黄土高原甜菜叶片生长特性及其对块根产量、含糖量的影响

通过对旱地甜菜叶片生长特性及摘除不同叶组对块根产量,含糖量,显微结构的影响研究,结果表明：甜菜第10-20片叶的叶龄最长,积温最高,是甜菜的主要功能叶;甜菜从第20片叶期起进入块根,糖份增长期,从第55叶期起进入糖份积累期;摘除不同叶组的叶片对甜菜块根产量,含糖量及显微结构均有不同程度降低作用,摘除前期叶组对甜菜块根产量,产糖量,根径减幅较大,摘除后期叶组对块根含糖量,维管束环数,维管束环密度减幅较大;摘除第1-30片叶对甜菜影响最大。     

The effects of yellowing viruses on yield of sugar beet in field trials, 1985 and 1987

The separate effects of beet yellows virus (BYV) and beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) on yield of sugar-beet cultivars inoculated at different growth stages were assessed in field trials in 1985 and 1987. Early or mid-season inoculation decreased sugar yield by up to 47% for BYV, and up to 29% for BMYV. Infections after the end of July had no significant effect on yield. Both viruses caused significant increases in the juice impurities sodium, potassium and amino-nitrogen after infecting plants early in the season. Yield losses associated with infection were determined by the causative virus, the time of infection, and susceptibility of the sugar-beet cultivars.     

Distribution and incidence of yellowing viruses in sugar beet crops in Spain from 1990 to 1993

Surveys of the principal yellowing viruses of sugar beet, beet yellows virus (BYV) and beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) in Spain were carried out from 1990–1993. Beet yellowing viruses were detected in all provinces, although the mean percentages of plants infected with BYV and BMYV were practically zero in the southern zone. Within the northern zone high variations from one province to another could be observed. The mean percentages of plants infected with BYV were higher in the Ebro Valley than in the Duero Valley. Areas infected with BYV were very restricted, while BMYV could be found to a variable extent all over Spain, although the infection levels were lower. The incidence and distribution of these viruses in the Spanish sugar beet crop makes the study and application of control measures for beet yellowing viruses necessary.     

The effect of beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, on the yield of sugar beet in organic soils

In ten experiments on commercial sugar-beet crops grown on organic soils in 1984–86, a Genstat programme was used to examine the relationship between the initial population of Heterodera schachtii and sugar-beet root yield using the equation
Y = Ymin + (Ymax - Ymin) Z^pi-T
Fixing T = 200 eggs + juveniles 100 g^-1 soil and Z^T= 0.95, estimated values of Ymax varied from 49.2–67.1 t ha^-1 (129– 155% of the national average root yield for the years in which the experiments were carried out) and estimates of Ymin varied from 14.5–53.9 t ha^-1 (27–94% of Ymax). The estimated average root yield loss caused by the nematode was 6.95 t ha^-1.     

Effects of beet cryptic virus infection on sugar beet in field trials

The effects of beet cryptic virus (BCV) infection on sugar beet crops were investigated in field trials in 1990. Two sugar beet breeding stock lines were screened for infection by BCV. Seed lots containing different proportions of seed infected with BCV1 & 2 were obtained by crossing the stock lines and used in field trials at five different sites. Five characteristics of the infected plants were assessed. BCV infection appeared to have no significant effects on the sugar beet crop at four locations which suffered from drought stress but significant effects were found at one site where the crop was grown on grade 1 land with good moisture retention properties. Root yield and sugar yield were reduced by up to 17% and 20%, respectively, by BCV infection.     

Volatile components of sugar beet leaves

Extracts of both young and old sugar beet plants were obtained using a modified Likens and Nickerson apparatus. Constituents were identified by GC/MS, and using selected ion monitoring it was shown that the previously determined phenylacetonitrile was probably not of glucosinolate origin. Some unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols and derivatives (enzymic lipid degradation products) were formed to greater extents by the younger leaves, but otherwise such quantitative differences were relatively few and generally random. An interesting range of chlorinated compounds was obtained only from the older plants; a pesticide origin is suggested.     

