国家公园优先保护区域识别——以浙江丽水为例

如何充分利用有限的资源更好地保护生物多样性一直都是保护地管理所追求的目标。整合保护对象、优化保护地的空间布局、有效识别国家公园优先保护区域是当前中国国家公园体制建设的主要任务。本研究以浙江丽水为例,采用生态模型评估了该区域关键生态系统服务(固碳释氧、水文调节、水资源、土壤保持)的空间分布格局,同时运用MaxEnt模型模拟了37种濒危物种适宜栖息地分布的空间格局。在此基础上,将关键生态系统服务和濒危物种作为保护对象,通过系统保护规划模型MARXAN,在0.4 km×0.4 km规划网格上计算丽水各规划单元的生态保护不可替代性指数,并结合当地管理需求,综合识别了国家公园优先保护区域。结果表明: 2005—2015年间,研究区生态系统固碳量为0.05 kg C·m^-2·a^-1,释氧量为0.13 kg O₂·m^-2·a^-1,水文调节量为83.25亿m³·a^-1,水资源量为803 mm·a^-1,土壤保持量为95.53 t·hm^-2·a^-1;不同土地利用类型的不可替代性指数显著不同,森林为50～100,河流和水库为60～100,园地为30～50,耕地为15～35,住宅用地为0～25,优先保护区域占研究区面积的11.8%。本研究结合生物多样性和生态系统服务的系统保护规划思路,能够为保护地网络优化布局和国家公园优先保护区域的确定提供有用的框架和技术支撑,有助于提升我国建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护体系的整体有效性。     

Like one of the family: race,ethnicity, and the paradox of US national identity

The tensions between individual rights promised to US citizens and group discrimination targeted against African Americans and similar racial/ethnic groups constitute one enduring paradox of US society. This essay examines this paradox by exploring how a gendered family rhetoric contributes to understandings of race and US national identity. Using African American women's experiences as a touchstone for analysis, the article suggests that African American women's treatment as second-class citizens reflects a belief that they are 'like one of the family', that is, legally part of the US nation-state, but simultaneously subordinated within it. To investigate these relationships, the article examines 1) how intersecting social hierarchies of race and ethnicity foster racialized understandings of US national identity; 2) how the gendered rhetoric of the American family ideal naturalizes and normalizes social hierarchies; and 3) how gendered family rhetoric fosters racialized constructions of US national identity as a large national family.     

Dizygotic to monozygotic twinning ratio at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne 1947-1997, compared with Australian national twinning incidence.

The incidence of dizygotic (Dz) twinning can be used as an index of natural human fertility. A retrospective study was done at The Royal Women's Hospital, Australia, to see whether the dizygotic to monozygotic (Mz) twinning ratio from one hospital can accurately reflect the national incidence of Dz twinning. The yearly twinning incidence from 1947-1997 was expressed as a Dz:Mz ratio, standardised for maternal age and plotted against previously published national statistics. The proportion of mothers born in Asia (of both singleton and multiples) between 1983-1997 was analysed to see whether different racial mixes might influence twinning trends. There were 5275 twins born of known sex and maternal age between 1947-1997. The age-standardised Dz:Mz ratio increased non-significantly from 1.39 in 1947 to 2.29 in 1953 (P = 0.08), underwent a significant decline to 0.73 in 1977, then remained stable until 1997 (P>0.05). The same trends were also apparent when the data was pooled into 2-year groups with the increase from 1947/48-1953/54 becoming highly significant (P<0.009). These trends observed in the hospital-based data were in close agreement with those found in the national statistics, with the exception of a rise in 1977-1982 only reflected in the Australia-wide data. In 1993, 2.6% of mothers were born in Asian countries; by 1997, this had risen to 10.6%. We found that the Dz:Mz ratio from one hospital closely reflects national twinning trends. Prospective studies must account for race, and would need around 200-300 twin pairs per year to minimise fluctuations of the ratio.     

