An efficient method for mutant library creation in Pichia pastoris useful in directed evolution

Abstract

The yeast Pichia pastoris is being increasingly used as a host for expressing enzymes on a large scale, but application in directed evolution requiring efficient expression of libraries of mutants is hampered due to the time-consuming multistep procedure which includes an intermediate bacterial host (Escherichia coli). Here we introduce a fast and highly simplified method to produce gene libraries in P. pastoris expression vectors. For the purpose of illustration, Galactomyces geotrichum lipase 1 (GGL1) was used as the catalyst in the enantioselective hydrolytic kinetic resolution of 2-methyldecanoic acid p-nitrophenyl ester, the gene mutagenesis method being saturation mutagenesis. The phosphorylated linear plasmid which is integrated in the yeast genome was obtained by combination of partially overlapped fragments using overlap-extension PCR. An intermediate bacterial host is not necessary, neither are restriction enzymes. This method is also applicable when using error-prone PCR for library creation in directed evolution.     

双点突变核糖核酸酶抑制因子在毕赤酵母中的表达及对抗氧化能力的影响

人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子(HRI)是一种存在于细胞浆中的50 kDa的酸性蛋白质,富含亮氨酸和半胱氨酸。作为胞浆蛋白可保护细胞不受外来的胰RNase的侵袭。HRI有32个半胱氨酸残基,且多数半胱氨酸残基是成对的并在序列上相连。文章用丙氨酸同时取代cys328/cys329,并将此双突变的HRI的cDNA片段构建于质粒pPIC9K,电击转化入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,进行分泌型表达。对表达产物进行亲和层析纯化及抗氧化活性检测。实验结果表明,双点突变后的HRI对RNase A的亲和力几乎没有影响,但其抗氧化能力却增加7～9倍。此种抗氧化能力的提高可能是因为在cys328-cys329之间不能形成二硫键而稳定了HRI的三维结构所致。     

Characterization of gamma-glutamylamidase-glutaminase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In a foregoing paper we have shown the presence in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, but apparently distinct from gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The cellular level of this enzyme was not regulated by the nature of the nitrogen source supplied to the yeast cell. Purification was attempted, using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A 50, salt precipitations and successive chromatographies on DEAE Sephadex 6B and Sephadex G 100. The apparent molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 14,800 as determined by gel filtration. As shown by kinetic studies and thin layer chromatography, the enzyme preparation exhibited only hydrolytic activity against gamma-glutamylarylamide and L-glutamine with an optimal pH of about seven. Various gamma-glutamylaminoacids, amides, dipeptides and glutathione were inactive as substrates and no transferase activity was detected. The yeast gamma-glutamylarylamidase was activated by SH protective agents, dithiothreitol and reduced glutathione. Oxidized glutathione, ophtalmic acid and various gamma-glutamylaminoacids inhibited competitively the enzyme. The activity was also inhibited by L-gamma-glutamyl-o-(carboxy)phenylhydrazide and the couple serine-borate, both transition-state analogs of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Diazooxonorleucine, reactive analog of glutamine, inactivated the enzyme. The physiological role of yeast gamma-glutamylarylamidase-glutaminase is still undefined but is most probably unrelated to the bulk assimilation of glutamine by yeast cells.     

重组HSA-hG-CSF融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达

为了延长G-CSF半衰期,我们利用甲醇酵母表达重组人血清白蛋白融合的集落细胞刺激因子（rHSA-G-CSF）。用PCR方法从人胎肝cDNA文库扩增出HSA cDNA序列,hG-CSFcDNA序列从大肠表达载体中酶切获取。将HSA和hG-CSF两片段连接后,克隆到酵母分泌型表达载体pGENYK中,酶切线性化后原生质体转化导入酵母细胞进行整合。工程菌经发酵灌培养表达,层析法分离纯化融合蛋白。纯化的融合蛋白经Western 印迹分析表明具有HSA和G-CSF的免役原性,体外生物学活性分析表明,同縻尔数的融合表达产物的活性为E.coli表达G-CSF单体的活性的50%以上。体内动物实验研究表明,经HSA融合的G-CSF的半衰期为G-CSF单体的15-20倍。甲醇酵母表达的融合HSA的G-CSF具有比G-CSF更长的半衰期,有良好的临床应用前景。     

糖化酶、木聚糖酶融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

通过RT-PCR方法,以埃默森篮状菌(Talaromyces emersonii)总RNA为模板,克隆出糖化酶(glucoamylase,amyA)基因的成熟肽编码序列(1 857 bp),编码618个氨基酸;以类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)H10-3基因组DNA为模板,克隆出木聚糖酶(xylanaseA,xynA)基因的成熟肽编码序列(636 bp),编码211个氨基酸.通过重叠延伸PCR( SOE-PCR)得到拼接片段amyA-l-xynA,并将其克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9中,得到重组质粒pPIC9-amyA-l-xynA,重组质粒线性化后经电击转化到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,得到了表达成功的工程菌ALX2.在ALX2发酵上清液中同时检测到糖化酶活性(10.7 U/mL)和木聚糖酶活性( 51.8 U/mL).     

