抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗在水分和盐胁迫下抗氧化酶和多胺的变化

分别对抗旱小麦8139和干旱敏感小麦甘麦8号的幼苗进行两周的水分胁迫和NaCl胁迫,并对其叶片中一些生理指标的变化进行了研究,结果表明,水分胁迫下8139中O2^-和H2O2的含量及膜脂过氧化程度均低于敏感品种,胁迫后第七天与第十四天其中SOD与CAT活性明显高于甘麦8号,盐胁迫下两种小麦中的H2O2,MDA含量及SOD,POX酶活性在各时期均无明显差别,水分胁迫下,8139中多胺（腐胺Put,亚精胺Spd,精胺Spm)含量显著高于甘麦8号,盐胁迫下,两品种中多胺含量有胁迫7d后才表现出差异,由此可见,水分胁迫下两品种清除自由基的能力明显不同。而在盐胁迫下则差别不大。表现在生长上,水分胁迫下8139地上部分干物质的累积量高于甘麦8号,而在NaCl胁迫下两者之间差别不大,该结果表明植物抗旱与抗盐的生理保护机理是不一样的。     

小麦幼苗叶片抗氰呼吸对轻度水分胁迫的响应

小麦幼苗经－０．５ＭＰa聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ－６０００）溶液暗中渗透迫０、６、１２、１８、２４、３０、３６、４２、４８h,叶片的总呼吸速率（Ｖt)呈现先上升后降低的趋势,交替途径呼吸也表现出相同的变化模式。水分胁迫初期（０－１２h),交替途径容量（Ｖalt)、实际运行活性（ρValt)及运行系数（ρ值）均上升,此后（１８－４８h）逐渐下降,水分胁迫也影响了呼吸电子流在２条呼吸途径中的分配比例,胁迫初期的０－１２h内,流经交替途径的电子流增多,而流向细胞色素主路的电子流减少,但随着胁迫时间的延长,交替途径的贡献降低,而细胞色素主路的贡献增加,说明小麦叶片的抗氰呼吸在水分胁迫初期被诱导增加,而随着胁迫进行的延长又表现为下降。     

亚精胺对水分胁迫下玉米幼苗内源乙烯和多胺含量的影响（简报）

同正常供水相比,水分胁迫引起玉米幼苗叶和根中乙烯在短时间内出现峰值,随后下降且保持较低水平。叶中腐胺、亚精胺和精胺均先降后升,喷施外源亚精胺使叶中乙烯释放减少,亚精胺和精胺含量降低。根中腐胺、亚精胺含量在回升后又略有下降,精胺则呈下降趋势。     

Met对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生的影响

渗透胁迫下,小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生均明显增加,再用0．4mmoL甲硫氨酸掺人处理后,乙烯释出加速,精胺含量进一步增多,亚精胺含量变化不大,腐胺的含量几乎减少到胁迫前的水平。可见,渗透胁迫下,甲硫氨酸既可以在Met循环中以甲硫氨酸与腐胺联合生成亚精胺,进而再与亚精胺联合生成精胺,又可以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸分解生成5’-甲硫基腺苷和氨基环丙烷羧酸,最后由氨基环丙烷羧酸加氧生成乙烯。     

渗透胁迫和CO~(++)对小麦幼苗内源多胺含量和乙烯产生的影响

抗旱和不抗旱的小麦幼苗叶片与根系,在1MPaPEG渗透胁迫下释出乙烯和生成内源腐胺、亚精胺和精胺的数量增加。当增加2mmol钴离子处理6h和12h后,乙烯生成显著受到抑制,而亚精肢和精胺呈现进一步增加。表明钴离子阻遏了氨基环烷羧酸向乙烯转变的途径,并为多胺合成提供了更多的底物,从而有利于提高小麦抗衰老和抗旱的能力,抗旱品种表现更为明显。     

