三种优化组配产蛋饲粮的生态经济分析和产蛋模拟模型

一、饲养试验结果1.材料与方法:试验日粮按产蛋率(<65%、>65%和<80%、>80%)分三段配制,对照组日粮含有较高量的鱼粉;试验Ⅰ组日粮中加入豆科草粉,减少鱼粉,并在低产蛋率阶     

日粮添加海藻粉和抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

采用4×2（海藻粉×抗菌肽）完全随机试验设计,研究日粮添加不同水平的海藻粉（0．0％、1．0％、3．0％、5．0％）和抗菌肽（300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg）对蛋鸡不同产蛋期（24～27周龄和28～31周龄）产蛋性能的影响。结果表明：（1）日粮海藻粉的添加水平显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。（2）抗菌肽添加水平在28～31周龄显著提高了产蛋率（P＜0．05）。（3）海藻粉和抗菌肽互作效应显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。结果提示,海藻粉和抗菌肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响存在互作效应,以海藻粉5％、抗菌肽300 mg/kg水平组合最为理想。     

生态制剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

将两歧双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌分别制成每克含活菌1亿的微囊,等量混合而成生态制剂,按0.125%添加在蛋鸡基础饲料中,饲喂蛋鸡,同时设对照组,观察蛋鸡产蛋性能的变化。经过1个月的实验,结果表明：该生态制剂对产蛋高峰期,可提高产蛋率10.08%、降低死亡率46.26%、提高饲料利用率32.16%;而对产蛋后期,提高产蛋率仅3.46%、降低死亡率58.50%、饲料利用率差异无显著性（P＞0.01）。     

益生素对祖代伊沙蛋鸡性能的影响

２５６９羽祖代伊沙蛋鸡（ＩＳＡＢｒｏｗｍ）,随机分成２组。试验组１１５３羽,在基础日粮中添加０１５％的益生素,对照组１４１５羽饲喂基础日粮,不添加益生素,试验期３０天。试验结果表明,试验组和对照组的平均产蛋率分别为７２３２±４１４％和６６７３％±６６１％,试验组较对照组高８３８％,差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）;试验组和对照组的种蛋合格率分别为６２９１％±５９０％和５４５２％±７７８％,试验组比对照组高１５３９％,差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）;试验组的种鸡成活率较对照组高０３９％,差异不显著;试验组和对照组的鸡舍温度分别为３５８７℃±１６７℃和３４９７℃±１７０℃,试验组较对照组高０９℃,差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）。该试验结果提示,在高温季节使用益生素,具有延缓蛋鸡产蛋率及种蛋合格率下降作用;通过分析产蛋率及种蛋合格率相关性和回归模型表明,益生素能显著地影响产蛋率和种蛋合格率的相关性,提高种蛋合格率。     

海南文昌鸡若干种质特征和遗传多样性研究

对产于热带亚热带的文昌鸡若干种质特性进行了测定,采用RAPD技术分析其遗传多样性,并与其它生态类型鸡种进行了比较研究．结果表明,文昌母鸡羽毛以棕褐色、黄褐色和黄麻色为主,占群体80．83％;公鸡以红色、背翼部夹杂黑羽为主,占群体71．96％．文昌鸡的胚色大多为黄色．文昌鸡的生长速度比其它生态类型鸡种较慢,40周龄公母鸡的体重、体斜长和胚长也较小,明显具有热带亚热带生态特征．文昌鸡性早熟,母鸡127d产蛋率5％,182d产蛋率50％,300d产蛋量73个,平均蛋重37．6±3．2g．对文昌鸡基因组DNA进行RAPD分析,鸡群个体或群体间平均相似系数为0．6071-0．9699,表明文昌鸡的同源性普通高于内地其它鸡种,保持了品种的纯度．     

减蛋综合征病毒六邻体重组蛋白的表达和初步应用

减蛋综合征(egg drop syndrome 1976,EDS-76)是由腺病毒科禽腺病毒属Ⅲ群腺病毒即减蛋综合征病毒(egg drop syndrome virus,EDSV)引起的以产蛋鸡产薄壳或无壳蛋,产蛋率严重下降为主要特征的传染病。1976年Van Eck首次报道后,现已成为世界范围内引起产蛋损失的主要原因之一[1]。     

发酵法开发甲醇蛋白的研究

通过大量实验从土壤中分离筛选出1株同化甲醇能力较强的菌株15357,该菌能以甲醇作为碳源进行单细胞蛋白的发酵.甲醇蛋白得率为41.5%,粗蛋白含量为80.9%,各类氨基酸齐全,8种主要氨基酸含量丰富.毒性试验证明是一种安全的饲料添加剂,喂养蛋鸡应用试验表明,可代替鱼粉,产蛋率有明显提高.     