外源基因在毕赤酵母中表达的优化

巴斯德毕赤酵母是近年来成功的外源基因表达系统,已表达出众多外源蛋白。它既能像原核生物一样快速生长高密度发酵,又能进行真核翻译后修饰,并且蛋白分泌量大,因此应用越来越广泛。如果对它的表达载体,转化诱导条件和目的基因内部结构,发酵条件等方面进行优化,能够进一步发挥它的优势,更好地表达需要的外源蛋白。本文就毕赤酵母表达系统表达优化进行总结综述。     

Advances in the production of membrane proteins in Pichia pastoris

Membrane proteins play key roles in diverse cellular functions and have become the target for a large number of pharmacological drugs. Despite representing about 20-30% of cellular proteins, their characterization is long overdue since they are difficult to handle, to purify from their natural source or to obtain as recombinant proteins. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast species increasingly used as a host for heterologous protein expression for both research and industrial purposes. Over the past few years many efforts have allowed important advances in the development of this expression system for the expression and production of membrane proteins. The most recent achievements in improving yield and proper folding of integral membrane proteins are summarized in this review.     

运用定点突变提高重组木聚糖酶在毕赤氏酵母中的表达

运用PCR介导的定点突变对米曲霉(Aspergillus　oryzae)来源的木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的重组表达进行了研究,获得一表达量远远高于亲本的突变株I156A,对其进行了提纯并研究其酶学特性,除热稳定性外其余与亲本基本一致。突变株I156A所产木聚糖酶XynFl的分子量为35kD,在pH 4～9范围内稳定,最适pH为70,最适温度为45℃,在50℃以下稳定性略高于亲本。     

一种新型巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及甘露聚糖酶的表达

目的:构建以带自身启动子的蔗糖转化酶基因(suc2)为选择标记的载体,用于外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的正确分泌表达。方法:根据已发表的蔗糖转化酶基因序列设计并合成1对引物,应用PCR技术,以啤酒酵母INVSC1总DNA为模板,扩增出包含自身启动子和终止区序列的suc2基因。将该基因与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建了以suc2为选择标记的表达载体pPIC12K。将甘露聚糖酶基因man克隆入载体pPIC12K,用PEG/LiCl法转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株。以蔗糖为惟一碳源筛选转化子,利用底物平板检测筛选到的转化子中man基因的表达,并对重组表达菌株进行连续传代实验。结果:部分转化子周围产生明显的水解圈,证明甘露聚糖酶已经得到分泌表达;对重组表达菌株的连续传代实验证实了该表达载体具有良好的遗传稳定性。结论:以带自身启动子的suc2基因为选择标记的表达载体构建成功,并且这个新型表达载体能够对外源基因进行稳定有效的分泌表达。     

重组人卵透明带ZP3蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达

利用P.pastoris表达人卵透明带ZP3蛋白。设计特定引物从全长hZP3 cDNA上扩增含跨膜区序列的人卵透明带ZP3基因片段,并在N末端接上串联组氨酸编码序列的重组基因序列;扩增片段插入表达载体pPIC9K中;线性化后的重组质粒转入P.pastoris中,用高浓度G418筛选高拷贝菌株,然后甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。用SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表达产物。结果发现P.pastoris表达的人ZP3蛋白可以分泌到培养液中,并且可溶性好。纯化前后的重组人ZP3蛋白均能与兔抗猪ZP3蛋白抗体发生交叉反应,证实表达的目的蛋白具有反应原性。     

一种多拷贝毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及人脑源性神经营养因子的表达

利用PCR技术扩增出pPIC9K载体的HIS4 Kan序列片段 ,与pPICZα重组 ,构建结合了两个载体特点的适合体外构建多拷贝基因表达盒的毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZα1,改造后的载体含HIS4 Kan序列 ,能整合到酵母染色体上 ,具有筛选方便、外源基因多拷贝组建迅速、蛋白产物分泌表达和易纯化等优点。将人脑源性神经营养因子(hBDNF)的cDNA(35 7bp)克隆入载体pPICZα1,利用同尾酶BglⅡ、BamHⅠ不可逆连接方式 ,分别构建含有 1、2、3、6个拷贝hBDNF表达盒的重组表达载体 ,电击法转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株 ,用G4 18和Zeocin筛选转化子 ,筛选到的阳性转化子用 0 5 %甲醇诱导 ,获得分泌型表达。表达产物类似于天然神经营养因子单体大小、分子量约 14kD。多拷贝hBDNF表达盒的表达水平亦高于单拷贝hBDNF表达盒 ,ELISA和Westernblot检测表明 :表达的蛋白能与鸡抗人脑源性神经营养因子抗体特异结合 ,证实该表达蛋白具有hBDNF的免疫原性     

树干毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母混合糖发酵产乙醇

以树干毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母为发酵菌株,酸性蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆预水解液和纯糖模拟液为C源,采用固定化酵母细胞的方法,研究了酸爆玉米秸秆预水解液初始pH、N源种类及其浓度、3种发酵模式对树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆预水解液适合发酵的初始pH范围为6.0～7.0;1.0 g/L的(NH4)2SO4作为N源,在40 g/L葡萄糖和25 g/L木糖培养基中发酵24 h,糖利用率达到99.47%,乙醇质量浓度为24.72 g/L,优于尿素和蛋白胨作为N源;3种模式的发酵体系中,以游离树干毕赤酵母和固定化酿酒酵母发酵性能最好,糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为99.43%和96.39%。     