低温胁迫对建兰叶片内源多胺含量的影响

以素心建兰为材料,研究低温胁迫(5℃)对建兰内源多胺含量的影响。结果表明,在低温胁迫下建兰生长期的叶片多胺(PAs)总量和亚精胺(Spd)、腐胺(Put)含量都表现为先升后降的变化,精胺(Spm)含量则是下降然后上升最后稳定在比原来含量更高的水平上,说明有可能在低温胁迫下建兰通过调节内源多胺的总量和不同多胺种类的比例来抵御低温对生理的破坏作用;开花期的建兰叶片因受低温胁迫的影响未能合成足够的亚精胺(Spd),从而抑制了建兰的开花。     

He-Ne激光对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

用He-Ne激光(5.23×10-3W.mm-2)处理经不同浓度PEG6000胁迫的小麦幼苗,研究水分胁迫条件下激光辐照对小麦幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,He-Ne激光辐照可显著提高水分胁迫下小麦幼苗的根系活力以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性(P<0.05),并使其脯氨酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),而对其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性没有显著影响。可见,He-Ne激光可通过提高根系活力、抗氧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量来显著增强小麦幼苗的抗旱性。     

渗透胁迫对小麦胚芽鞘内多胺的种类、形态和含量的影响

用高压液相色谱法研究了豫麦18（抗旱性较强）和扬麦9号（抗旱性较弱）小麦胚芽鞘中三种不同形态的多胺（polyamine,PA）：游离态多胺（PA）、高氯酸可溶性结合态多胺（ps结合态PA）和高氯酸不溶性结合态多胺（PIS结合态PA）与渗透胁迫的关系。结果发现：渗透胁迫2d,豫麦18胚芽鞘中的游离态Spd和游离态Spm的含量明显上升,而扬麦9号的游离态Put的上升明显。S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶（S—AMDC）的抑制剂——甲基乙二醛-双（鸟嘌呤腙）（MGBG）处理豫麦18,明显抑制了渗透胁迫诱导的游离态Spd和游离态Spm的增加,并且加重了渗透胁迫伤害,外源Spd处理扬麦9号明显促进了渗透胁迫诱导的游离态Spd和游离态Spm的增加,并且减缓了渗透胁迫的伤害。渗透胁迫下,豫麦18胚芽鞘中的PS结合态PA和PIS结合态PA的上升幅度都明显大于扬麦9号。菲咯啉（o—Phen）抑制渗透胁迫下PIS结合态PA的合成并加重了渗透胁迫对胚芽鞘的伤害。这些结果表明：小麦胚芽鞘中的游离态Spd、游离态Spm、PS结合态PA和PIS结合态PA的升高有利于增强渗透胁迫抗性。     

抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗对水分和NaCl胁迫的反应

分别测定抗旱小麦的８１３９（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．ｃｖ．８１３９）和干旱敏感品种甘麦８号（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．ｃｖ．Ｇａｎｍａｉ Ｎｏ．８）在２０％ＰＥＧ６０００和１．２％ＮａＣｌ胁迫下的生长、光合作用、蒸腾作用及抗氧化保护系统的变化。结果表明,抗旱小麦８１３９对ＰＥＧ６０００有较强的抗性,但对ＮａＣｌ胁迫的抗性较差。ＮａＣｌ胁迫下,两种小麦根的生长均受到严重抑制,而在ＰＥ     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗游离态多胺含量和多胺合成酶基因表达的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’（Cucumis sativusL.cv.Jinchun No.2）为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺（Spd）对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片游离态多胺含量和多胺合成酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,75 mmol/LNaCl胁迫下,幼苗株高、茎粗和干鲜重显著降低,外源喷施1 mmol/L Spd处理可明显缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。盐胁迫下叶片游离态多胺含量显著增加,外源Spd进一步促进了游离态Spd和精胺（Spm）的积累,降低了游离态腐胺（Put）的积累。多胺合成酶基因表达分析表明,盐胁迫上调了adc、odc、samdc和spds基因的表达,施用外源Spd后进一步上调了samdc基因,下调了adc、odc、spds基因的表达。表明外源Spd参与了黄瓜幼苗体内多胺代谢的调节,通过下调盐胁迫下adc、odc基因的表达,抑制游离态Put的积累,上调samdc基因的表达促进游离态Spd和Spm的积累,进而缓解盐胁迫对植物生长的抑制。     