Definitions of national identity,nationalism and ethnicity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1990s

This article examines the major political debates in post-Soviet Azerbaijan vis à vis the very assumptions of individual autonomy, equality, national culture and citizenship, and universalism upon which modern nation-states have historically been based. The information presented in this article is based on personal interviews conducted with the leading and influential members of the Azerbaijani political elite in 1998. The interviews were based on two broad themes. The first relates to the perceptions of the Soviet period and on what grounds the Azerbaijanis differentiate the new Republic of Azerbaijan from the former Soviet Azerbaijan. The second relates to their perceptions of both the outside world and themselves with regards to differing understandings of nationalism, national culture, and national/ethnic or local identities. The study of the Azerbaijani example of post-Soviet political culture may help us to understand the dynamics of nation-building on the basis of the major political debates and of conflicting national, ethnic and local identities in Azerbaijan.     

Spatial modelling of nitrous oxide emissions at the national scale using soil, climate and land use information

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a powerful greenhouse gas. The UK government is committed to reducing all greenhouse gas emissions and is required to make an inventory of the sources and emissions of these gases. Here, we extend work from a pilot study at the catchment scale reported in an earlier paper. This paper reports on the upscaling measurements of emissions to derive annual emission rates for specific combinations of soil type, land management and fertiliser practices to the national scale. Digital soil, climate and land use maps were combined within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. Upscaling of field emissions measurements involves adjusting measured annual N₂O emissions to fit combinations of crop growth cycles, soil wetness and the amount and timing of fertiliser applications. We have also taken account of the differences in emission rates from grazed pasture land due to differences in land management between land utilised for dairy production and land utilised for beef production. Calculated annual emission rates were then spatially scaled to derive national figures through the use of a GIS modelling framework, termed NitOx. The annual emission of N₂O from Scotland was determined as approximately 6 000 000 kg N yr⁻¹ (2.8 Mt carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents) and compares favourably with other national scale estimates such as the IPCC (1997) . The combination of animal grazing, high N inputs, climatic warmth and poorly drained soils means that the south west contributes significantly to the national total N₂O emissions. Localised areas of high emission can also be identified, but identification could be improved by applying this modelling approach at a larger scale. It would be beneficial to target these areas with mitigation strategies.     

Consuming the nation: Holidays,sports, and the production of collective belonging

The purpose of this article is to explain how Romanian and Hungarian university students in the ethnically mixed town of Cluj, Romania, experience and constitute collective national belonging at national holiday commemorations and international football competitions. Holidays and sports are important venues for the propagation of national, and sometimes nationalist, sensitivities. But neither the resurgence of nationalist politics in post-communist east Europe nor the nationalist inclinations of past generations of university students guarantee that the current generation will experience them – or themselves – in the same national terms. While much has been written about the production of holiday and sporting events, less has been said about the creative ways in which their audiences consume them. My aim in this study is to shift attention to the university students themselves and the modalities through which they constitute (and subvert) national cohesion through participation in (and avoidance of) holiday and sporting events.     

尖峰岭自然保护区扩大区域植物多样性研究

尖峰岭自然保护区2002年由省级上升为国家级自然保护区, 面积由原来的7,762 hm²增加至20,170 hm²。为建立一个比较完善的国家级自然保护区管理体系, 海南大学于2003年10月通过路线调查与标准样方相结合的方法对保护区扩大区域展开了植被资源调查工作。本次调查共记录到43种尖峰岭地区新记录种, 其中黄毛马兜铃(Aristolochia fulvicoma)、海南地不容(Stephania hainanensis)、卵叶石笔木(Tutcheria ovalifolia)、蜜茱萸(Melicope patulinervia)和南烛(Lyonia ovalifolia)等5种为海南特有种。在本次调查的9,600 m²天然林标准样方中共记录到高1.5 m以上的立木3,466株398种, 隶属于69科161属。在扩大区域内共有国家级珍稀濒危和保护植物41种, 其中国家I级保护植物4种, 新记录到的尖峰岭地区国家级濒危植物2种, 即毛茶(Antirhea chinensis)和琼棕(Chuniophoenix hainanensis), 并基本确定了这些植物的垂直分布状况。扩大区域热带低地雨林、热带山地雨林、热带山顶矮林3种群落类型的物种多样性指数均较高, 且Simpson指数(D)及Shannon-Wiener指数(H＇)均是热带山地雨林>热带低地雨林>热带山顶矮林; 均匀度则是热带山地雨林>热带山顶矮林>热带低地雨林。表明经过多年封山育林及实施天然林保护工程, 扩大区域内曾经受过强烈干扰的热带低地雨林和山地雨林已经得到了很好的恢复。     

