Wing polymorphism in Aphids IV. the effect of temperature and photoperiod

High temperatures and long days favour apterous development in Aphis craccivora Koch. Temperature was found to influence both prenatal and postnatal control of form while photoperiod was only found to influence prenatal control. It is suggested that when temperature and daylength are high and long enough to suppress sexual development in aphids, they also suppress alate development, but alate development can proceed in the presence of other factors such as crowding and poor host plant. The threshold of response of aphids to these stimuli is influenced by the temperature and photoperiod which they have experienced. There is some evidence which suggests that in prenatal form control temperature and photoperiod can act directly on the embryos.

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Zusammenfassung In temperaturkonstanten Räumen wurden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen Versuche über die Auslösung des Flügelpolymorphismus bei Aphis craccivora Koch und Aphis fabae Scop. durchgeführt. Die Blattläuse wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Tageslängen isoliert auf Blattscheiben gehalten, die aus Blättern ihrer Wirtspflanzen ausgeschnitten waren. Es ließ sich zeigen, daß bei Aphis craccivora sowohl Temperatur wie Photoperiode die praenatale Formdetermination beeinflussen können und daß die Temperatur, aber nicht die Photoperiode, die postnatale Formbildung beeinflussen kann. Niedere Temperaturen und kurze Tageslängen begünstigen die Entwicklung von Geflügelten, hohe Temperaturen und lange Tage dagegen die der Ungeflügelten. Bei Aphis fabae wurde nachgewiesen, daß Larve, die sich normalerweise zu Gynoparen entwickelt hätten, durch Aufzucht bei hohen Temperaturen zur Entwicklung in ungeflügelte Virginopare veranlaßt werden konnten und daß Dekapitation von ungeflügelten Aphis fabae, die geflügelte Virginopare produzierten, diese zur Produktion ungeflügelter Virginoparer umstimmte, daß aber die Dekapitation von Läusen, die geflügelte Gynopare hervorbrachten, keinen Einfluß auf die Form der Nachkommen ausübte, die sie daraufhin lieferten. Es wird vermutet, daß bei der praenatalen Formdetermination Temperatur und Photoperiode einen direkten Einfluß auf den Embryo haben. Wenn sie genügend hoch bzw. lang genug sind, um die Entwicklung von Sexuales zu verhindern, unterdrücken sie auch die Geflügeltenbildung, aber die Geflügeltenentwicklung kann trotzdem fortschreiten, wenn Reize vorhanden sind, die wie Zusammenpferchung mit anderen Läusen oder ungünstige Wirtspflanzen zusätzlich die Geflügeltenbildung begünstigen.

     

麦蚜种间竞争研究初报

麦蚜是小麦的主要害虫之一,不仅直接为害小麦,且传播黄矮病。不同地区,麦蚜发生程度及其优势种不同;同一地区,在小麦不同的生育期麦蚜优势种也会发生变化。有关这方     

麦蚜聚集与扩散行为的初步研究

研究种群空间格局(spatial pattern)为我们了解昆虫的有关行为提供了一种有效途径,它一方面揭示了种群个体在某一时刻的行为习性,另一方面描述了该时刻中有关诸环境因素     

Ants and Habitat Specificity in Aphids

A number of rare butterflies are known to only utilise their host plant species when they grow in particular situations. Field data are presented showing that two rare species of aphid also only utilised their host plants when they grew in particular situations, namely near ant nests. The oak-feeding aphid Stomaphis quercus only occupied trees within 17 m of a Lasius fulignosus nest. The thyme-feeding aphid Aphis serpylli only occurred in a region of a Breckland grass heath where the sward contained a high density of Lasius niger nests, and then most commonly only in quadrats containing ant nests. The sward that was suitable for A. serpylli was generated by the action of farm traffic. It is concluded that ants indirectly impose habitat specificity on these aphids.     

