鸦胆子果实的化学成分研究

为了解鸦胆子(Brucea javanica)的化学成分,从鸦胆子果实中分离得到13个已知化合物,经波谱学分析鉴定为：对羟基苯甲醛(1),对羟基苯甲酸(2),3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(3),3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4),没食子酸(5),丁香酸(6),二氢阿魏酸(7),毛地黄黄酮(8),angophorol (9),2β,6β,9β-trihydroxyclovane (10),硬脂酸(11),β-谷甾醇(12)和β-胡萝卜苷(13)。化合物2,4,6~10均系从鸦胆子果实中首次分离得到。     

尖刀唇石斛化学成分研究

本文对尖刀唇石斛(Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl.)中的化学成分及其抗炎和抗氧化活性进行研究。实验采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶和高效液相色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并用波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构,从尖刀唇石斛的乙酸乙酯萃取部位中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为3,4′-二羟基-5-甲氧基联苄(1)、batatasinⅢ(2)、3-羟基-4′,5-二甲氧基联苄(3)、3-O-methylgigantol(4)、gigantol(5)、3,4-二羟基-4′,5-二甲氧基联苄(6)、moscatilin(7)、dendrocandin A(8)、(S)-3,4,α-三羟基-4′,5-二甲氧基联苄(9)、densiflorol A(10)、dendrocandin I(11)、dendrocandin F(12)、coelonin(13)、红花素(14)、4-羟基-2-甲氧基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸(15)。化合物1～15均为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物14为首次从该属植物中分离得到。化合物3、 5、 11具有抑制小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞生成一氧化氮的作用;化合物5具有较好的ABTS自由基清除能力,化合物6具有较好的DPPH自由基清除能力。     

紫茎泽兰中的酚类化学成分

从紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)乙醇提取物中分离得到11个酚类化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为咖啡酸(1)、阿魏酸(2)、芥子醛(3)、苯乙基阿魏酯(4)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(5)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(6)、3,4-二甲氧基苯甲酸(7)、没食子酸(8)、3-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-1-丙醇(9)、2-香豆酸-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)和4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷-3,5-二甲氧基苯基-乙基酮(11)。化合物3~9和11为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

鸦胆子药渣的化学成分研究

为了解鸦胆子(Brucea javanica)药渣的化学成分,从中分离得到了10个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、对羟基苯甲醛(2)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(3)、3,4-二羟基苯甲醛(4)、松柏醛(5)、芥子醛(6)、3-吲哚甲醛(7)、3-吲哚甲酸(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)和鸦胆苦醇(10)。其中化合物4～6、8为首次从鸦胆子分离得到。     

海南石斛化学成分研究

为了解海南石斛(Dendrobium hainanense Rolfe)的化学成分,采用色谱技术从海南石斛茎叶中分离得到14个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为:2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌(1)、(+)-dehydrovomifoliol(2)、blumenol A(3)、2,7-二羟基-3,4-二甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(4)、2,7-二羟基-3,4-二甲氧基菲(5)、3,7-二羟基-2,4-二甲氧基菲(6)、3-羟基-2,4,7-三甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(7)、3-羟基-2,4,7-三甲氧基菲(8)、3,4,7-三羟基-2-甲氧基菲(9)、3,7-二羟基-2,4-二甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(10)、(+)-lyoniresinol(11)、丁香脂素(12)、denchrysan A(13)和nobilone(14)。这些化合物均为首次从海南石斛中分离得到。活性测试结果表明化合物4~6、8~9、11和14对乙酰胆碱酯酶有抑制活性。     

海南灵芝化学成分研究

为探讨海南灵芝(Ganoderma hainanense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)的化学成分,采用柱层析技术从海南灵芝乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物。经波谱分析鉴定其结构分别为:巴西红厚壳素(1)、6-脱氧巴西红厚壳素(2)、7,8-二甲基咯嗪(3)、5,8-过氧麦角固醇(4)、3β,5α,9α-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(5)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(6)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮(7)、7α-甲氧基-5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β-醇(8)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α-6β-三醇(9)、3-吲哚甲酸(10)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(11)、对羟基苯甲酸(12)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(13)和正二十六烷酸(14)。所有化合物均为首次从海南灵芝中分离得到。     

梭果黄芪的化学成分和生物活性研究(英文)

从梭果黄芪甲醇提取物种分离鉴定了14个化合物,经波谱数据分别鉴定为羽扇烯酮(1)、β-D-Glucopyranoside-3,4-dihydro-3-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl(2)、甘草素(3)、(3R)-8,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavane(4)、异甘草素(5)、蔗糖(6)、7α-羟基谷甾醇(7)、3β-羟基-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯(8)、三亚油酸甘油酯(9)、正三十三烷(10)、正十八烷(11)、二十八醇(12)、正二十七烷(13)、β-谷甾醇(14)。其中化合物1-13为首次从该植物中分离得到。活性研究结果显示,化合物2对胃癌细胞MGC-803,肝癌细胞HepG2,人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3有一定抑制作用。     

黑果枸杞正丁醇部位的酚性化合物

采用色谱法从黑果枸杞中分离得到7个化合物,借助波谱学方法鉴定了它们的结构,分别鉴定为2-O-(3-甲氧基4,5-二羟基苯甲酰基)-4-羟基-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基苯乙酸(1)、绿原酸(2)、绿原酸甲酯(3)、glucoacetosyringone(4)、丁香酸(5)、对羟基苯甲醛(6)和3,4-二羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(7)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物4和7为首次从本属中被分离得到。     

元宝草中一个新的二苯甲酮

为了研究元宝草(Hypericum sampsonii Hance)全草的化学成分,利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20等色谱技术对元宝草三氯甲烷部位进行分离和纯化,共得到6个化合物,通过1H NMR、13C NMR、HMQC、HMBC等波谱技术分别鉴定为2,6-二羟基-4,3’,5’-三甲氧基二苯甲酮(1)、1,3,6-三羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(2)、山奈酚(3)、木犀草素(4)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯(5)、β-谷甾醇(6),其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2和5首次从该植物中分离得到。     

海莲内生真菌Pestalotiopsis clavispora代谢产物研究

从海莲内生真菌Pestalotiopsis clavispora发酵液乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到9个化合物。根据波谱数据,化合物1－9结构分别鉴定为：3β,22β,24-三羟基齐墩果-12-烯,乌苏酸,3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙烯,邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯,3,4-二羟基苯乙醇,对羟基苯乙醇,3β-羟基-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯,麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮,胸苷。9个化合物均为首次从该内生真菌中分离得到。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。