鄂东大别山区国家重点保护野生植物及保护对策

据调查统计,鄂东大别山区共有国家保护植物18种,其中I级保护植物2种,它们是银杏和南方红豆杉;II级保护植物16种,它们是大别山五针松、金钱松、巴山榧树、榉树、金荞麦、连香树、厚朴、凹叶厚朴、鹅掌楸、樟树、桢楠、野大豆、秤锤树、喜树、香果树和黄皮树.分别占湖北省分布的39.1%,25%和44.4%.该区的这些国家保护植物具有分布集中、居群规模小、片段化严重、垂直分布明显的特点.建议建立以天堂寨为核心的湖北大别山自然保护区,并提出了相应的保护对策.     

Neuroscience, ethics, and national security: the state of the art

National security organizations in the United States, including the armed services and the intelligence community, have developed a close relationship with the scientific establishment. The latest technology often fuels warfighting and counter-intelligence capacities, providing the tactical advantages thought necessary to maintain geopolitical dominance and national security. Neuroscience has emerged as a prominent focus within this milieu, annually receiving hundreds of millions of Department of Defense dollars. Its role in national security operations raises ethical issues that need to be addressed to ensure the pragmatic synthesis of ethical accountability and national security.     

中国陆地生态系统碳源/汇整合分析

国家尺度陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程的研究对于提升地球系统科学与全球变化科学的科技创新能力、提高我国参与应对全球气候变化国际行动和维护国家利益的话语权、保障国家生态安全和改进生态系统管理都具有重要意义。近年来,我国已经在气候变化与陆地生态系统碳循环领域开展了大量的研究工作,主要包括国家清查、生态系统模型模拟、大气反演等手段。然而,由于大尺度陆地生态系统碳源/汇的估算存在很大的不确定性,目前尚未形成国家尺度的陆地生态系统碳源/汇的整合分析。通过搜集已发表的关于中国陆地生态系统及其组分碳源/汇的59篇文献,整合国家清查、生态系统模型模拟、大气反演3种研究手段,分析中国陆地生态系统碳源/汇大小以及时间尺度上的动态变化。结果表明,在1960s-2010s期间中国陆地生态系统碳汇整体呈上升趋势,平均为（0.213±0.030）Pg C/a,其中森林、草地、农田和灌木生态系统碳汇分别为（0.101±0.023）Pg C/a、（0.032±0.007）Pg C/a、（0.043±0.010）Pg C/a和（0.028±0.010）Pg C/a。森林生态系统中的植被碳汇远大于土壤碳汇,然而这种格局在草地和农田生态系统却相反,而且1960s-2010s期间中国主要植被类型的生态系统碳汇总体上随时间呈增加趋势。融合多源数据（地面观测、激光雷达、卫星遥感等）、多尺度数据（样地尺度、站点尺度、区域尺度）以及多手段数据（联网观测、森林清查、模型模拟）,有助于全面准确地评估中国陆地生态系统碳源/汇及其对气候变化的响应。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤湿地优势灌木碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

