光动力作用过程中胞浆钙离子波峰的出现

光动力作用过程中胞浆钙离子波峰的出现在群体培养的细胞中,已经有很多证据表明光动力作用可导致胞浆中［Ｃａ２＋］的增加。有时［Ｃａ２＋］增加是由细胞外钙内流引起的;但有些情况下是由胞内钙库（内质网或线粒体）中钙离子的释放引起的。以前的研究都是检测群体细胞...     

低温胁迫下水稻幼叶细胞内Ca^2^＋水平的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究了低温胁迫下水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）幼苗细胞内Ｃａ２＋ 定位分布的变化。水稻幼苗在适宜温度下生长时,显示Ｃａ２＋ 定位分布的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡及细胞间隙中,此外,质体和线粒体以及细胞质和细胞核中也有一些Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀分布。说明在正常情况下,细胞质和细胞核中的游离Ｃａ２＋ 水平是较低的;液泡是植物细胞的主要Ｃａ２＋ 库;细胞外的细胞间隙中有大量的Ｃａ２＋ 存在。当水稻幼苗经２４ 小时１℃低温处理后,在质膜内侧几乎形成一圈整齐排列的Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀颗粒,同时,细胞质和细胞核中的Ｃａ２＋ 水平增加;当１℃低温持续到４８ 小时,不仅在细胞质和细胞核中出现大量的Ｃａ２＋ 分布,同时在液泡膜和质体被膜上产生大量的Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀。而此时的细胞超微结构尚保持较正常的状态,看不出明显的改变。作者认为,低温胁迫中细胞质和细胞核内Ｃａ２＋ 水平的提高可能与尔后的许多生理生化过程的改变有联系     

热暴露大鼠心肌细胞钙稳态及其调节机制的研究

本文观察了离体成年大鼠心室肌肌质网、线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性和总钙含是到及原代培养乳腺心肌细胞＾４６Ｃａ摄取、活性钙调素相对含量、胞浆内游离钙浓度在不同温度热暴露４０ｍｉｎ后的变化。结果表明：热暴露后,心肌奖浆、肌质网及线粒体中的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活发表 所下降,心肌肌质网及线粒体中的总钙含量亦有降低趋势,心肌细胞活性钙调素相对含量显著下降,＾４６Ｃａ摄取量及胞浆内游离浓度显著升高。提示,     

高压氧对脑缺血及再灌注时海马游离Ca^2＋及钙通道的作用

应用新型钙离子荧光指示剂Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ测定海定突触体内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度,观察在脑缺血时不同压力高压氧治疗后的变化规律,并应用＾３ＨＰＮ２００－１１０作为放射性配基,用放射配体结合法测定海马组织Ｌ－型钙通道生物学特性和缺血及高压氧治疗后的变化。结果表明：脑缺血及再灌注后海马脑区突触体内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度显著增加,其Ｌ－型钙通道的Ｂｍａｘ和Ｋｄ值均显著上升,但经吸入高压氧后,可降低胞浆内游离Ｃａ     

外源性神经节苷脂对人－肝癌培养细胞内钙的作用及其方式

本工作采用荧光探针Ｆｕｒａ－２ＡＭ观察了外源性神经节苷脂ＧＭ３和ＧＤ３对ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１人肝癌培养细胞钙的影响,证明ＧＭ３和ＧＤ３均能升高细胞内钙浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）,但程度上有极大差异。１０ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬＧＭ３或１．０ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬＧＤ３可使［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ上升高是明显,与对照相比［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ分别增加２１５～２５０％和４２％。进一步用Ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ阻断钙通道和内质网钙释放、去除细胞外Ｎａ＋以抑制Ｎａ＋－Ｃａ２＋交换以及去除细胞外Ｃａ２＋在无外钙内流等系统观察了ＧＭ３和ＧＤ３的作用方式,结果提示ＧＭ３升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的机制是一个同时增加内质网钙释放、激活钙通道并伴有质膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶激活的综合结果;而ＧＤ３则主要抑制Ｎａ＋－Ｃａ２＋交换系统。     