用遗传工程方法培育出抗禽类白血病病毒的鸡

禽类白血病病毒是使鸡长出肿瘤,产蛋率下降的一种商品鸡的主要疾病。仅此一项,美国产蛋商每年约损失50～100百万美元。美国农业部家禽研究所遗传学家,Lyman Critteden等通过把一种弱品系病毒注射到生出不超过24小时以上的鸡蛋内,培育出了一批抗此病毒的鸡种。受感染的细胞仅使鸡蛋的外     

高效微生态饲料添加剂作用及在动物饲养过程中的应用

介绍采用地衣芽胞杆菌经高科技工艺精制而成的“九九一禽畜宝”这一高效微生态饲料添加剂的作用、作用机理及特点。该产品在动物饲养过程中,作为治疗药物用于治疗畜禽、水产等动物肠道疾病;作为饲料添加剂,可以提高动物机体免疫力,提高禽畜成活率、产蛋率、增加动物体重、提高饲料利用率,无任何毒副作用、无药残。     

鸭前殖吸虫与楔形前殖吸虫后期生活史和成虫的研究

前殖科(Prosthogonimidae Nicoll,1924)前殖属(Prosthogonimus Luhe,1899)的吸虫为家禽常见寄生虫之一。在我国分布较为广泛。由于它们的寄生可使家禽产蛋率降低,甚而产蛋停滞,如有合并感染可引起腹膜炎而至禽类死亡。给家禽饲养业的发展带来了很大障碍。 世界上前殖吸虫至今已报告的计有40余种。在我国报告的计有13种,它们的地理分布见表6。     

THE PROCESS OF COLONY FORMATION AMONG HERRING GULLS LARUS ARGENTATUS NESTING IN NEW JERSEY

We examined the pattern of colony occupation and egg-laying in five colonies of Herring Gulls nesting in New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonies formed from epicentres located in sparse bushes. The number of epicentres related to the number of birds nesting in the colonies. Colonies of over 250 pairs had more than one epicentre, whereas those with under 250 pairs had only one epicentre. Epicentres were not always in the geographical centre of the colonies. New territory-hunting pairs filled in the epicentre areas, and then nested outside these areas. The egg-laying pattern followed the settling pattern, but was more synchronous than the settling pattern. There was greater synchrony of egg-laying within sub-areas of the colonies than in the colonies as a whole. Further, synchrony correlated with the number of nests in sub-areas.     

Serotonin modulates locomotory behavior and coordinates egg-laying and movement in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Biogenic amines have been implicated in the modulation of neural circuits involved in diverse behaviors in a wide variety of organisms. In the nematode C. elegans, serotonin has been shown to modulate the temporal pattern of egg-laying behavior. Here we show that serotonergic neurotransmission is also required for modulation of the timing of behavioral events associated with locomotion and for coordinating locomotive behavior with egg-laying. Using an automated tracking system to record locomotory behavior over long time periods, we determined that both the direction and velocity of movement fluctuate in a stochastic pattern in wild-type worms. During periods of active egg-laying, the patterns of reversals and velocity were altered: velocity increased transiently before egg-laying events, while reversals increased in frequency following egg-laying events. The temporal coordination between egg-laying and locomotion was dependent on the serotonergic HSN egg-laying motorneurons as well as the decision-making AVF interneurons, which receive synaptic input from the HSNs. Serotonin-deficient mutants also failed to coordinate egg-laying and locomotion and exhibited an abnormally low overall reversal frequency. Thus, serotonin appears to function specifically to facilitate increased locomotion during periods of active egg-laying, and to function generally to modulate decision-making neurons that promote forward movement.     