为探讨黄河三角洲海岸带湿地不同水盐条件下植物叶片化学计量特征的季节动态及植物生长的限制性营养元素,以滨州贝壳堤岛与湿地国家级自然保护区内的柽柳、杠柳、酸枣3种优势灌木为研究对象,于2017-2018年的生长季（5-10月）每月定期采集叶片样品,测定叶片C、N、P含量。结果表明,生长季内3种灌木叶片C含量呈逐渐上升趋势;叶片N、P含量呈先下降后上升趋势,说明3种灌木采用防御性生活史策略适应盐生和干旱生境。3种灌木叶片C平均含量分别为（399.65±2.66）mg/g、（424.32±1.59）mg/g、（437.47±1.08）mg/g,低于全国（455.1 mg/g）及全球（461.6 mg/g）水平,呈现盐生生境下较低的植物碳储存能力。3种灌木叶片N和P平均含量分别为（30.14±0.26）mg/g和（1.81±0.03）mg/g、（23.18±0.38）mg/g和（2.06±0.04）mg/g、（27.36±0.49）mg/g和（2.01±0.03）mg/g,显著高于全国（N∶20.2 mg/g,P：1.46 mg/g）及全球（N∶19.3-20.1 mg/g,P：1.11-1.42 mg/g）水平。叶片C∶N∶P比呈先上升后下降的趋势,叶片P含量对C∶N∶P比变化具有主导作用。3种灌木叶片C∶N∶P质量比分别为246∶17∶1、224∶12∶1、237∶14∶1,说明柽柳的水盐胁迫适应能力高于杠柳和酸枣。从叶片N、P化学计量特征看,生长季内,柽柳生长一定程度上受土壤P限制,杠柳生长受到土壤N限制,酸枣生长则受土壤N、P共同限制,说明3种灌木的生物地球化学生态位发生了分化,避免了对同种资源的竞争,利于物种共生。     

辽宁省生物多样性保护优先区识别

生物多样性保护优先区是我国为加强生物多样性保护划定的重要区域,辽宁省境内目前并无此类优先区,弥补相关缺失具有重要意义。本研究通过对生态系统保护、人类影响和生物多样性保护区划3个准则层7个指标进行计算,依次获得辽宁省生物多样性保护优先区指标值、准则层值和优先区识别综合值,结合辽宁省县(市)行政边界和自然保护区边界数据,确定了辽宁西部和东部生物多样性保护优先区的建议地域范围。其中,辽宁西部生物多样性保护优先区面积为12951 km²,森林覆盖率为53.6%,包括9个省级以上自然保护区,以水土保持作为区域重要生态功能;辽宁东部生物多样性保护优先区面积为20057 km²,森林覆盖率为78.9%,包括8个省级以上自然保护区,以水源涵养作为区域重要生态功能。上述优先区是国家和省级保护物种的集中分布区,也是辽宁省重要生态系统的分布区,亟待开展生物多样性保护工作。     

Defining difference,forging unity: The co‐construction of race,ethnicity and nation in Belize

This article examines competing nationalist projects which compete to constitute a Belizean nation: pluralist nationalism constructs the nation as ethnically diverse; synthetic nationalism attempts to submerge ethnic or racial difference into a shared national identity; hegemonic nationalism works to attach preferentially a single racial identity to the nation and exclude other identities. Within these projects, the homogenizing processes which construct national sameness are integrally related to the individualizing processes which constitute subnational difference: both national sameness and subnational differences are constituted in terms of race, ethnicity, or a conflation of the two. The article explores how the essentialization of racial, ethnic and national identities facilitates their assimilation of one another.     