土壤缓慢脱水对开花期小麦根系及叶片渗透调节及渗透调节物质的影响

以抗旱性不同的小麦品种为材料,在小麦的水分临界期开花期进行缓慢脱水处理,分别在脱水的不同阶段取样测定叶片及根系的渗透调节能力及渗透调节物质。结果表明：随着土壤含水量的降低,叶片与根系的饱和渗透势同步下降,表现出叶片与根系对水分胁迫反应的一到场生,但根系的渗透调节能力低于叶片。根系与叶片的渗透调节物质,一方面在物质总含量方面,表现出与渗透调节能力的一致性,另一方面各种物质的相对含量又有一定差异,叶片中可溶性糖与K＋含量及增加量都高于根系,而根系中的游离氨基酸与Ca^2 的相对增加量则大于叶片。     

Effects of Water Stress on Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Wheat Chloroplasts

The excitation energy transfer from light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes to PS Ⅱ was inhibited under water stress. The contents of iriternal antennae chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ (CPa), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ (LHC Ⅱ ), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein of PS Ⅰ (LHC Ⅰ ) and chlorophyll a protein complex of reaction center of PS Ⅰ were decreased by water stress. The decrease of chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS Ⅱ was greater than that of PS Ⅰ . It was indicated that the amount of 25 kD polypeptide of LHC Ⅱ in particular, as well as that of 43 and 47 kD polypeptides of CPa, and 21 kD polypeptide of LHC Ⅰ , were reduced by water stress.     

Effect of Soil Water Stress on Osmotic Adjustment and Elongation Growth of Wheat Leaves

The results of the experiment showed that leaf elongation rate in two wheat cultivars decreased under soil water stress. Rewatering after water stress, growth restoration.of “Changle No.5” was faster than that of “Lumai No.5”. The osmotic adjustment ability of leaves in these two wheat cultivars increased to 0.41MPa for “Changle No.5” and 0.33MPa for “Lumai No.5” as water potential decreased. At the same leaf elongation rate water potential and osmotic potential of “Changle No5” decreased more than that of “Lumai No.5” Leaf elongation rate fell to zero as water potential and osmotic potential were –1.50MPa and –1.70MPa for “Changle No.5” and –1.20MPa and –1.30MPa for “Lumai No.5” The threshold turgor pressure of elongation growth in leaf cell was different being 0.22MPa for “Changle No.5’ and 0.15MPa for “Lumai No.5”. The difference in the gross extensible coefficient of growing leaf was very small.     

CO2激光预处理对PEG6000胁迫下小麦幼苗根中抗氧化酶活性的影响

用CO2激光对小麦种子分别辐照0、1、3、5min,待其生长至12d时,用10%（W/V）PEG6000胁迫其幼苗,研究激光预处理对PEG6000水分胁迫下小麦幼苗根部脂质过氧化伤害的防护作用。结果表明,CO2激光预处理3min可使水分胁迫的小麦幼苗根部MDA、H2O2含量和O2.-产生速率显著降低（P〈0.05）,可显著提高（P〈0.05）小麦幼苗根部SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和根长、根干重。激光预处理3min可抑制由水分胁迫引起的小麦幼苗根部脂质过氧化作用。     

Effects of Selenium on Wheat Seedlings Under Drought Stress

The paper reports the effects of selenium (Se) supply on growth and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Shijiazhuang NO. 8) seedlings exposed to drought stress. The growth and physiological responses of seedlings were different depending on the Se concentration. The higher (3.0 mg Se kg⁻¹) and lower amount used (0.5 mg Se kg⁻¹) did not significantly affect on biomass accumulation. Treatments with 1.0 and 2.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ promoted biomass accumulation of wheat seedlings. Treatments at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg Se kg⁻¹ significantly increased root activity, proline content, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, carotenoids (Car) content, chlorophyll content, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content of wheat seedlings. Lower Se treatment did not significantly effect on chlorophyll content and MDA content, although it also increased some antioxidant index (proline and Car content, POD and CAT activities) in wheat seedlings. These results suggest that optimal Se supply is favorable for growth of wheat seedlings during drought condition.     