Aphids in the face of global changes

Global warming is one of the principal challenges facing insects worldwide. It affects individual species and interactions between species directly through effects on their physiology and indirectly through effects on their habitat. Aphids are particularly sensitive to temperature changes due to certain specific biological features of this group. Effects on individuals have repercussions for aphid diversity and population dynamics. At a pan-European scale, the EXAMINE observation network has provided evidence for an increase in the number of aphid species present over the last 30 years and for earlier spring flights. We review these results and provide a review of the principal effects of global warming on aphid communities.     

Aphids as models for ecological and evolutionary studies

Aphids （Hemiptera： Aphididae） are a group of phloemfeeding insects numbering more than 5 000 extant species（Favret, 2014a）. Most species have complex life cycles that include both asexual （viviparous parthenogenesis）and sexual reproduction. They display a high degree of intraspecific polyphenism with multiple phenotypes froman identical genotype, and they have specialized associations with their host plants （Blackman ＆ Eastop, 2000）.Some aphid species are gall-makers and even have evolved sociality with division of labor （Aoki, 1977; Stern ＆Foster, 1996）. Many aphid species are agricultural and forestry pests. They incur damage to plants and carryvector plant viruses （Blackman ＆ Eastop, 2000）. Due to their fascinating biological character and economic importance, aphids have long been popular animals for research in basic and applied biology, and are becominguseful research models for studying important questions in ecology and evolution, especially in the genomic era（Brisson ＆ Stem, 2006; Huang ＆ Qiao, 2006; Srinivasan ＆ Brisson, 2012）.     

Pathogenicity of the Fungus Verticillium lecanii to Aphids and Powdery Mildew

Aspects of the host specificity and pathogenicity of the hyphomycete, Verticillium lecanii , were investigated under laboratory conditions. DiVerences were observed in the pathogenicities of three strains of V. lecanii (DAOM 198499, DAOM 216596 and Vertalec) to the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Sphaerotheca fuliginea , the causal agent of cucumber powdery mildew. The estimated median lethal concentration required to achieve 50% mortality (LC ), 50 median lethal time leading to 50% mortality (LT ) and aphid net reproductive rate ( R ) 50 0 indicated that Vertalec and strain 198499 were more virulent to aphids than strain 216596. The estimated median colonization time for 50% of fungal colonies (CT ) showed that strain 50 198499 was the best antagonist of cucumber powdery mildew. Further comparison suggested that the mean pathogenicity of V. lecanii strain 198499 to cucumber powdery mildew was almost equivalent to that of Sporothrix flocculosa , a biological control agent of greenhouse fungal pathogens. These observations provide convincing experimental evidence that V. lecanii is biologically active against both arthropods and fungi. The potential of using V. lecanii strain 198499 in biological control is discussed.     

Occurrence and Transmission of Facultative Endosymbionts in Aphids

The occurrence of a secondary bacterial symbiont (PASS) of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific nucleotide primers based on PASS 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences from over 80% (50/57) of clones of pea aphid collected from widely separated locations in California. PASS was also detected by PCR in both red and green phenotypes of rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), but not in six other species of aphids examined, including blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi Shinji). The nucleotide sequences of the PCR-amplified, partial 16S rDNAs (1060 bp) from pea aphid and rose aphid were identical and 99.9% similar to the published 16S rDNA of PASS. PASS and a recently described new rickettsia of pea aphid (PAR) were transmitted by needle injection of hemolymph from positive pea aphid clones into negative clones and into blue alfalfa aphids. Both PASS and PAR were maintained in the offspring of some of the injected mother aphids via high rate of maternal transmission. Received: 18 September 1996 / Accepted: 30 September 1996     