中国首批国家公园体制试点的经验与成效、问题与建议

建立国家公园体制是建设生态文明制度的重要内容,是解决我国自然保护地发展过程中存在的重叠设置、多头管理、边界不清、权责不明、保护与发展矛盾突出等问题的重大举措。根据国家统一部署,2020年要设立一批国家公园,分级统一的管理体制基本建立。在跨时2年的资料收集、实地考察基础上,全面总结首批10个国家公园体制试点的经验与成效,梳理试点过程中存在的问题,并提出针对性建议,以期全面展现国家公园体制试点的最新进展,为国家公园深化建设提供参考和依据。结果显示,各试点区基本建立起分级统一的管理体制,创新了运行机制,保护力度持续加强,资金投入不断加大,科研合作不断深化,社会参与逐渐扩大。体制试点产生了明显的生态成效,民生改善初步显现,社会效益充分彰显。但是,仍然存在管理机构级别和类型参差不齐,法律制度不健全,资金保障长效机制未建立,人才队伍建设滞后,保护与发展的矛盾突出,空间范围不合理等问题。建议采取必要措施改进存在的问题,积极推广有效经验,加快健全国家公园体制。     

From Serbia with Hate: A Case Study in Globalization, Trauma, and Language

This article analyzes a set of five postcards, purchased from a street stand in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, shortly after the NATO bombing of the country took place in the spring of 1999. While the postcards obviously serve as protests against the bombing, as well as testimonies of the nation-wide trauma caused by it, they also reveal a careful negotiation between representations of trauma — keeping it displaced enough to avoid vicarious traumatization for individual survivors, but focused enough to translate it into a part of the national Serb identity and relying on the symbolism available in historical public narratives. However, since all the postcards analyzed here use English language in one form or another, they can also be read as peculiar interpretations of globalization on a local level. The article is an examination of the function of English, both in the negotiation of private/public trauma as described above, and its role in the complex reconfiguration of the phenomenon of globalization as embedded with local meaning given the context of the narrative within the Serbian popular culture. While these pop culture artifacts offer an assurance to the Serb national spirit, they also express a multifaceted national take on globalization visible in the use of English as the language of the Western ‘enemy’. Overall,the postcards can be read as a curious traumatic figuration of postmodernism which seems to be battling modernism in Belgrade's streets, while the Serb nationalism faces off with the global world in the realm of the imaginary.     

Range size, dispersal and niche breadth in the herbaceous flora of central England

1 It has been suggested that rare species differ from related common species in a variety of traits, including (among others) niche breadth and dispersal ability. We set out to test these ideas in the flora of central England.
2 We used two measures of range: number of hectads in Britain (national range) and number of 1 km² in a 3000-km² area of central England (local range). In each case we regressed phylogenetically independent contrasts in geographical range against contrasts in range of germination temperature (one aspect of fundamental niche breadth), terminal velocity of dispersule (a measure of wind dispersal capacity), seed weight and specialism index (a measure of the diversity of habitats exploited in central England). Seed weights and germination temperature were known for 263 species, specialism index for 261 and terminal velocity for 178.
3 Specialism index explained by far the largest part of the variance in local and national range. Seed weight, terminal velocity and germination temperature each explained only 2–4% of the variation in local range, and none of the variation in national range.
4 Most previous attempts to relate niche breadth and dispersal ability to range have concerned animals. There is little convincing published evidence for plants, and in the British herbaceous seed plants studied here the best predictor of range was diversity of habitats exploited. This pattern was independent of phylogeny.     

Nationalism and Belonging in India,Pakistan and South Central Asia: Some Comparative Observations

The criteria invoked in the definition of national identity are commonly derived from contexts other than those of the nation-state itself—most notably those of territoriality, language/culture, kinship/descent and religion. It therefore follows that in seeking to understand the kind of identity or belongingness invoked in a particular instance of national ideology it is necessary to explore not only the kind of nation-state envisaged, but also those non-national forms of belonging or community from which the national ideology may itself be historically derived. In this paper I seek to develop this argument by comparing some of the principal forms of nationalism found in India, Pakistan and Central Asia. I pay particular attention to the importance of the concept qawm, which in Pakistan, Afghanistan and elsewhere in Central Asia, is used to refer to a wide variety of groups to which people owe allegiance. Such usages alert us to the important fact that the nation, as ‘imagined community’, may have its origins as a political movement among sentiments and allegiances which draw on pre-modern social arrangements and are in tension with ‘nationalist’ exclusivism. Even when the nation (as nation-state) has been secured, so-called ‘nationalist’ revivalism, while taking the nation for granted, may in fact appeal to sentiments of a different kind.     

