Zur Zeitgeberfunktion des Lichtbeginne in Synchronkulturen von Chlorella1

Der Beginn der Lichtphase ist unter stabilen Kulturbedingungen der einzige Zeitgeber der synchronen Entwicklung von Chlorella im Licht-Dunkel-Wechsel. Nur im unmittelbaren Anschluß an eine Veränderung des Verhältnisses Lichtphase: Dunkelphase hat auch der Beginn der Dunkelphase einen gewissen Einfluß auf die Rhythmik. Bei der Fortsetzung der Versuche mit hellrotem Störlicht stellte sich heraus, daß hierdurch auch der Zeitpunkt des Einsetzens der DNS-Synthese beeinflußt wird. Diese Arbeit wurde durch Mittel finanziert, die das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen über das Landesamt für Forschung dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung stellte. Frau Dipl.-Chem. I. Rolle , Fräulein B. Civis und Fräulein G. Wehmeier danken wir für ihre Mitarbeit.     

Zur Ultrastruktur der Chromatophorenmuskelzellen von Loligo vulgaris

Zusammenfassung Die Innervation der braunen, roten und gelben Chromatophoren von Loligo vulgaris ist quantitativ und qualitativ verschieden. In den begleitenden Nervenbündeln finden sich stets Axone mit hellen (etwa 300 Å Ø), gelegentlich auch solche mit dense-core-Vesikeln (etwa 600 Å Ø).Die Myofilamente der kontraktilen Rinde sind gegeneinander versetzt und um die Längsachse spiralig gewunden. Im axialen Sarkoplasma treten gebündelte, in Längsrichtung zur Muskelzelle orientierte Filamente auf (jedes etwa 70 Å Ø), die möglicherweise eine Funktion bei der tonischen Kontraktion erfüllen.

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The ultrastructure of chromatophore muscle cells in Loligo vulgaris

Summary The innervation of the brown, red and yellow chromatophore muscle cells in Loligo vulgaris shows quantitative and qualitative differences. The nerve bundles regularly contain axons with electronlucent vesicles of about 300 Å diameter, and occasionally axons with dense core vesicles of about 600 Å diameter. The myofibrils of the contractile cortex show a staggered arrangement and are wound in a spiral with respect to the axis of the muscle cell. In the axial sarcoplasm there is additionally a bundle of thin filaments of about 70 Å thickness. The bundle is orientated in parallel with the longitudinal axis of the muscle cell. Its function may be to maintain tonic contractions.

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Zur Genetik der Samen von Phaseolus vulgaris

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Methionine Transport in Chlorella vulgaris

Absorption of ³⁵S-l-methionine by Chlorella vulgaris was measured at concentrations that ranged from 0.1 to 10.0 μmoles/ml. A brief, rapid phase of uptake was followed by a more prolonged, slower phase that was linear only at the lowest concentrations. The radioactivity accumulated by the end of 1 hour's incubation at an exogenous level of 0.1 μmole/ml was retained by the cells despite the inclusion of 10 μmoles/ml of nonradioactive methionine in the rinse medium. As the exogenous concentration was raised, the ratio of intracellular soluble radioactivity to exogenous radioactivity decreased. Analysis of the accumulated, soluble radioactivity showed that 90% was in the form of methionine and that about 10% had been converted to a compound with properties of S-adenosylmethionine. Azide and ethionine were the most effective of the inhibitors tested.     

Electrotransformation of Chlorella vulgaris

Using hygromycin B resistance as a marker for selection, we have established the conditions required for the transformation of Chlorella vulgaris. The exponentially grown C. vulgaris cells were transformed by electroporation with plasmid pIG121-Hm, and transformants were selected with hygromycin B at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. Cell extracts prepared from the late-log cultures of the transformants exhibited glucuronidase activities as conferred by the gus gene on pIG121-Hm. The maintenance of plasmid in the algal cells seemed to be transient as many cultures derived from the hygromycin B-resistant colonies gradually lost the hygromycin resistance upon prolonged growth. The result of Southern blotting of the genomic DNAs prepared from transformant cultures exhibiting persistent hygromycin resistance showed that integration of part of the plasmid DNA into the host chromosome had taken place. Received: 19 December 1997 / Revision received: 5 October 1998 / Accepted: 27 October 1998     

delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Transaminase in Chlorella vulgaris

An enzyme catalyzing the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid by transamination of γ,δ-dioxovaleric acid with l-α-alanine, l-glutamic acid, or l-phenylalanine has been detected in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. The activity of this enzyme does not appear to parallel changes in chlorophyll content in a Chlorella mutant which requires light for chlorophyll production. The role of this enzyme in δ-aminolevulinic acid metabolism in plants is not clearly understood.     