Antagonistic potential of certain legumes to Meloidgyne incognita on sugar beet

Under greenhouse conditions, a pot experiment was conducted to clarify the potential of using some legumes as intercropped plants for reducing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. DS-9004 compared to non-legume plant, garlic and non-intercropped plants. The obtained results revealed that all legumes including chickpea, Egyptian clover, faba bean, fenugreek, lentil and lupin significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced nematode criteria on the roots of sugar beet at different degrees. Chickpea and Egyptian clover reduced the number of galls on the roots of sugar beet as the percentage of reductions were 54 and 50%, respectively, followed by lupin and fenugreek, while garlic achieved 72% reduction compared to non-intercropped plants. Lupin reduced the number of egg masses by 59% followed by Egyptian clover and fenugreek (32%), three months after the treatment. On the other hand, six months after the treatment, chickpea reduced the number of galls by 55.7% followed by lupin (53.4%) and Egyptian clover (52.3%) and the percentage of reduction of egg masses behaved the same trend. Also, the treatments improved plant growth criteria of sugar beet, weight of roots (tubers) and the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS).     

The effect of plant age and infection with virus yellows on the survival of Myzus persicae on sugar beet

Survival of Myzus persicae confined in clip-cages on mature leaves of sugar beet declined as the plants aged. Death of aphids was often preceded by the appearance of a black deposit in the aphids' stomachs, which may have been the cause of death. Both the rate of death and the proportion of aphids dying with black deposits was significantly less when plants were infected with beet yellows virus or beet mild yellowing virus, by comparison with healthy plants. The implication of these phenomena on the onset of mature plant resistance is discussed.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp is a by-product of sugar production and consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Its composition is suitable for biological degradation. A possible alternative for the utilization of this material (besides cattle feeding) can be anaerobic methanogenic degradation. It has an additional advantage – biogas production. Beet pulp was treated by a two-step anaerobic process. The first step consisted of hydrolysis andacidification. The second step was methanogenesis. In this paper, observation ofthe process of anaerobic degradation and determination of optimal parameters is discussed. A laboratory-scale model for sugar beet pulp anaerobic biodegradation was operated. Results of model performance have shown very good pulp digestion characteristics. In addition, high efficiency removal of organic matter was achieved. Methane yield was over 0.360 m³ kg^-1 dried pulp and excess sludge production was 0.094 g per gram COD added.     

甜菜纤维的制备及其性质

甜菜纤维的制备及其性质樊志和周人纲王占武李晓芝韩炜（河北省农林科学院农业物理生理生化研究所,石家庄０５００５１）Ａｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｅｔａｒｙｆｉｂｅｒｆｒｏｍｓｕｇａｒ┐ｂｅｅｔｐ...     

The influence of size and duration of aphid infestation on host plant quality, and its effect on sugar beet yellowing virus epidemiology

This paper studies the influence of previous infestation on the host quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for aphids and the influence of previous infestation on sugar beet yellowing virus epidemiology. Sugar beet previously infested with Myzus persicae (Sulzer) or Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae) had an improved host quality for subsequently infesting aphids of the same species. There was a significant negative relationship between the number of M. persicae infesting a plant and the proportion of those that died with a dark deposit in their stomachs, and a significant positive relationship between the number that settled on a plant and the number that infested it previously. Nymphs feeding on previously infested plants grew more rapidly than those on control plants. The beneficial effect of previous infestation persisted for at least 2 weeks and prolongation of the infestation beyond 2 weeks was of no further benefit to the aphids. Field grown sugar beet, previously colonised by M. persicae, was more susceptible to natural infestation by M. persicae up to 5 days after exposure. Previously infested plants were also more susceptible to infection with beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) but not beet yellows virus (BYV), suggesting that the aphids on the previously infested sugar beet settled more readily and were more inclined to feed (and thus transmit BMYV) than aphids on the previously uninfested plants. The consequences for the control of sugar beet yellowing virus vectors are discussed.     

Analyses of the stomach deposit that develops in Myzus persicae feeding on sugar beet

Abstract .The white deposit, commonly found in the stomach of aphids that feed on sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ssp. saccharifera L), turns a dark colour just prior to the death of the aphid, suggesting that chemical changes causing the deposit to darken may be associated with the death of the aphid. Chemical analyses of the white and dark stomach deposits by HPLC after hydrolysis, elemental analysis and FAB-MS, showed that the dark deposit is formed after the loss of hydrogen and oxygen from the organic white deposit, and that it appears to be a complex that is not dominated by any given compound. These results contrast with those of previous studies, in which the white precipitate was described as a polysaccharide or a mucopolysaccharide.     