Hormonal control of egg-laying in the marine pulmonate,Onchidium verruculatum

Extirpation of the pleurovisceral ganglia (PV) blocked egg-laying whereas reimplantation of PV or injection of a PV homogenate into PV-less animals restored the egg-laying capacity of the marine pulomonate, O. verruculatum. Injection of PV homogenate induced egg-laying in intact, mature individuals within 15–45 minutes. Boiling of the homogenate for 15 minutes did not abolish its egg-laying efficacy. However, after incubation with trypsin, a PV homogenate lost its potency. Homogenates of PV from colchicinized animals could not induce egg-laying in intact Onchidium. Similarly, colchicinized animals did not respond to a PV ectract from intact Onchidium. It is hypothesized that egg-laying in O. verruculatum is under the control of a heat-stable, trypsin sensitive hormone secreted by the PV ganglia.     

蛋鸽早期性别DNA分子鉴定

蛋鸽早期性别的鉴定一直是制约蛋鸽业发展的瓶颈问题。在本研究中,我们采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测的方法,对20日龄期的100只蛋鸽的性别连锁基因染色体解旋酶DNA结合基因CHD(chromo-helicase DNA binding)进行跨内含子扩增检测。蛋鸽早期DNA分子电泳检测结果与成年后的真实性别核对结果表明:所有雌性蛋鸽扩增结果含有两条带,其大小分别为280bp和250bp,雄性蛋鸽仅有一条280bp的条带;泊松统计分析发现,蛋鸽早期DNA分子判定结果达到统计学上显著水平,可以作为蛋鸽早期性别鉴定的一种方法。本实验实现了以DNA分子为基础的早期蛋鸽性别鉴定,将对蛋鸽业早期的饲养成本降低和早期雄性蛋鸽的淘汰起到准确的指导作用。     

Sex steroids and vasotocin interact in a female amphibian (Taricha granulosa) to elicit female-like egg-laying behavior or male-like courtship.

Female egg-laying behaviors and male amplectic clasping behaviors in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) are similar in that animals clasp an object. In the case of egg-laying, females clasp submerged inanimate objects, whereas in amplexus, males clasp conspecific females. Considering these behavioral similarities and differences, we investigated the possibility that gonadal steroids and vasotocin (AVT) interact to control egg-laying behaviors, as has been shown for the control of amplexus in Taricha males. Intact, gravid T. granulosa females injected ip with AVT, unlike those injected with saline, exhibited egg-laying behaviors and oviposition. In ovariectomy-steroid-implant studies, no saline-injected female exhibited egg-laying behaviors, whereas AVT-injected ovariectomized females exhibited egg-laying behaviors if implanted with estradiol (E2), testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and not if implanted with empty capsules. When given a choice between clasping aquatic vegetation or other females (amplectic clasping), following an AVT injection, unoperated and sham-operated control females and ovariectomized females with E2 implants did not preferentially clasp aquatic vegetation over other females. In contrast, AVT-injected ovariectomized females with DHT implants preferentially clasped other females. Thus, exposure of Taricha females to estrogens or androgens appears to determine whether the AVT-induced clasping is egg-laying or amplectic clasping.     

FIELD STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON EGG-LAYING BY THE CABBAGE ROOT FLY, ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE BCHÉ. II

Observations on the intensity and duration of egg-laying by Erioischia brassicae Bché were continued in 1953 on the same site as in 1952. Eggs were first observed on 31 April and the spring peak period of egg-laying lasted from 3 to 30 May with a daily average of 40 eggs/plant. The mean total in spring 1953 was 1287 eggs/plant. Summer peaks occurred on 1–20 July (average 17 eggs/day/plant) and 5–11 August (average 21 eggs/day/plant).
In the field the threshold of reproduction was approximately 60° F. The rate of egg-laying was highest at 65–70° F. and it declined during prolonged periods of higher temperatures.
The annual cycle of generations, as shown by egg counts and confirmed by the examination of puparia, consisted of two generations and a partial third. The spring generation developed without a prolonged diapause, and there was complete emergence during the summer. The overwintering puparia came from the second and third generations of larvae.     

