粗糙脉孢菌（Neurospora crassa）木糖发酵的研究

研究了不同通氧条件和培养基初始pH等对粗糙脉孢菌（Neurospora crassa）AS 3.1602木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,粗糙脉孢菌具有较强的发酵木糖产生乙醇及木糖醇的能力。通气量对木糖发酵有较大的影响。乙醇发酵适合在半好氧条件下进行,此时乙醇的转化率达到63.2%。木糖醇发酵适合在微好氧的条件下进行,转化率达到31.8%。木糖醇是在培养基中乙醇达到一定浓度后才开始积累。培养基的初始pH对木糖发酵产物有较大的影响,乙醇产生最适pH5.0,木糖醇产生最适pH4.0。在培养基pH为碱性条件时,木糖发酵受到很大的抑制。初始木糖浓度对产物乙醇及木糖醇的产率有很大的影响。葡萄糖的存在会抑制木糖的利用,对乙醇和木糖醇的产生也有很大的影响。     

氧限制下粗糙脉孢菌乙醇发酵的数学模型及过程模拟

粗糙脉孢菌(Mzcrospora crassan)具有直接转化植物纤维性物质生产乙醇的能力。研究了不同氧限制条件对粗糙脉孢菌发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇的影响,构建了该过程的数学模型,并利用数学模型进行了模拟和预测研究。结果表明,数学模型能够很好地预测氧限制条件下乙醇的发酵过程,即使微量氧对乙醇发酵也有较大的负面影响。     

食品上的应用

920754用季氏假丝醉母由O一木箱生产木精醉〔英万Meyr-ial,V.…厂Bioteehnol.Lett。一1991,13(4)。一251~256〔译自DBA,1991,10(12),91-06933〕 研究了在微需氧条件下季氏假丝酵母(C“-“dag即玄11哀e,劝。:d公云)NRC557s由木糖生产木糖醇,以及发酵个别的非木糖半纤维素衍生糖的能力。在30“C、搅拌速度15。印m和原始pH6的条件下进行发酵。木糖转化为木糖醇的转化率为。.63g/g,产生的乙醇量可忽略不计。季氏假丝醉母在原始搪浓超过1109/l的D一木糖培养基上培养时可获高转化率和木糖醇产率。由3009/lD一木糖获得的最终木糖醇浓度为221…     

一株厌氧嗜热杆菌生长及发酵特性的初步研究

论文对筛选并鉴定为Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum菌株的生长、底物利用情况、产物生成以及酒精耐受性进行了研究。结果表明,该菌在以甘露糖、葡萄糖和木糖为碳源时生长较好,同时能够较好的利用木聚糖和木薯淀粉;最适底物浓度为15g/L;不同的葡萄糖:木糖比例对其生长无显著影响;能耐受的培养基最高初始酒精浓度为3%(V/V)。在5g/L的木聚糖、木糖和木薯淀粉培养基中发酵60h后,产物主要有乙醇、乳酸和乙酸,乙醇产量分别为0.824、0.867和0.916g/L。     

在含D-木糖的培养基上利用Petromyces albertensis的生长生产木糖醇

在含D-木糖培养基上培养Petromyces albertensis生产木糖醇和D—木酮糖,用高液相色谱鉴定其发酵产物.从含醋酸铵和酵母膏,初pH7.0的D-木糠培养基内获得了大量的木糖醇.木糖醇的大量产生及其酶相关的产物是在培养10天后进行观察的.D—木糖(100g/L)培养基中增补1%(V/V)甲醇,获得最高木糖醇产量为39.8g/L和D-木酮糖2.8g/L.     

休哈塔假丝酵母发酵木糖制乙醇过程研究

木质纤维素原料水解产物的主要成分是葡萄糖和木糖,其中葡萄糖很容易发酵,致使木糖成为木质纤维素发酵的关键,休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)1766是自然界木糖发酵性能较好的天然酵母之一。研究了发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量、初始pH值、摇床转速等因素对休哈塔假丝酵母1766发酵木糖生产乙醇的影响,由正交试验初步确定了休哈塔假丝酵母发酵木糖制乙醇工艺的适宜条件为好氧条件,发酵时间为2d,发酵温度为28℃,摇床转速为150r/min,初始pH值为5,此时乙醇收率最高可达68.62%。     

一株芦荟抗菌内生细菌的分离鉴定及生物学性质研究

从药用植物中华芦荟组织中分离出一株抗菌内生细菌A11#,该菌产生广谱抗菌活性物质,对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等革兰氏阳性细菌和植物病原真菌均有较强的抑制作用;通过形态学观察及生理生化特征测定,初步鉴定归属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。该菌在初始pH值为5．0～10．0的PDA培养基上生长旺盛,生长最适pH为5～7,培养液初始pH为6～10时发酵产生大量粘性物质;生长温度范围在10～45℃,最适温度28～37oc;在初始pH5．0和30．5℃条件下发酵,其发酵液抑菌作用最强;该菌所产抗菌物质能耐121℃处理30min而不影响其活性。在阿须贝无氮培养基上生长良好,在不加葡萄糖、蔗糖或淀粉的LB和牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基上不生长;同时还产生对高岭土有絮凝活性的物质。     

