桦褐孔菌多糖的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性评价

目的：优化桦褐孔菌多糖的超声波法提取工艺,对比不同产地桦褐孔菌多糖的抗氧化活性。方法：采用正交试验法确定超声波法的最佳工艺流程,检测不同产地桦褐孔菌的多糖提取率和抗氧化活性。结果：超声波法的最佳提取条件为超声时间25min、料液比1∶40、超声温度50℃、提取3次,在此条件下多糖提取率高达8.61 g/100g,与水提醇沉法相比提高了17.3%,耗时缩短了3/4,大大提高了提取效率。抗氧化能力检测结果证明超声波法得到的桦褐孔菌多糖都具有抗氧化活性,并且抗氧化能力与多糖提取率之间的相关性极其显著。结论：通过优化提取条件,超声波法明显提高了多糖提取率,保持了桦褐孔菌多糖的抗氧化活性,是一种可行、实用和高效的真菌多糖提取方法。     

桦褐孔菌子实体多糖提取研究

目的:为了获得桦褐孔菌多糖最大量的多糖收率,研究了影响多糖提取的最佳条件.方法:对影响桦褐孔菌胞内水溶性多糖提取效果的6个因素进行了单一因素影响实验,并对多糖提取影响因子的3个因素进行正交试验,对多糖提取工艺参数进行了优化.结果:正交试验确定桦褐孔菌子实体多糖的最佳提取条件是:料水比为1∶40,温度80℃,提取1.5h,多糖收率达2.53％.结论:确立了桦褐孔菌子实体多糖提取工艺,建立了一套简便、高效的桦褐孔菌胞内多糖的提取方法.     

桦褐孔菌菌质活性组分的提取及其体外抗氧化作用

为提取桦褐孔菌菌质各活性组分并研究其体外抗氧化活性,将桦褐孔菌菌质醇提后分别梯度萃取获得各极性组分,将残渣沸水浸提醇沉得粗多糖;将获取的各活性组分别进行DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力的测定,并测定各组分中总多酚、总三萜的含量;同时与桦褐孔菌菌核进行对比。研究结果表明菌质和菌核乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基、OH自由基清除能力及其总抗氧化能力明显优于相应的其他组分(P0.01);菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基的清除能力与菌核相应组分比较无显著性差异(P0.05),菌质和菌核的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位的总三萜和总多酚含量较高。结果显示桦褐孔菌菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分的体外抗氧化活性较好,总多酚和总三萜含量较高,抗氧化活性的强弱可能与该二者活性成分的含量相关。通过双向固体发酵技术制得的桦褐孔菌菌质体外抗氧化作用较好。     

桦褐孔菌活性物质的提取工艺及体外抗糖尿病活性

对桦褐孔菌活性物质的提取工艺及其体外抗糖尿病活性进行研究。桦褐孔菌子实体用乙醇浸提后,乙醇粗提物用不同有机溶剂萃取,醇提残渣再以热水浸提,用标准曲线法测定活性组分中活性成分的含量,并检测活性物质对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除效果以及对关键糖代谢酶α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。结果表明:4种活性组分(乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、水相和粗多糖)对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)都有较强的清除作用,其中乙酸乙酯组分的活性最高,乙醇粗提物萃取组分对α-淀粉酶有抑制活性,而粗多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶有抑制作用;桦褐孔菌具有抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性,其活性与活性物质种类及其含量具有相关性。     

桦褐孔菌发酵及其提取物清除自由基活性的研究

用1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl(DPPH)酶标仪法,对桦褐孔菌发酵液的甲醇提取物的自由基清除率进行了测定,发现该提取物具有较强的清除自由基的活性;进一步用DPPH薄层试验,结果发现该菌的CHCL3提取物中主要含有两个具清除自由基活性的组分.在此基础上,以清除自由基活性为指标,对桦褐孔菌液体发酵条件进行优化,发现当培养条件为:葡萄糖20g/L、甘油6mL/L、蛋白胨15g/L、CuSO4 0.005g/L、酪氨酸0.05g/L;种龄为7d、装液量为50mL/250mL、转速为180r/min、接种量为10%时,桦褐孔菌发酵液提取物的清除自由基活性最强.     