The evaluation of rhizomania resistant sugar beet for the UK

Sugar beet rhizomania disease, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and transmitted by the soil‐borne parasite Polymyxa betae, was first recorded in the UK in 1987. Recently, breeding lines and cultivars with partial resistance to the virus derived from the ‘Holly’ source of resistance have been developed and their suitability for use under UK conditions is explored in this paper. Virus multiplication in the roots of resistant lines exposed to severe disease pressure in glasshouse tests, when quantified by ELISA, was less than one third of that in susceptible controls. More recently developed resistant lines had a lower virus content, on average, largely due to a reduced frequency of susceptible individuals. There was no evidence for resistance to the vector, P. betae, in virus resistant lines. However, the proportion of viruliferous P. betae resting spores in the roots, estimated using the most probable number (MPN) technique, was reduced by at least one third in resistant lines compared with the most susceptible control. A novel line, containing an additional gene to that in ‘Holly’, was the most effective, reducing the infection level to 3% of that in the susceptible control. In two field experiments on severely infested sites, the rate of infection of a resistant line, when assessed by ELISA, was reduced by half compared with a susceptible cultivar and sugar yields of resistant lines were consistently 2–3 times higher than those of susceptible cultivars. In 41 trials on rhizomania‐free sites, several recently introduced resistant lines exhibited sugar yields and agronomic performance comparable to that of three selected high yielding, susceptible cultivars. Results are discussed in relation to the specific UK requirements for rhizomania resistant cultivars. One resistant line, Beta 805 (cv. Concept), fulfilled the requirements for widespread use to control the disease.     

Chloroplast genome organisation in sugar beet and maize

Summary The XhoI and SmaI restriction map of the chloroplast genome from the fertile cytoplasm of sugar beet has been constructed from overlapping cosmid clones. The genome was found to be typical of that of a dicotyledonous species, being 147.3 kb in size and having an inverted repeat. RbcL for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, psbA for the 32 kD protein of the photosystem II reaction centre, and the 16S ribosomal RNA were located using heterologous probes. In both sugar beet and maize the inverted repeats recombine giving two isomeric forms of the genome.     

Population dynamics of noctuid moths and damage forecasting in sugar beet

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Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani damping-off of sugar beet with native Streptomyces strains under field conditions

A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two disease-suppressive Streptomyces spp. to control sugar beet Rhizoctonia solani damping off under field conditions. Streptomyces seed treatments reduced seedling damping off in naturally (2005) and artificially (2006 and 2007) infested soils. All biocontrol agents provided better efficacy than Vitavax to control seedling damping-off. There were no significant differences among Streptomyces isolates. Isolate C increased plant stand by 19.5, 50.5 and 53.75% in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Evaluation of final harvest revealed that the root yield of the biocontrol agents increased compared to untreated control in these years.     

Effect of incorporating sugar beet pulp in the finisher diet on performance of geese

The aim of this work was to study the effects of incorporating sugar beet pulp (SBP) into the diet on the development of the crop and performance of geese. A total of 480 1-day-old ganders were divided into three groups differing in the composition and mode of distribution of the diet offered from day 56 to 89. The following two diets were used: a standard diet (nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, AME_n 11.44 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP) or a diet containing 10% of SBP (SBP diet; AME_n 11.47 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP). The swelling capacity (SC) hydration was higher for SBP than for the standard diet (3.62 v. 2.72 ml of H₂O/g of dry matter at 60 min; P<0.05). In the Control group, birds were fed with a controlled time of access to a standard diet. Other birds were fed the SBP diet with a controlled time of access (SBPt group) or a controlled quantity offered (SBPq). From day 90 to 104, 88 birds/group were overfed with a mixture containing mainly corn. Body traits including volume of the crop were measured at day 89. Fatty liver weight and commercial grading were measured at d 104. Feed intake from day 56 to 89 was higher in the Control group than in the SBPt group (8097 v. 7545 g; P<0.05), feed intake in the SBPq group being intermediate (7801 g); however, live weights (LW) of the birds were similar in the three groups measured at day 89 (5746 g; P>0.05). At day 89, the volume of the crop tended to be higher in the SBPt compared with the Control group (52.8 v. 48.8 ml/kg of LW; P=0.101). After overfeeding, feed intake (12 922 g), weight gain (2412 g), LW (8170 g), fatty liver weight (875 g) and commercial grading of the fatty liver were similar (P>0.1) for all the three groups. Therefore, SBP could help adapt the digestive tract of waterfowl to high feed intake through an increase in the crop volume, but its method of use – that is, level of incorporation and mode of distribution – should continue to be investigated.     