一种基因工程改造的NADH高亲和力木糖还原酶突变基因可促进酿酒酵母发酵木糖生成乙醇

在导入表达毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖还原酶(xylose reductase,XR)和木糖醇脱氢酶(xylitol dehydrogenase,XDH)基因的重组酿酒酵母中,木糖还原酶活性主要依赖辅酶NADPH,木糖醇脱氢酶活性依赖辅酶 NAD+,两者的辅助因子不同导致细胞内电子氧化还原的不平衡,是造成木糖醇积累,影响木糖代谢和乙醇产量的主要原因之一.将经过基因工程改造获得的NADH高亲和力的木糖还原酶突变基因m1,与毕赤酵母木糖醇脱氢酶(PsXDH)基因xyl2共转染酿酒酵母AH109,以转染毕赤酵母木糖还原酶(PsXR)基因xyl1和xyl2重组质粒的酵母细胞为对照菌株,在SC/-Leu/-Trp营养缺陷型培养基中进行筛选,获得的阳性转化子分别命名为AH-M-XDH和AH-XR-XDH.重组酵母在限制氧通气条件下对木糖和葡萄糖进行共发酵摇瓶培养,HPLC检测发酵底物的消耗和代谢产物的产出情况.结果显示,与对照菌株AH-XR-XDH相比,AH-M-XDH的木糖利用率明显提高,乙醇得率增加了16%,木糖醇产生下降了41.4%.结果证实,通过基因工程改造的木糖代谢关键酶,可用于酿酒酵母发酵木糖生产乙醇,其能通过改善酿酒酵母细胞内氧化还原失衡的问题,提高木糖利用率和乙醇产率.     

戊糖和己糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇条件研究

利用嗜鞣管囊酵母P-01对木糖和葡萄糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了试验研究,结果表明,木糖和葡萄糖混合液生产燃料乙醇的最佳条件为发酵液的pH值5.5、30℃、摇床转速120 r/min、接种量10%、发酵液初始糖浓度6%、葡萄糖与木糖之比为2、发酵周期为84h。在最佳发酵条件下,发酵醪液中的燃料乙醇浓度为2.101%,糖醇转化率为35%。     

代谢改造热带假丝酵母发酵木糖母液生产木糖醇

木糖醇是一种在食品、医药、轻工等领域具有广泛用途的多元醇,目前主要通过酸水解木聚糖获得木糖并进一步化学催化加氢方法制备。提取木糖过程中会产生大量的木糖母液副产物,其中含有一定浓度的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等碳源,以及少量的糠醛、四氢呋喃等物质。研究微生物转化木糖母液生产高附加值化学品不仅能够提高木糖母液的利用价值,而且能够减少环境污染。热带假丝酵母不仅能够利用葡萄糖,也具有高效的木糖代谢途径。首先利用代谢工程技术删除了热带假丝酵母菌株的木糖醇脱氢酶基因,获得能够转化木糖积累木糖醇的突变株。在此基础上,评价了突变株在木糖母液培养基中的发酵性能。通过单因素优化实验确定了突变株发酵生产木糖醇较优的发酵工艺:培养基组成为木糖母液300g/L,玉米浆5g/L;最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度35℃,初始p H为5.0,接种量15%,200r/min摇床培养140h。利用优化后的发酵工艺,木糖醇产量达到83.01g/L。初步建立了转化木糖母液生产木糖醇的工艺,为进一步利用木糖母液奠定了基础。     

The influence of aeration and hemicellulosic sugars on xylitol production by Candida tropicalis

The influence of other hemicellulosic sugars (arabinose, galactose, mannose and glucose), oxygen limitation, and initial xylose concentration on the fermentation of xylose to xylitol was investigated using experimental design methodology. Oxygen limitation and initial xylose concentration had considerable influences on xylitol production by Canadida tropicalis ATCC 96745. Under semiaerobic conditions, the maximum xylitol yield was 0.62 g/g substrate, while under aerobic conditions, the maximum volumetric productivity was 0.90 g/l h. In the presence of glucose, xylose utilization was strongly repressed and sequential sugar utilization was observed. Ethanol produced from the glucose caused 50% reduction in xylitol yield when its concentration exceeded 30 g/l. When complex synthetic hemicellulosic sugars were fermented, glucose was initially consumed followed by a simultaneous uptake of the other sugars. The maximum xylitol yield (0.84 g/g) and volumetric productivity (0.49 g/l h) were obtained for substrates containing high arabinose and low glucose and mannose contents.     