桦褐孔菌提取物抗氧化活性研究

以乙酸乙酯和甲醇为提取剂,采用索氏提取法,剩余残渣采用热水浸提,最终得到桦褐孔菌不同极性提取物,对其DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除活性作用进行了研究,确定桦褐孔菌的抗氧化能力,为深入研究和开发桦褐孔菌功能性食品奠定理论基础。实验结果表明桦褐孔菌具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和超氧阴离子自由基清除率均高于其他两组分及BHT,桦褐孔菌提取物有望成为功能性食品组分中合成抗氧化剂的天然替代品。     

桦褐孔菌多糖生物活性及构效关系的研究进展

桦褐孔菌是我国东北地区重要的药用菌物资源,用于消化道癌症、糖尿病的防治。多糖不仅是其重要的生物活性成分之一,因其在免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖及降血脂等方面的功效,也成为近年来研究及产品开发的热点。文中总结了近10年桦褐孔菌多糖生物活性研究进展,并首次对桦褐孔菌多糖构效关系进行综述,以期为桦褐孔菌多糖结构、生物活性及产品的开发提供参考。     

桦褐孔菌不同提取成分对小鼠免疫功能比较研究

采用正交水提醇沉淀法提取桦褐孔菌成分,得出其最佳提取方法。采用腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬法、测量小鼠免疫器官质量法和测定老龄大鼠SOD酶的活性,研究其对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响及对老龄大鼠抗氧化能力。与乙醇回流提取法和索氏提取法生理盐水组进行比较,得出桦褐孔菌成分可显著提高正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。通过比较,水提法得到的桦褐孔菌有效成分提高免疫力的作用最强,也证明了桦褐孔菌多糖能通过提高超氧化物歧化酶活性增强老龄大鼠机体的抗氧化能力。     

桦褐孔菌菌质多糖的制备及其对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响

为研究桦褐孔菌菌质多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响,采用水提醇沉法提取粗多糖,Sevag法脱蛋白后透析,再经DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换柱进一步分离纯化,MTT法检测不同浓度的桦褐孔菌菌质多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响。试验结果得到3个多糖纯化组分JZP1、JZP2、JZP3;粗多糖(JZPC)、精制多糖(JZPJ)和纯化多糖(JZP3),能够促进淋巴细胞增殖,最大增殖率分别为59.04%(1 000μg/m L),44.58%(20μg/m L),39.76%(20μg/m L)。JZP1和JZP2在1 000μg/m L时抑制淋巴细胞增殖,抑制率分别15.66%和13.25%。结果表明相同浓度下粗多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖作用强于纯化多糖,不同多糖组分表现出不同的免疫学活性,并且其免疫活性与其浓度密切相关。     

桦褐孔菌资源分布及药理活性研究进展

对桦褐孔菌在我国的资源调查情况进行了汇总,在已报道桦褐孔菌综述的基础上,重点针对近5年来野生桦褐孔菌与桦褐孔菌发酵产物药理活性的研究成果进行了综述,并对桦褐孔菌的资源及其开发利用前景进行了展望。     

红托竹荪菌托多糖提取工艺及抗氧化降血糖活性

为利用红托竹荪菌托,采用酶解法提取菌托多糖,优化多糖提取工艺,并测定多糖分子量、单糖组成、抗氧化及降血糖活性。结果表明,最佳酶解法提取工艺为纤维素酶2.5%、果胶酶0.4%、木瓜蛋白酶1.5%,50 ℃酶解1 h,料液比1:60、提取温度80 ℃、时间3 h,该条件下多糖提取率达15.37%,比热水浸提法提高39.60%。酶解法多糖分子量为3 344 Da (Mn)、522 208 Da (Mw)、2 929 Da (Mp),主要由葡萄糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖和岩藻糖等组成,葡萄糖占最高,达48.82%。菌托多糖为2.0 mg/mL时,DPPH·清除率为93.83%,Fe³⁺还原能力为0.140 7,α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率为54.62%、α-淀粉酶活性抑制率为56.45%,与热水浸提法相比差异极显著或显著。酶解法提取红托竹荪菌托多糖,提取率较高,具有较高的抗氧化、降血糖活性,具有推广应用价值。     

A polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa relieves insulin resistance of HepG2 cell by Akt-GSK-3 pathway

Grifola frondosa is an important fungal research resource. However, there was little report about hyperglycemic activity of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide on insulin resistance in vitro. In this study, the hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide obtained from Grifola frondosa (GFP) on HepG2 cell and hpyerglycemic mechanism were investigated. The purity of the isolated polysaccharides was examined by HPLC. In this research, it was found that GFP enhanced the absorption of glucose of HepG2 cells in a dose dependent manner at 24 h of 30 ugmL^?1. GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis results showed that glucose and galactose were the dominant monosaccharides in GFP and the major component of GFP was β-pyranoside. Western-blotting results showed that the HepG2 cell model treated with GFP activated the insulin receptor protein (IRS) in the cell membrane and increased phosphorylated-AktSer473 expression, which had an inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3). The down-regulation of GSK-3 stimulated synthesis of intracellular glycogen. The results above suggested that the GFP increased the metabolism of glucose and stimulated synthesis of intracellular glycogen through the Akt/GSK-3 pathway.     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of a cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) Polysaccharide and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities

The optimum enzyme-assisted extraction conditions of cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) polysaccharides (CPP) were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM), and were found to be an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 66 min, a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL/g, pH 5.1, and an enzyme-complex dosage of 1.59 %, allowing a CPP yield of 13.69 %. DEAE-52 cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B columns were used to purify the CPP. A purified polysaccharide component, CPP-1.2, was obtained and further analyzed for its characteristics, antioxidant properties, and hypoglycemic activity. The monosaccharide composition of CPP-1.2 was mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molar percentage ratio of 2.24:16.34:44.17:24.28:12.97. The 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities of CPP-1.2 (1.0 mg/mL) reached 95.20 % and 93.69 % that of ascorbic acid (1.0 mg/mL), respectively. Moreover, CPP-1.2 presented significantly higher inhibitory properties on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase than acarbose at each concentration tested. These results suggest that CPP-1.2 possesses the potential to be used as an antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.     

Vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Diospyros Kaki stimulates the glucose uptake in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells

A novel α-glucosidase inhibitor, vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated for the first time from leaves of Diospyros Kaki and its bioactivity analyzed. This inhibitor exhibited strong anti-α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 170.62nM and stimulated a dose-dependent increase in the uptake of a fluorescent d-glucose analog, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), in HepG2 cells at a rate higher than that of insulin controls. It was also found to be associated with adipocyte differentiation and moderate increases in 2-NBDG uptake by 3T3-L1 cells. These findings suggest that vomifoliol 9-O-α-arabinofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside could augment peripheral glucose as an insulin-sensitizing agent against Type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

大革耳子实体多糖抗氧化活性

作者对大革耳子实体多糖的抗氧化能力及单糖组分进行了分析,并探究了大革耳子实体多糖体外对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2'-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS]自由基的清除能力和铁离子还原能力;以人正常肝细胞系LO2为材料建立了过氧化氢细胞氧化损伤模型,并探讨大革耳子实体多糖在细胞水平的抗氧化能力;通过苯酚硫酸法及HPLC检测了子实体多糖的单糖含量及组分。体外化学抗氧化实验结果显示,大革耳子实体多糖对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力较强,且具有较高的铁离子还原能力;细胞水平抗氧化实验表明,大革耳子实体多糖对人正常肝细胞系LO2的H₂O₂氧化损伤具有显著的保护作用,并能极显著提高受损细胞内过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）（P<0.01）及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）（P<0.01）的活力。大革耳子实体活性多糖主要单糖含量及组分依次为：葡萄糖（2 985.50mg/kg）、甘露糖（1 867.23mg/kg）、木糖（814.98mg/kg）、半乳糖（724.24mg/kg）、岩藻糖（443.72mg/kg）、葡萄糖醛酸（419.41mg/kg）、鼠李糖（81.18mg/kg）、阿拉伯糖（64.40mg/kg）、核糖（39.95mg/kg）、半乳糖醛酸（24.40mg/kg）。本研究结果为更好的推广应用和科学开发大革耳提供了基础资料。     

枸杞多糖对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的改善作用及机制研究

目的：观察不同浓度的枸杞多糖（LBP）对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响并探讨其机制。方法：采用高糖高胰岛素处理HepG2细胞24 h建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型后,用台盼蓝检测活力大于95%的HepG2细胞,以10⁴/孔密度接种于96孔板内,细胞贴壁后以30 μg/ml、100 μg/ml、300 μg/ml的LBP培养48 h,200 μl/well,各组均设4个复孔。检测不同浓度的LBP对HepG2细胞活性及胰岛素抵抗的影响;细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性;各组细胞胰岛素信号转导通路中相关蛋白（IRS-2、PI3-K、Akt、GLUT2）的表达。结果：MTT显示：与正常对照组相比,IR模型组MDA含量显著升高,SOD活力明显降低,同时IRS-2、PI-3K、Akt、GLUT2蛋白表达水平明显下降;与IR模型组相比,中、高浓度LBP组MDA的含量明显降低,SOD的活力显著升高,且IRS-2、PI-3K、Akt、GLUT2蛋白表达水平明显升高;在相同的时间内,随着LBP浓度的增加,OD值逐渐降低;在同一浓度干预下,随着时间的延长,OD值也逐渐降低;葡萄糖消耗实验表明中、高浓度的LBP可显著提高胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量,而低浓度LBP对HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量无明显影响。结论：中、高浓度枸杞多糖能改善HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗,其作用机制可能与降低细胞氧化应激水平及提高胰岛素信号传导通路相关蛋白表达有关。     

