, 87.27% and 37.4%, respectively, metrics consistent with its classification as a separate species. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that the isolates be assigned to the genus Geodermatophilus as Geodermatophilus chilensis sp. nov. with isolate B12^T (CECT 9483^T = NCIMB 15089^T) as the type strain. Analysis of the whole genome sequence of G. chilensis B12^T with 5341 open reading frames and a genome size of 5.5 Mb highlighted genes and gene clusters that encode for properties relevant to its adaptation to extreme environmental conditions prevalent in extreme hyper-arid Atacama Desert soils.     

Acinetobacter apis sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal tract of a honey bee,Apis mellifera

A novel Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, non-motile, and both coccobacillus- and bacillus-shaped bacterium, designated strain HYN18^T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a honey bee (Apis mellifera). The isolate was oxidasenegative and catalase-positive. Strain HYN18^T showed optimum growth at 25°C, pH 6–7, and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl in trypticase soy broth medium. The isolate was negative for hydrolyses of starch, casein, gelatin and urea, indole production from tryptone and hemolysis on sheep blood agar. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequence showed that strain HYN18^T was most closely related to Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2^T and A. boissieri SAP 284.1^T with 98.3% and 98.1% similarity (16S rRNA gene), respectively, and 84.4% similarity with Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2^T (rpoB gene). The major cellular fatty acids were summed features 3 (comprising C_16:1ω7c /C_16:1ω6c ), C_12:0 and C_16:0. The main isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-9 (Q-9). The polar lipids of strain HYN18^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 40.6 mol%. DNADNA hybridization experiments indicated less than 33 ± 10% relatedness to the closest phylogenetic species, Acinetobacter nectaris SAP 763.2^T. Thus, the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses indicate that strain HYN18^T is a novel species within the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter apis is proposed. The type strain is HYN18^T (=KACC 16906^T =JCM 18575^T).     

Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Homoserinibacter gongjuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. Belong to the Family Microbacteriaceae

Two bacterial strains, KIS66-7^T and 5GH26-15^T, were isolated from soil samples collected in the South Korean cities of Tongyong and Gongju, respectively. Both strains were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, mesophilic, flagellated, and rodshaped. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that both strains belonged to the family Microbacteriaceae of the phylum Actinobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KIS66-7^T had the highest similarities with those of Labedella gwakjiensis KSW2-17^T (97.3%), Cryobacterium psychrophilum DSM 4854T (97.2%), Leifsonia lichenia 2Sb^T (97.2%), Leifsonia naganoensis JCM 10592^T (97.0%), and Cryobacterium mesophilum MSL-15^T (97.0%). Strain 5GH26-15^T showed the highest sequence similarities with Leifsonia psychrotolerans LI1T (97.4%) and Schumannella luteola KHIAT (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence from KIS66-7^T exhibited 96.4% similarity with that from 5GH26-15^T. Strain KIS66-7^T contained a B2γ type peptidoglycan structure with D-DAB as the diamino acid; MK-13, MK-12, and MK-14 as the respiratory quinones; ai-C_15:0, ai-C_17:0, and i-C_16:0 as the major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phatidylglycerol, and glycolipids as the predominant polar lipids. Strain 5GH26-15T had a B2β type peptidoglycan structure with D-DAB as the diamino acid; MK-14 and MK-13 as the respiratory quinones; ai-C_15:0, i-C_16:0, and ai-C{vn17:0} as the major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phatidylglycerol, and glycolipids as the predominant polar lipids. Both strains had low DNA-DNA hybridization values (<40%) with closely related taxa. Based on our polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strains KIS66-7^T and 5GH26-15^T represent novel genera and species, for which we propose the names Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain KIS66-7^T=KACC 15515^T=NBRC 108724^T) and Homoserinibacter gongjuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 5GH26-15^T=KACC 15524^T=NBRC 108755^T) within the family Microbacteriaceae.     

Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater,Fujian province,China

A Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped aerobic bacterium with flagella, designated strain Y32^T, was isolated from coastal seawater in Xiamen, Fujian Province of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain Y32^T is a member of the family Oceanospirillaceae, forming a distinct lineage with species of the genus Litoribacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain Y32^T and other strains were all less than 94.0 %. Strain Y32^T was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 4–5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c, 49.4 %), C_16:0 (17.7 %), C_14:0 (6.9 %) and C_18:1 ω9c (5.4 %). The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain Y32^T was determined to be 55.6 mol%. According to its morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition, polar lipids composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain Y32^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Oceanospirillaceae, for which the name Litoribrevibacter albus gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litoribrevibacter albus is Y32^T (=MCCC 1F01211^T=NBRC 110071^T).     

Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-15^T, was isolated from a seawater of Geoje island on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-15^T belongs to the genus Polaribacter, clustering coherently with the type strain of Polaribacter porphyrae showing sequence similarity value of 97.0 %. Strain GYSW-15^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.3–96.4 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain GYSW-15^T containing phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid as major components was similar to that of the type strain of P. porphyrae. The DNA G + C content of strain GYSW-15^T was determined to be 31.2 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness with P. porphyrae LMG 26671^T was 17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GYSW-15^T is separated from recognized Polaribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain GYSW-15^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYSW-15^T ( = KCTC 42156^T = CECT 8655^T)