国家公园类型划分与空间识别——以云南省为例

国家公园是我国推进生态文明建设的重大制度创新,如何科学地对国家公园进行类型划分及空间识别,是国家公园布局和建设中的基础性工作,既有必要性也有紧迫性。本研究以中国国情为基础,参考国际经验,将国家公园划分为荒野导向型、生态优先型、游憩导向型与遗产导向型,构建了一个比较完整的国家公园分类体系。并以自然和人文多样化程度较高的云南为案例,以“双评价”为基础建立了一套指标体系和区划规则,利用人工神经网络建立土地利用演化学习算法,利用融入自适应惯性机制的元胞自动机展开时空模拟,对云南全域进行高分辨率不同类型国家公园的空间辨识,并通过收缩-膨胀原理对识别区域进行比较、修正和优化,进而提出未来云南国家公园布局的综合方案。结果表明: 云南省国家公园主要集中在三江地区与横断山区、滇西以及西南部地区,这3类地区可作为未来国家公园区划与分类保护的重点。本研究所建立的国家公园类型划分和空间识别的一般性可推广的研究范式和工作流程可作为全国应用的参考。     

国家公园遴选标准的国际经验及对我国的启示

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,是我国生态文明思想的重大举措。国家公园作为国际普遍认可的自然保护手段,受到世界各国的欢迎。美国、加拿大、德国、南非、日本等国的国家公园建设较早、发展较好,通过分析其国家公园建设经验得出：（1）国家公园是以自然保护为首要目标,并为公众提供享受大自然的场所;（2）其评价对象与标准主要包括,自然景观/自然遗迹、生态系统、生物多样性/重要栖息地、面积/范围、自然区域/自然环境、文化景观等;（3）根据资源条件和目标定位的差异,国外国家公园的选建模式主要有基于生态区划的国家公园建设模式、基于社区共建的国家公园建设模式和基于资源主导的国家公园建设模式。在国际经验研究和分析的基础上,结合我国自然资源状况及国家公园建设需求,提出我国国家公园发展建议：（1）明确国家公园的功能定位和发展目标;（2）制定国家公园评价准则和方法,建立以国家代表性、完整性、原真性为主,包括生态区位重要性、历史文化价值等因素的国家公园评价指标体系;（3）划定面向国家公园规划布局的生态地理分区,在区域内建立国家公园,并与生态系统优先区、生物多样性保护关键区,或代表性自然景观格局相协调。     

A comparative analysis of global, national, and state red lists for threatened amphibians in Brazil

The knowledge about the conservation status of species is an important data for conservation biology. Therefore, threatened species lists are a powerful tool for conservation planning and prioritization. Our objective is to compare the global, the national and state red lists of amphibians in Brazil. Threatened species were categorized according to their listing in one or several of these lists. We analyzed for true inconsistencies across lists in order to evaluate practical consequences of such incongruences on amphibian conservation in Brazil. We recorded a total of 61 threatened amphibian species in Brazil (across all red lists). Only one species, Phrynomedusa fimbriata, was listed as Extinct (both in IUCN, Brazil and S?o Paulo lists). A total of eleven endemic species are listed as threatened by the global red list, but do not appear in Brazil’s national red list, which represent an inconsistence among these lists. Besides that, the threat category of Thoropa lutzi and Thoropa petropolitana, two endemic species, differ among both lists, which also represents a problem between both lists. These mismatches may be due to several reasons such as different interpretation of the criteria; different methodologies used; different data availability on species; differences in the dates of assessments processes; the assessors’ attitudes to uncertainty; outdated red lists. Harmonization among red lists permits a better picture of threatened amphibian diversity across scales and to develop global, national and state plans to complement conservation actions in order to maximize the chance of success of these initiatives.