Effects of ingested fruiting bodies, submerged culture biomass, and acidic polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan of Tremella mesenterica Retz.:Fr. on glycemic responses in normal and diabetic rats

Mushroom polysaccharides have been shown to regulate glucose metabolism. Using male Wistar rats injected with saline (normal rats), streptozotocin (STZ-NT rats), or streptozotocin plus nicotinamide (STZ+NT rats), we investigated the hypoglycemic activity of orally ingested fruiting bodies (FB), submerged culture biomass (CM), or the acidic polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of Tremella mesenterica, an edible jelly mushroom. Our results demonstrated that FB ingestion significantly attenuated the elevated blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in STZ-NT rats. However, in STZ+NT rats, FB, CM, and GXM ingestion significantly attenuated the increases in food and water intake, 2-h postprandial blood glucose concentrations, and blood glucose levels in OGTT. Moreover, FB and GXM ingestion significantly decreased serum concentration of fructosamine in STZ+NT rats. Our results indicated that T. mesenterica might be developed as a potential oral hypoglycemic agent or functional food for diabetic patients and for persons with high risk for diabetes mellitus.     

灵芝子实体、菌丝体及孢子粉中多糖成分差异比较研究

为探讨灵芝子实体、菌丝体和孢子粉3种材料中多糖成分的差异,分别运用苯酚硫酸法进行多糖含量测定,运用离子色谱分析其酸水解后单糖组成,并运用HPLC分析各多糖图谱及经α-淀粉酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶处理后HPLC图谱的变化,结果发现,灵芝菌丝体中多糖含量最高,达到3.81%,孢子粉多糖含量为1.8%,灵芝子实体中多糖含量最低,仅为0.59%;水解后的单糖组成及摩尔比也有差异,子实体的单糖主要为葡萄糖和半乳糖,菌丝体和孢子粉的单糖主要为葡萄糖;HPLC图谱显示3种多糖出峰位置和分子量也不同,酶解效果表明多糖结构也相差较大。各样品多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放NO的产量的影响上,菌丝体与子实体多糖都表现出了很好的活性,而孢子粉多糖却呈现出较低活性。实验结果表明灵芝子实体、菌丝体和孢子粉3种材料的多糖成分差异大,在医药保健品使用中应区分使用。     

Hypoglycemic Effect of Water-soluble Polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. on Genetically Diabetic KK-Ay Mice

The hypoglycemic effect of water-soluble polysaccharide(FA) from fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae Quel. was investigated on genetically diabetic mice (KK-A^y) from 10 to 14 weeks of age. Male mice were divided into 3 groups,the control group and FA-fed group having free access to the control diet or FA diet (30 g of FA/kg of diet). The food-restricted group had restricted access to the control diet at the level of the diet consumed by the FA-fed group. Compared with the control group, FA supplementation had a significant effect in lowering plasma glucose, insulin, urinary glucose, and food intake. FA administration also increased the tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose loading and the hepatic glycogen content. In the food-restricted group, the reduced food intake slightly lowered the plasma and urinary glucose levels, but did not improve hyperinsulinemia and glucose tolerance. This study shows that FA had a hypoglycemic effect on KK-A^y mice, and the reduced food consumption was not a major factor which contributed to the hypoglycemic action of FA.     

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum

The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lycium barbarum fruit water decoction, crude polysaccharide extracts (crude LBP), and purified polysaccharide fractions (LBP-X) in alloxan-induced diabetic or hyperlipidemic rabbits were investigated through designed sequential trials and by measuring blood glucose and serum lipid parameters. Total antioxidant capacity was also assessed using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. It was found that the three Lycium barbarum fruit extracts/fractions could significantly reduce blood glucose levels and serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations and at same time markedly increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels after 10 days treatment in tested rabbits, indicating that there were substantial hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Hypoglycemic effect of LBP-X was more significant than those of water decoction and crude LBP, but its hypolipidemic effect seemed to be weaker. Total antioxidant capacity assay showed that all three Lycium barbarum extracts/fractions possessed antioxidant activity. However, water and methanolc fruit extracts and crude polysaccharide extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than purified polysaccharide fractions because crude extracts were identified to be rich in antioxidants (e.g., carotenoids, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, nicotinic acid). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (glycocojugates), containing several monosaccharides and 17 amino acids, were major bioactive constituents of hypoglycemic effect. Both polysaccharides and vitamin antioxidants from Lycium barbarum fruits were possible active principles of hypolipidemic effect.