《蚜虫:生物学、天敌与防治》

<正> 该书属世界作物害虫(World Crop Pests)(荷兰W.Helle教授主编)系列丛书之一,全书分为2A、2B、2C共3卷,由来自14个国家的57位专家(仅指A、B卷,C卷正在出版中)分别撰写有关章节,荷兰的A K Minks和P.Harrewijn两位教授编辑,Elsevier Science PublishersB.V.公司1987(A 卷)、1988(B 卷)出版,A、B两卷共计814页,文献3000余篇,是迄今为止第一本全面系统阐述蚜虫生物学、生态学和IPM实践的优秀专著。     

Aphids as transport devices for plant viruses

Plant viruses have evolved a wide array of strategies to ensure efficient transfer from one host to the next. Any organism feeding on infected plants and traveling between plants can potentially act as a virus transport device. Such organisms, designated vectors, are found among parasitic fungi, root nematodes and plant-feeding arthropods, particularly insects. Due to their extremely specialized feeding behavior – exploring and sampling all plant tissues, from the epidermis to the phloem and xylem – aphids are by far the most important vectors, transmitting nearly 30% of all plant virus species described to date. Several different interaction patterns have evolved between viruses and aphid vectors and, over the past century, a tremendous number of studies have provided details of the underlying mechanisms. This article presents an overview of the different types of virus-aphid relationships, state-of-the-art knowledge of the molecular processes underlying these interactions, and the remaining black boxes waiting to be opened in the near future.     

重组GNA对蚜虫的抗生效应

雪花莲外源凝集素(GNA)对蚜虫有强烈的毒性,是防治蚜虫最有希望的植物源蛋白杀虫剂。该试验在获得高效表达GNA的重组大肠杆菌的基础上,测试了重组GNA蛋白对蚜虫的抗生效应。采用5种不同浓度的重组GNA直接喷杀蚜虫,观测蚜虫吸食重组GNA后的成活率,生殖速率和平均繁殖率等生命参数,结果表明浓度为0．2g／L时即对蚜虫有明显的致死性和降低生殖、抑制发育进程的作用,且随浓度升高,毒性作用加强。     

On Estimating the Population of Aphids in A Potato Field

This appendix to the preceding paper by L. Broadbent deals with the statistical problem of estimating the population of aphids per plant in a field of growing potatoes. An unbiased method is described, in which a definite proportion of a number of plants is sampled, and also a more rapid, method of stratified sampling. (An account of the statistical principles involved has been given by Yates (1946).) Sampling for purposes of inspection is then considered, using practices current in industrial statistics and described, for example, by Peach (1947). Finally, some counts on Myzus persicae are examined, to obtain information on the. type of variation in aphid numbers to be expected.     

Adult Coccinellid Activity and Predation on Aphids in Spring Cereals

Improved understanding of coccinellid activity and predation on aphids in the field could clarify their potential in aphid biological control. Our objective was to determine the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on activity and predation by adults of three coccinellid species (Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), and Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer) in spring cereal fields. The proportion of time coccinellids spent searching was correlated with air temperature, aphid density, and time of day. The relationship between searching and these variables differed among species. Mean walking speed ranged from 66.4 cm/min for C. maculata to 83.2 cm/min for H. tredecimpunctata and increased with temperature for all species. The frequency of short flights (<2 m) by beetles increased with temperature and decreased with increasing aphid density for all species, but the relationship of short flight frequency to these variables differed among species. The frequency of long flights (>2 m) was similar for all species and influenced by temperature and calendar date. The frequencies with which aphids were encountered and eaten were correlated with aphid density and temperature for H. convergens and H. tredecimpunctata. Despite over 250 h spent observing adult coccinellid behavior in the field, predation data were insufficient to develop a useful predation model.     

E605和666对于棉蚜的熏蒸作用

根据前一作者在美用小盒试验,DDT,毒杀芬(Toxaphene),TEPP等粉剂对棉蚜毫无熏蒸作用可言,氯丹(Chlordane)熏蒸作用极微,而E605(Parathion)及666熏蒸作用则极强(1)。1950年春作者等在花盆内进行土壤灌注抗蚜试验,进