果蝇产卵行为的偏好和可塑性实验模型

我们用经典的Sherrington模型构建了一个以食物环境为输入,果蝇产卵行为为输出的神经行为学模型,并且对这个模型的敏感性以及可塑性进行了探索性研究．通过给果蝇提供不同的食物成分和浓度,我们发现,果蝇在不同浓度的食物上产卵量有明显偏好差异,并表现出很好的敏感性和稳定性．而当阻断了果蝇的嗅觉感受神经元后,产卵的浓度偏好受到了影响．另一方面,我们用经典条件化的学习方式对果蝇的产卵行为进行训练后,发现果蝇也可以学会将光照条件和产卵行为偶联起来．这也证明了这个模型具有很好的可塑性．这个模型将为今后进一步研究果蝇食物偏好、产卵行为、条件化学习等的神经和分子机制奠定良好的基础．     

The influence of plant age on resistance of radish to cabbage root fly egg-laying

Cabbage root fly ( Delia brassicae ) egg-laying around radish plants ranging in age from newly emerged seedlings to plants with flowering shoots was studied in the field and laboratory. The attractiveness of radish changed with age, one peak in egg-laying occurring just before plants were of marketable size and further peaks as they produced flowering shoots. The pattern of egg-laying was similar for the six radish cultivars tested, both in the field and laboratory, irrespective of whether flies did or did not have a choice of plants of different ages. At any one age, there was no correlation between egg-laying and plant size. Selection within radish cultivars for the extremes of the range of egg-laying preference appeared to alter the cycle of attractiveness of different radish stocks to cabbage root fly, the response being influenced by environmental conditions.     

THE ANNUAL RE-OCCUPATION OF BREEDING SITES BY THE FULMAR

The Fulmar has a long period at the breeding colony prior to egg-laying. The pattern of annual occupation and build-up in numbers has been examined in detail at Marsden, Co. Durham, at a colony in which over 100 eggs are laid annually (Order 3 of Fisher's classification). The re-occupation of the cliff starts in early November with an occasional visit by one or two birds. The main period of activity at the cliff is during the morning and, as the numbers build up, the diurnal period of occupation increases. By mid-December the first birds to arrive in the colony do so before dawn and the last to leave remain well after dark until near midnight. Almost throughout the pre-egg stage, the colony is deserted each night and re-occupied the next day and birds only stay regularly overnight just before egg-laying. A similar pattern of occupation occurs after breeding but in the reverse order. The numbers of birds at the colony in January and February exceed the breeding population and include many non-breeders. The non-breeders progressively decline in numbers until May when only the breeding birds remain with a few non-breeding birds. The daily variation in the numbers of birds at the cliff is influenced by the wind speed. In general, the birds leave the colony under freshening conditions and the number present at the colony can be interpreted in terms of the wind conditions over the last three days. It is suggested that the synchronised departures are primarily feeding trips, the birds using the strong winds to reach feeding areas, except that the departure just before egg-laying is linked to egg development and synchronised laying in the colony. Competition between Fulmars and Kittiwakes for nesting sites usually results in the Kittiwakes gaining the site. This is achieved by the Kittiwakes taking over the Fulmar sites during one of the latter's departures.     

SEASONALITY OF MARABOU STORKS LEPTOPTILOS CRUMENIFERUS IN EASTERN AFRICA

Nesting by Marabou Storks in eastern Africa is seasonal, and so are assemblages of non-breeding birds at places with a regular supply of food. In Uganda, where temperatures and day-length are almost constant, Marabous have nested at about the same time each year, despite considerable variations in rainfall from year to year. However, rainfall can have a modifying effect, delaying egg-laying by up to a few weeks. The timing of egg-laying varied regionally throughout eastern Africa, but in general nesting began during a dry season and continued into the next wet season. In drier areas the timing of nesting was more complex. Regional variations in the nesting season, and in the sizes of feeding assemblages, are consistent with north-south movements of individual Marabous to or across the equator, enabling them to avoid the late wet season and early dry season. These are times when the supply of natural foods is likely to be least. Figure 6 summarizes the data and indicates probable movements. In the wetter areas the main northwards movement is in October-November, returning four to six months later. In driet areas the timing is almost reversed.