Ca2+对非细胞体系细胞核重建影响机制的研究

研究Ｃａ＾２＋与非细胞体系细胞核重建的关系以及Ｃａ＾２＋的作用机制,结果显示：Ｃａ＾２＋对非细胞体系中核装配有抑制作用,随着Ｃａ＾２＋浓度的增加,抑制核装配作用增加,在Ｃａ＾２＋作用的早期（作用１０分钟后）中入ＥＧＴＡ,可以部分地逆转Ｃａ＾２＋的抑制作用,Ｃａ＾２＋作用１小时后再加入ＥＧＴＡ,不再有逆转作用。对Ｃａ＾２＋作用机制的研究结果显示,不是由于ＡＴＰ和ＧＴＰ被沉淀而导致细胞核组装被抑制,Ｃ     

实验性运动病大鼠神经细胞钙离子超微结构定位变化

本研究采用正负交变加速度旋转刺激法制备大鼠运动病模型,并用钙离子（Ｃａ２＋）超微结构定位法观察了运动病大鼠大脑皮质、小脑皮质和脑干前庭区神经细胞中的Ｃａ２＋变化。结果表明,运动病大鼠大脑皮质、小脑皮质和脑干前庭区神经细胞胞质基质、线粒体和内质网中Ｃａ２＋反应产物增多。提示运动病的发生与中枢神经细胞Ｃａ２＋内流有关。     

热应激大鼠心肌钙代谢的变化及其机理探索

心肌细胞内钙离子对心功能的调节有着极其重要的作用。本研究观察了不同热应激强度下大鼠心肌细胞内质网、线粒体中钙含量,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力,内质网Ｃａ２＋主动转运速率及心肌ＡＴＰ含量的变化。研究结果表明,热应激大鼠心肌细胞内质网、线粒体钙含量随肛温升高显著下降;大鼠肛温达４２℃时,其钙含量分别较对照下降３２．２％和４６．５％;心肌细胞内质网和线粒体Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力亦明显降低,线粒体Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力下降幅度更为激烈。热应激大鼠心肌内质网Ｃａ２＋主动转运速率和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力变化趋势相同,且两者呈密切相关关系。热应激大鼠心肌ＡＴＰ含量亦随肛温升高大幅度降低,当动物肛温超过４２℃时,其可降至对照动物的３７．５％;热应激大鼠心肌ＡＴＰ含量的变化与内质网Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力关系密切。实验结果提示：热应激心肌细胞质膜受损所致细胞Ｃａ２＋主动转运功能紊乱及心肌能量代谢障碍是心肌钙稳态失调的主要原因;心肌细胞钙代谢紊乱是诱导心肌细胞严重受损,导致热应激机体心血管功能失调,甚至心功能衰竭的重要机制     

回转器旋转对鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ca~(2+)水平的影响

采用ｆｕｒａ－２双波长荧光法,测定了孵化第６至１６天鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋的浓度。并且利用回转器模拟微重力的生物效应,研究了不同胚龄鸡胚旋转不同时间后,脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋水平的变化。结果表明,孵化第８至１６天鸡胚旋转不同时间后,其脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度均有所下降,其中第１０天鸡胚旋转４或７小时及第１３天鸡胚旋转２４小时后,脑细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度比对照组显著降低（ｐ＜０．０１）。第１０天和１３天鸡胚分别旋转４和２４小时后再静置恢复相同时间,细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度均有所增加,但仍低于对照组水平。结果显示,回转器旋转引起的鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋水平降低是可逆的     

小鼠卵母细胞成熟和受精过程中Ca^2＋分布变化的研究

用焦锑酸钾原位定位法、膜结合Ｃａ＾２＋荧光探针金霉素标记法,分别在电镜和光镜水平对小鼠卵成熟和卵受精过程中结合态Ｃａ＾２＋的分布及其变化进行了研究,发现：１）Ｃａ＾２＋分布于线粒体、胞质、内质网囊泡、微绒毛和透明带等部位,其中以线粒体基质中分布密度为最大;２）减数分裂Ｉ中、后期于纺锤体极区结合有较多的Ｃａ＾２＋;３）生发泡、纺锤体和原核内膜结合态Ｃａ＾２＋含量很少,但纺锤体和原核周围分布较多;４）     

Alkalinization-Induced Changes in Intracellular Calcium in Rat Spinal Cord Neurons