Gold uptake by Chlorella vulgaris

This paper describes a study on the uptake of gold (III) ions by viable and treated cells of the unicellular alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Inactivating the algal cells by various physical/chemical treatments resulted in a considerable enhancement in the uptake capacity over the pristine cells. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed the deposition of elemental gold, Au (O), on the cell surface, indicating that a reduction process has taken place. XPS results also suggested an increase in the oxidized carbon species, carboxyl species in particular, on the surfaces of the treated cells. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed that the carboxyl group was involved mainly in the binding of the gold on the surface of both the viable and treated cells.     

Hexose-transport-deficient mutants of Chlorella vulgaris

Autotrophically grown cells of Chlorella vulgaris show a strong increase in the uptake rates for hexoses and for seven amino acids when incubated in the presence of hexoses. This increase is due to de-novo synthesis of three transport proteins: one forhexoses and two for amino acids. Mutants deficient in hexose transport were obtained after treatment of wild-type cells with acridine orange, followed by a selection procedure using the toxic hexose analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Moreover, the two amino-acid-transport systems could not be induced in these mutants by hexoses. The capacity to phosphorylate hexoses was identical in mutants and in the wild-type strain. The loss of transport activities can be correlated with the loss of certain radiolabeled protein bands on fluorograms of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels. These proteins are assumed to be responsible for the different transport systems in the wild-type strain. With the help of additional mutants defective in one or two of the different aminoacid-transport systems, it has been attempted to assign the different transport activities to individual protein bands on the gel.Abbreviations AUP arginine-uptake-defective mutant - 2-DG 2-deoxy-D-glucose - 6-DG 6-deoxy-D-glucose - HUP hexose-uptake-defective mutant - PUP^- proline-uptake-defective mutant - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - WT wild type     

Regulation of Nitrate Reductase in Chlorella vulgaris

When excised barley roots (Hordeum distichum L.) are appropriately pretreated, the level of nitrate reductase in the roots increases upon exposure to nitrate. Relatively low levels of nitrate (10 μm) gave maximum induction of nitrate reductase. This increase was inhibited by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is probably involved. Induction of nitrate reductase by nitrate is partially prevented by the inclusion of ammonium, an eventual product of nitrate reduction, in the incubation medium. Under the experimental conditions used, ammonium did not inhibit the uptake of nitrate by excised barley roots. It is concluded, therefore, that ammonium, or a product of ammonium metabolism, has a direct effect on the synthesis of nitrate reductase in this tissue.     

Effects of ecdysteroids on Chlorella vulgaris

The effects of three ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone (2d20E) and 20-hydroxyecdysone 22-acetate (20E22Ac), on growth and the levels of cellular components in Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Trebouxiophyceae) are reported and compared with data previously reported for ecdysone (E; Bajguz A and Koronka A, Plant Physiol Biochem 39: 707–715, 2001). All three 20-hydroxyecdysteroids stimulate growth of C. vulgaris cells over a wide concentration range (10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻⁷  M ). Optimal stimulation is observed at 10⁻⁹  M with each ecdysteroid. High concentrations (>10⁻⁶  M ) are cytotoxic. The potency ranking of the ecdysteroids is 20E > 20E22Ac > 2d20E > E. Levels per cell of DNA, RNA, protein, sugars, organic and inorganic phosphorus, chlorophylls a and b and phaeophytins a and b are all stimulated by ecdysteroid treatment when compared with the untreated control cells. Possible modes of action of ecdysteroids on C. vulgaris cells are discussed.     

小球藻的玻璃化超低温保存法

先用含0.5 m01·L-1甘油和0.4 mol·L-1蔗糖的预处理液处理20min,然后用含30%蔗糖 15%乙二醇 10%二甲基亚砜 BBMG培养液的玻璃化液处理,在0℃下预冻60min后,将小球藻投入液氮.此法存活率较高,可达到60.14%,小球藻种质保存效果较好.通过试验初步建立了小球藻玻璃化法超低温保存的技术程序.     

Metabolism of Urea by Chlorella vulgaris

Urea metabolism was studied with nitrogen-starved cells of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck var. viridis (Chodat), a green alga which apparently lacks urease. Incorporation of radioactivity from urea-(14)C into the alcohol-soluble fraction was virtually eliminated in cell suspensions flushed with 10% CO(2) in air. This same result was obtained when expected acceptors of urea carbon were replenished by adding ornithine and glucose with the urea. Several carbamyl compounds, which might be early products of urea metabolism and a source of the (14)CO(2), were not appreciably labeled. If cells were treated with cyanide at a concentration which inhibited ammonia uptake completely and urea uptake only slightly, more than half of the urea nitrogen taken up was found in the medium as ammonia. Cells under nitrogen gas in the dark were unable to take up urea or ammonia, but the normal rate of uptake was resumed in light. Since 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea did not selectively inhibit this uptake, an active respiration supported by light-dependent oxygen evolution in these cells was ruled out. A tentative scheme for urea metabolism is proposed to consist of an initial energy-dependent splitting of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. This reaction in Chlorella is thought to differ from a typical urease-catalyzed reaction by the apparent requirement of a high energy compound, possibly adenosine triphosphate.