Changes and Regulation of Stress Ethylene Production and Polyamine Content in Spring Wheat Leaves Exposed to O3

Spring wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. ) at 4-leaf stage were fumigated with 03 (0. 796± 0.04 mg/m3) in open-top chambes. The changes and regulation of stress ethylene production and polyamine metabolism in leaves were emphatically investigated. The results revealed that the stress ethylene production in leaves exposed to 03 increased at first and declined afterwards; and could be inhibited by COC12. During the initial stage of 03 stress, the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) increased, but with the augment of leaf injury caused by 03, the ADC activity was correspondingly retarded. After leaves were sprayed with p-chloromercuri benzoie acid (PCMB), the ADC activity was inhibited and putamine content was reduced. However the Spd and Spm content rose slightly. After leaves were sprayed with CoC12, the ADC activity was not significantly altered, whereas the content of Spd and Spm accumulated greatly. Moreover, the high concentration of Spd and Spm maintained for a long time so as the leaf injury from 03 stress became less serious. These results indicate that the potyamine content can be accumulated by inhibiting stress ethylene production. The high concentration of Spd and Spm plays a major role in protection against 03 injury. Change of polyamine content in leaves is an adaptive regulatory mechanism against 03 stress.     

小麦幼芽水分胁迫诱导蛋白的特征

水分胁迫（－1．2MPaPEG-6000）处理萌动的小麦种子,24h后诱导小麦幼芽产生41．5kD蛋白,其含量随着胁迫时间延长明显增加,48h时含量最高,到72h后不再变化。复水后,该蛋白消失;再胁迫48h时则又出现,其含量与处理24h时相当。41．5kD诱导蛋白主要位于细胞器膜上,细胞质中几乎不存在。41．5kD蛋白主要溶于10％NaCl提取液中,其等电点为pl5．65。该蛋白的氨基酸组成中,脯氨酸含量最高,其次为丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸,没有发现半胱氨酸和组氨酸。     

用抑制差减杂交法分离小麦幼苗水分胁迫诱导表达的cDNA

小麦种子水培 ,幼苗长至一叶一心后 ,在 2 0℃生长箱中水培 4 8h作为对照组 (Driver) ,PEG 6 0 0 0水溶液胁迫培养 4 8h作为处理组 (Tester)。进行抑制差减杂交 ,构建包含 15 0 0个独立克隆的SSH文库。以正向和反向差减杂交后的cDNA为探针 ,筛选SSH文库 ,得到 181个阳性克隆 ,测序后获不重复EST 10 1个。     

播种密度对秸秆覆盖旱地冬小麦产量和土壤水分的影响

为了解秸秆覆盖下作物群体对土壤水分和小麦产量的影响,于2012年6月至2013年6月在渭北旱塬研究秸秆覆盖与常规耕作模式下播种密度对土壤储水量、冬小麦群体动态变化、小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。秸秆覆盖与常规耕作相比休闲期在0~3.6 m土层多蓄水105 mm,主要于小麦拔节后利用。不同播种密度主要影响小麦抽穗前的群体大小,抽穗后群体差异不显著。小麦籽粒产量为2 841~3 496 kg/hm, 不同密度水平或覆盖均没有显著影响小麦产量,但是高密度处理较中、低密度显著降低小麦收获指数。另外,秸秆覆盖小麦较常规增加20%耗水量,小麦水分利用效率降低11%。因此,在休闲期降雨丰富,生育期特旱的气候条件下播种密度对秸秆覆盖小麦产量没有影响,显著增加耗水量,降低水分利用效率。播种密度、秸秆覆盖及其交互效应还有待于在其他气候年型下进一步研究观测以便综合评价这些因素的影响效应,进而建立旱地小麦高产高效用水的管理措施。