Differences in salt tolerance of three sugar beet genotypes

The effect of increasing NaCl concentrations (up to 150 m M ) on growth and mineral composition of three genotypes of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L., MONOHILL, ADA and FIA) has been studied. Growth was stimulated or little affected in water culture by 50 m M NaCl in all 3 genotypes. Further increase in NaCl concentration depressed growth in ADA more than in MONOHILL, whereas in FIA growth did not significantly differ from the untreated control. In all 3 genotypes, particularly in FIA, increasing NaCl concentrations decreased potassium content in the shoots more than in the fibrous and storage roots. Simultaneously, the accumulation of sodium and chloride in the shoots was considerably higher in FIA than in ADA, where in contrast larger proportions of these ions were retained in the roots. The results demonstrate considerable genotypic differences in salt tolerance of sugar beet and indicate a positive correlation between salt tolerance and accumulation of sodium and chloride in the shoots. FIA but not ADA may be suited for a breeding programme of sugar beet for improved salt tolerance.     

Modelling the effect of soil moisture on germination and emergence of wheat and sugar beet with the minimum number of parameters

Soil moisture and temperature, sowing depth and penetration resistance affect the time and percentage of seedling emergence, which are crucial for the simulation of drought‐limited crop production. The aim of this research was to measure the effect of soil water potential on germination and emergence, shoot and root elongation rates (SER and RER) of two different seed/crop types. Sugar beet and durum wheat seeds were sown into two soils (clay and loam), submitted to five matric potentials (?0.01, ?0.1, ?0.2, ?0.4 and ?0.8 MPa) and incubated at constant temperature (25°C) and humidity. Cumulative count analysis was used to estimate parameters of the distribution of germination or emergence times for each box of beet or wheat seeds and to derive estimates for base potentials (ψ_b), hydrothermal times (H) and numbers of viable units. In a second experiment, NaCl solution was used to mimic the soil matric potentials to estimate potential RER and SER. Germination of sugar beet was slightly more sensitive to matric potential than durum wheat (ψ_b of ?1.13 and ?1.23 MPa, respectively). H_(g) was longer for sugar beet than for durum wheat (67 vs 47 MPa °Cd). For emergence ψ_b was similar for both seed types and soils but hydrothermal times (H_(e)) were 40 MPa °Cd higher for sugar beet than for wheat. Emergence was about 20 MPa °Cd earlier in loam than in clay. SER measured in soils were similar for both crops and for durum wheat it agreed with those determined in NaCl solution. RER and SER fell with decreasing osmotic potential to approximately 20% of their maximum values (1.03 mm h^?1 and 0.57 mm h^?1, respectively). Seedling viability decreased with decreasing matric potential and more in clay than in loam soil and more for sugar beet than durum wheat. Seed and soil aggregate size are discussed with respect to the effects of water diffusion and soil–seed contact on germination and emergence modelling.     

Factors affecting the relative abundance of two coexisting aphid species on sugar beet

1 The two most common species of aphid colonizing sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. are Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). 2 M. persicae colonizes sugar beet earlier than A. fabae but the population of the former also declines earlier. Despite similar numbers of each species migrating at the time of colonization, M. persicae is usually less abundant on the crop than A. fabae, suggesting differences between the species in their selection of, and performance on, sugar beet. 3 The intrinsic rate of increase of both species declines as sugar beet matures, however, at any given plant age the intrinsic rate of increase of A. fabae is one and a half times greater than that of M. persicae. This results in more rapid population growth and a later decline of the population. 4 Intraspecific competition appears to result in M. persicae becoming very restless, but there is no evidence for interspecific competition between the two species on this host. 5 A population growth model which takes account of the decline in host quality of sugar beet shows that the M. persicae population peaks 30 days before that of A. fabae, and, excluding differences in emigration rate, the maximum A. fabae population is 14 times greater than the maximum M. persicae population. These results are compared to field data.