Fed-batch xylitol production with recombinantXYL-1-expressingSaccharomyees cerevisiae using ethanol as a co-substrate

The bioconversion of xylose into xylitol in fed-batch fermentation with a recombinantSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain, transformed with the xylose-reductase gene ofPichia stipitis, was studied. When only xylose was fed into the fermentor, the production of xylitol continued until the ethanol that had been produced during an initial growth phase on glucose, was depleted. It was concluded that ethanol acted as a redox-balance-retaining co-substrate. The conversion of high amounts of xylose into xylitol required the addition of ethanol to the feed solution. Under O₂-limited conditions, acetic acid accumulated in the fermentation broth, causing poisoning of the yeast at low extracellular pH. Acetic acid toxicity could be avoided by either increasing the pH from 4.5 to 6.5 or by more effective aeration, leading to the further metabolism of acetic acid into cell mass. The best xylitol/ethanol yield, 2.4 gg^–1 was achieved under O₂-limited conditions. Under anaerobic conditions ethanol could not be used as a co-substrate, because the cell cannot produce ATP for maintenance requirements from ethanol anaerobically. The specific rate of xylitol production decreased with increasing aeration. The initial volumetric productivity increased when xylose was added in portions rather than by continuous feeding, due to a more complete saturation of the transport system and the xylose reductase enzyme.     

Fed-batch fermentation of xylose by a fast-growing mutant of xylose-assimilating recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutants of xylose-assimilating recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase genes on plasmid pEXGD8 were selected, after ethyl methanesulfonate treatment, for their rapid growth on xylose medium. The fastest growing strain (strain IM2) showed a lower activity of xylose reductase but a higher ratio of xylitol dehydrogenase to xylose reductase activities than the parent strain, as well as high xylulokinase activity. Southern hybridization of the chromosomal DNA indicated that plasmid pEXGD8 was integrated into the chromosome of mutant IM2, resulting in an increase in the stability of the cloned genes. In batch fermentation under O₂ limitation, the yield and production rate of ethanol were improved 1.6 and 2.7 times, respectively, compared to the parent strain. In fed-batch culture with slow feeding of xylose and appropriate O₂ supply at a low level, xylitol excreted from the cells was limited and the ethanol yield increased 1.5 times over that in the batch culture, with a high initial concentration of xylose, although the production rate was reduced. The results suggested that slow conversion of xylose to xylitol led to a lower level of intracellular xylitol, resulting in less excretion of xylitol, and an increase in the ethanol yield. It was also observed that the oxidation of xylitol was strongly affected by the O₂ supply.Correspondence to: T. Yoshida     

d-Xylulose Fermentation to Ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We used commercial bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to study the conversion of d-xylulose to ethanol in the presence of d-xylose. The rate of ethanol production increased with an increase in yeast cell density. The optimal temperature for d-xylulose fermentation was 35 degrees C, and the optimal pH range was 4 to 6. The fermentation of d-xylulose by yeast resulted in the production of ethanol as the major product; small amounts of xylitol and glycerol were also produced. The production of xylitol was influenced by pH as well as temperature. High pH values and low temperatures enhanced xylitol production. The rate of d-xylulose fermentation decreased when the production of ethanol yielded concentrations of 4% or more. The slow conversion rate of d-xylulose to ethanol was increased by increasing the yeast cell density. The overall production of ethanol from d-xylulose by yeast cells under optimal conditions was 90% of the theoretical yield.     

Improvements in ethanol production from xylose by mating recombinant xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

To improve the ability of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to utilize the hemicellulose components of lignocellulosic feedstocks, the efficiency of xylose conversion to ethanol needs to be increased. In the present study, xylose-fermenting, haploid, yeast cells of the opposite mating type were hybridized to produce a diploid strain harboring two sets of xylose-assimilating genes encoding xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase. The hybrid strain MN8140XX showed a 1.3- and 1.9-fold improvement in ethanol production compared to its parent strains MT8-1X405 and NBRC1440X, respectively. The rate of xylose consumption and ethanol production was also improved by the hybridization. This study revealed that the resulting improvements in fermentation ability arose due to chromosome doubling as well as the increase in the copy number of xylose assimilation genes. Moreover, compared to the parent strain, the MN8140XX strain exhibited higher ethanol production under elevated temperatures (38 °C) and acidic conditions (pH 3.8). Thus, the simple hybridization technique facilitated an increase in the xylose fermentation activity.     