It is well-known that pH changes can influence a lot of cellular processes. In this work, we have specifically studied the influence of alkalinization, which can be developed in spinal cord neurons during hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis) and chronic renal failure (metabolic alkalosis) on calcium homeostasis. Application of Tyrode solution with increased pH (pH = 8.8) to secondary sensory neurons isolated from rat spinal dorsal horn induced elevation of intracellular free calcium concentration in the cytosol ([Ca2+]i) if applied after membrane depolarization. Repetitive application of alkaline solution led to disappearance of such elevations. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores by 30 mM caffeine almost completely blocked the effect of elevated extracellular pH. If caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i transients were evoked during alkalinization, their amplitudes were decreased by 41%. Preapplication of 500 nM ionomycin resulted in disappearance of alkalinization-induced [Ca2+]i transients, whereas prolonged applications (for 20 min) of 200 nM thapsigargin, a blocker of Ca2+ ATPase of the endoplasmic reticulum, resulted in disappearance of the rapid phase of the [Ca2+]i transients induced by alkalinization. Preapplication of the mitochondrial protonophore CCCP (10 microM) also induced changes in the alkalinization-induced calcium response--it lost its peak and was transformed into an irregular wave terminating in several seconds. The data obtained indicate that alkalinization induces an increase of [Ca2+]i level in the investigated neurons via a combined action of both intracellular Ca2+-accumulating structures--the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. This suggestion was supported by morphological data that both structures in these neurons are tightly connected and may interact during release of accumulated calcium ions.     

Ultracytochemistry of pancreatic damage induced by excess lysine

The ultracytochemical changes induced in the pancreas by a single large dose of lysine (400 mg/100 g body weight) were studied in male Wistar rats of 7 weeks old. The first changes in the acinar cells were marked swelling of mitochondria with increase in their calcium content and decrease in their ATP content. Early calcium deposits seemed to occur in the matrices of swollen mitochondria and later various patterns occurred. These findings suggested that damage of the acinar cells by excess lysine resulted in breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane barrier to calcium as a very early abnormality, and that extracellular calcium then entered the mitochondrial matrices and inhibited mitochondrial function. Subsequently focal areas of the cytoplasm were degraded. Autophagic vacuoles appeared in these areas, and then acid phosphatase activity in their periphery as a result of fusion with lysosomes. The reaction of acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the locally degraded rough endoplasmic reticulum within or around autophagic vacuoles, suggesting that the endoplasmic reticulum as well as lysosomes participated in the intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic organelles in damaged acinar cells.     

Neuronal calcium stores

Neuronal calcium stores associated with specialized intracellular organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, dynamically participate in generation of cytoplasmic calcium signals which accompany neuronal activity. They fulfil a dual role in neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis being involved in both buffering the excess of Ca2+ entering the cytoplasm through plasmalemmal channels and providing an intracellular source for Ca2+. Increase of Ca2+ content within the stores regulates the availability and magnitude of intracellular calcium release, thereby providing a mechanism which couples the neuronal activity with functional state of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Apart of 'classical' calcium stores (endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria) other organelles (e.g. nuclear envelope and neurotransmitter vesicles) may potentially act as a functional Ca2+ storage compartments. Calcium ions released from internal stores participate in many neuronal functions, and might be primarily involved in regulation of various aspects of neuronal plasticity.     

Distinctive subcellular alterations induced by hypertonic stress in sea urchin eggs

Sea urchin eggs continuously exposed to a hypertonic solution were ultrastructurally examined for osmotic-stress induced alterations. No fertilization membranes formed during the treatment and the surface-cortex complexes remained unaltered from the unfertilized state. However, the osmotic stress did induce a number of subcellular changes. During the first 30 minutes of the treatment the eggs formed many endoplasmic reticulum whorls and compacted Golgi body aggregations. Both of these new formations can be correlated with rapid changes in intracellular calcium, known to occur in hypertonic stressed eggs. Aggregations of mitochondria could be observed at later stages; these aggregations can also be related to subcellular stress and possible changes in internal calcium concentrations. The various morphological transitions within the cytoplasm, along with the lack of a cortical reaction in these eggs, not only supports the idea that calcium is released during parthenogenetic activation, but also suggests that this free calcium originates from stores other than the stores that are involved during fertilization or simple artificial activation.     