提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的真核表达系统 ,与现有的其它表达系统相比 ,巴斯德毕赤酵母在表达产物的糖基化修饰、折叠、加工、外分泌及表达量等方面有明显的优势。外源基因在该系统中表达时 ,由于受基因内部的结构、分泌信号、甲醇诱导的浓度及诱导时间、培养温度、启动子、表达环境的 pH值等诸多因素的影响 ,一些外源蛋白的表达也存在着表达不够稳定、表达量较低 ,甚至不表达的情况。对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析 ,结合具体实践经验 ,就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了综述。     

扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

将编码扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶 (PEL)的cDNA克隆到酵母整合型质粒pPIC3.5K ,电转化His4缺陷型巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)GS115 ,通过橄榄油 MM平板及PCR方法筛选和鉴定重组子。重组子发酵液经SDS PAGE分析、橄榄油检验板鉴定 ,表明扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中获得了高效表达。表达蛋白分泌至培养基中 ,分子量约 2 8kD ,与扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶大小一致 ,占分泌蛋白的 95 %。橄榄油检验板检验表明该表达蛋白可分解橄榄油 ,通过优化该表达菌的发酵条件 ,以橄榄油为底物进行酶活测定 ,其发酵液酶活可达 2 6 0u mL。     

棉铃虫组织蛋白酶B酶原在毕赤酵母中的表达

棉铃虫组织蛋白酶B（ Helicoverpa armigera Cathepsin B ,HCB）属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶类,参与胚胎发育中卵黄蛋白水解供给胚胎发育的氨基酸。本研究将HCB基因克隆到pPIC9K载体并转化毕赤酵母KM71菌株,经甲醇诱导,HCB表达并分泌到培养上清中。表达产物经SDS-PAGE测定分子量为38 kD, 与HCB基因编码的蛋白质分子量一致。用HCB的特异性抗体检测表明重组表达产物为棉铃虫组织蛋白酶B,原位水解实验显示重组表达的蛋白酶具有蛋白水解活性,表明在毕赤酵母中表达了有活性的棉铃虫组织蛋白酶B, 可用于组织蛋白酶B酶原活化机理研究及开发新蛋白酶产品。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的优化策略

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统已成为外源蛋白最理想的表达系统之一,诸多的优点体现了其广泛的研究价值和应用价值。综述了P.pastoris表达外源蛋白时在载体选择与利用、外源基因改造、翻译后修饰及表达稳定性等方面的优化策略,以加速其应用。     

人睫状神经营养因子在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中的表达和生物活性测定

The recombinant human ciliary neurotrophi factor(hCNTF)expressed in E.coli aggregatedas inclusion bodies and refolding procedure was necessary to obtine the active protein.To overcome the disadvantage,we cloned hcntf gene into yeast expression plasmid pPIC9K and collected the plasmid pPIC9K-hcntf.Plasmid pPIC9K-hcntf was transformed into yeast Pichia pastoris GS115,and screened on G418-SD plates.The transformants with high copies of hcntf gene were inoculated into BMMY media and induced with 0.5% methanol.The recombinant hCNTF was secreted into the media.The amount of hCNTF in the supernatant was about 10 mg/L when incubated in the conical flasks and reached up to 60 mg/L under fed-batch condition in 15 L fermentator.The recombinant hCNTF expressed in E.coli was renatured as the control.The neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion assay showed that proteins expressed in both systems have the activity of promoting the growth of neuron axons.The phenomenon can be observed with only 3 μg hCNTF expressed in yeast present,which indicates that hCNTF was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and has a relatively high activity.     

Functional Properties of Glycosylated Lysozyme Secreted in Pichia pastoris

Various mutant lysozymes having the N-glycosylation signal sequence, R21T (Asn¹⁹-Tyr²⁰-Thr²¹), G49N (Asn⁴⁹- Ser⁵⁰-Thr⁵¹), R21T/G49N (Asn¹⁹-Tyr²⁰-Thr²¹/Asn⁴⁹-Ser⁵⁰-Thr⁵¹), were secreted in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The secreted amounts of these mutant glycosylated lysozymes were almost the same as those of wild-type lysozyme (about 30 mg/liter). Glycosylation of the mutant lysozymes was confirmed by SDS-PAGE patterns, Endo-H treatment, TOF-MS analysis and chemical analysis. The composition of the carbohydrate chain attached to the single glycosylated lysozymes, R21T and G49N, was GlcNAc₂Man_9-11, while that of the double glycosylated lysozyme, R21T/G49N, was GlcNAc₄Man_27-32. The results of a CD analysis and lytic activity suggested that the conformation of the single glycosylated lysozymes had been conserved, while that of the double glycosylated lysozyme was less stable. The emulsifying properties of the lysozyme when glycosylated were greatly improved, being especially noteworthy in the double glycosylated lysozyme.