Improvement of xylose fermentation in respiratory-deficient xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effective conversion of xylose in lignocelluloses is expected to reduce the production cost of second-generation biofuels significantly. The factors affecting xylose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that express xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase (XR-XDH) are studied. Although overproduction of non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway significantly increased the aerobic-specific growth rate on xylose and slightly improved conversion of xylose to ethanol under oxygen-limited conditions, the elimination of respiration by deleting cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV gene impeded aerobic growth on xylose. However, the adaptive evolution of the respiratory-deficient strain with an NADP(+)-preferring XDH mutant in xylose media dramatically improved its xylose-fermenting ability. The specific growth rate, ethanol yield, and xylitol yield of the evolved strain on xylose were 0.06h(-1), 0.39gg(-1), and 0.13gg(-1) consumed xylose, respectively. Similar to anaerobic fermentation, the evolved strain exhibited accumulated ethanol rather than recycled it under aerobic conditions.     

Effect of Oxygenation on Xylose Fermentation by Pichia stipitis

The effect of oxygen limitation on xylose fermentation by Pichia stipitis (CBS 6054) was investigated in continuous culture. The maximum specific ethanol productivity (0.20 g of ethanol g dry weight⁻¹ h⁻¹) and ethanol yield (0.48 g/g) was reached at an oxygen transfer rate below 1 mmol/liter per h. In the studied range of oxygenation, the xylose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) and xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.9) activities were constant as well as the ratio between the NADPH and NADH activities of xylose reductase. No xylitol production was found. The pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) activity increased and the malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) activity decreased with decreasing oxygenation. With decreasing oxygenation, the intracellular intermediary metabolites sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and malate accumulated slightly while pyruvate decreased. The ratio of the xylose uptake rate under aerobic conditions, in contrast to that under anaerobic assay conditions, increased with increasing oxygenation in the culture. The results are discussed in relation to the energy level in the cell, the redox balance, and the mitochondrial function.     

Metabolic engineering of the initial stages of xylose catabolism in yeasts for construction of efficient producers of ethanol from lignocelluloses

Plant biomass possesses a huge potential as a source for biofuel production. The main components of biomass are glucose and five-carbon sugar xylose. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is used for industrial ethanol production from glucose is unable to xylose fermentation. Therefore a microorganism capable for efficient fermentation of both glucose and xylose has to be found in nature or constructed for economically feasible biomass conversion to ethanol. The active xylose fermentation could be performed by increasing the efficiency of initial stages of xylose metabolism. In this review the enzymes of initial stages of xylose metabolism in yeasts (xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, xylulokinase) and bacteria (xylose isomerase and xylulokinase) are characterized. The ways for construction of yeast strains capable of efficient alcoholic xylose fermentation are discussed.     

Production of xylitol from D-xylose by recombinant Lactococcus lactis

The D-xylose reductase from Pichia stipitis CBS 5773 and the xylose transporter from Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 8287 were expressed in active form in Lactococcus lactis NZ9800. Xylitol production was investigated using non-growing recombinant cells in high cell-density under microaerobic conditions in the presence of xylose and glucose. Besides xylose, the recombinant strain with xylose reductase activity reduced l-arabinose and D-ribose in significant extent to the corresponding pentitols. The ratio of xylitol produced per glucose consumed was almost 10-fold higher under glucose limitation than the ratio in the presence of excess initial glucose. The co-expression of the xylose transporter with the xylose reductase did not increase the efficiency of xylitol production appreciably when compared to the strain in which only the xylose reductase gene was expressed. A fed-batch experiment with high initial xylose concentration (160 gl(-1)) under glucose limitation was carried out using the strain co-expressing xylose reductase and xylose transporter genes. The xylitol yield from xylose was 1.0 mol mol(-1) and the ratio of xylitol produced per glucose consumed was 2.5 mol mol(-1). The volumetric productivity was 2.72 gl(-1)h(-1) at 20 h. Of the xylose initially present, 34% was consumed. Analysis of the fermentation metabolites revealed a shift from homolactic to mixed acid fermentation at early stages of the experiment.     

Effect of temperature on the microaerophilic metabolism of Pachysolen tannophilus

Xylitol production by Pachysolen tannophilus from detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate was investigated under microaerophilic conditions at temperature ranging from 20 to 40 degrees C. A carbon balance previously proposed to study the influence of pH was used in this work to evaluate the amounts of carbon source (xylose) utilised in competitive metabolic ways: reductive production of xylitol, ethanol fermentation and respiration. At pH = 5.5 more than 83% of xylose was reduced to xylitol at 25 < T < 30 degrees C, whereas respiration became the main process at low temperature (71.1% at 20 degrees C). At high temperature, on the other hand, all three processes took place at comparable rate, consuming at 40 degrees C nearly the same percentage of carbon source (33-35%). Finally, the maximum values of volumetric productivity calculated at variable temperature were used to estimate the main thermodynamic parameters of both xylitol production (Deltah* = 105.4 kJ mol(-1); Deltas* = -13.2 J mol(-1) K(-1)) and thermal deactivation (Deltah*(D) = 210.5 kJ mol(-1); Deltas*(D) = 3.63 J mol(-1) K(-1)).