甜菜夜蛾微孢子虫研究:Ⅲ.超微结构与致病机理

从甜菜夜蛾幼虫体内首次分离到一种侵染寄主脂肪体、马氏管和中肠的微孢子虫,该微孢子虫对甜菜夜蛾、菜青虫和棉铃虫幼虫有较强的致病力,并可经卵垂直传播;水平传播主要借助于病虫的粪便及虫尸。用电镜观察了该微孢子虫感染甜菜夜蛾幼虫后的超微结构变化。结果表明：寄主细胞被感染后,细胞核膨大并变形,由正常的圆球形被挤压成长条状,但核膜及核周间隙没有发生变化;线粒体体积变小,嵴增宽,嵴的排列方向发生改变,双层膜部分     

Nonuniform distribution of sodium in the rat hepatocyte

The volume of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (including Golgi complex), mitochondria, and cytoplasmic ground substance was measured in rat hepatocytes by stereological methods. The Na content was also measured by flame photometry. Variations in Na content correlated significantly with variations in volume of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. From the correlation parameters, Na concentrations were estimated as follows: nucleus, 108 mM; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (including Golgie complex) 27 mM; cytoplasm (including and remaining organelles) 16 mM.     

Post-mortem elemental redistribution in rat studied by X-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy

Summary Post-mortem elemental redistribution in various tissues from rat was studied by means of electron probe X-ray microanalysis, and correlated with morphological changes in these tissues. Pancreas, liver and cardiac muscle were removed from the animal either immediately, or after some hours after death. Elemental distribution at the cellular level was studied by X-ray microanalysis of thick cryosections. Calcium redistribution at the subcellular level was studied using tissue fixed with glutaraldehyde/oxalate. In all tissues, post-mortem redistribution of electrolytes had taken place within 2 h. The cellular concentrations of Na, Cl and Ca increased markedly, those of Mg and K decreased; no significant changes were found in the concentrations of P and S. The number of oxalate precipitates (indicating the presence of calcium) increased both in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, reaching a maximum at 2 h. Morphological changes included mitochondrial swelling and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Since the post-mortem ion shifts are similar to those encountered in some diseases and types of cell injury, great care has to be taken in the interpretation of X-ray microanalytical results from autopsy material.     

取食转Bt基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫中肠的组织病理学效应

利用透射电镜观察了稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）幼虫取食转Bt基因水稻后中肠的组织病理变化。结果表明：稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食转cry1Ab基因水稻后,中肠上皮细胞的线粒体先发生形态变化,随连续取食时间的延长线粒体出现凝聚、内嵴稀疏、空泡化等,在后期还呈凝聚态随突起脱落或沿杯腔边沿单一排列。内质网的变化也很明显,病变过程中伴随着粗糙内质网的肿胀、核糖体脱落,粗糙内质网增多等现象。细胞核的变化较小,在处理后期出现细胞核拉长、核仁聚集等变化。组织病变程度不一,有的细胞在病变早期就出现了空泡化。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES OF LEAVES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM L., cv XANTHI

Electron microscopy confirms previous light microscope observations that tobacco leaf trichomes are glandular and that there are two different types. Both the tall trichome (multicellular stalk, unicellular or multicellular head) and the short trichome (unicellular stalk; multicellular head) exhibit characteristics common to gland cells—a dense cytoplasm, numerous mitochondria, and little vacuolation. The tall trichome contains structurally well developed chloroplasts and an elaborate network of endoplasmic reticulum. The short trichome contains undifferentiated plastids and endoplasmic reticulum which parallels the nucleus and plasmalemma. Few dictyosomes are seen either in the short trichome or in the tall trichome. The short trichome appears to undergo structural changes concurrently with the appearance of secretory product within the cells. The most noticeable change is the formation of the extraplasmic space between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. Electron dense secretory product is observed between the plasmalemma and the cell wall and within the intercellular spaces.     

细叶黄芪叶肉原生质体发育早期几种细胞器的变化

在细叶黄芪叶肉原生质体发育早期,细胞器的变化较大。离体培养4h后,线粒体的嵴和基质物质开始增加。培养3—5天后,线粒体的数量增加5倍以上,此时可见大部分线粒体围绕细胞核分布。在培养24h后,高尔基体开始发育,它们主要分布在细胞质周边区域。多糖细胞化学染色表明,高尔基体内沉积着大量嗜银物质。培养1天后,粗面内质网开始发育。培养3天时,部分叶绿体边缘出现一些空隙结构。随着叶绿体内膜结构的消失,淀粉粒增大,叶绿体逐渐转变为造粉质体。