恶性肿瘤患者外周血中CTL、Ts细胞绝对数值的变化及临床意义分析

观察肿瘤患者外周血中CD8 CD28 (CTL)、CD8 CD28-(Ts)T细胞绝对数值的变化,分析其与肿瘤的相关性。方法:采用流式细胞术测定118例肿瘤患者外周血CTL、Ts细胞数,按能否手术和复发转移分成3组,即A组:手术后组;B组:肿瘤无法切除组;C组:复发转移组。并选择15例健康者作为对照,采用SPSS10．0软件进行各组间比较分析。结果:恶性肿瘤患者外周血中CTL细胞绝对数明显下降,Ts细胞显著升高,与对照组有显著差异(p＜0．05)。A组CTL细胞计数与B、C组有显著性差别,三组的CTL、Ts细胞与对照组有显著差别(p＜0．05),B、C两组之间CTL、Ts细胞均没有明显差别。结论:肿瘤患者外周血CTL细胞低表达、Ts细胞高表达,而且在肿瘤的不同发展阶段,其绝对值也存在显著差异。观察肿瘤患者外周血中CTL、Ts细胞绝对数值的变化,对了解肿瘤患者细胞免疫功能状态有一定的价值,从而为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供参考。     

Antigen changes of monoclonal antibody MSH27 in process of post-testicular maturation (in mice)

An anti-mouse spermatozoon monoclonal antibody, MSH27, as well as its purified antigen, can block sperm-egg membrane fusion. As a candidate protein for sperm-egg membrane fusion, the sperm antigen was investigated in the process of post-testicular maturation (PTM). The molecule was produced in testes and located on the plasma membrane of the postacrosomal area of the spermatozoon. However, the epitope recognized by the MSH27 (MSH27Ep) was not exposed until the occurrence of the acrosome reaction. In the process of fertilization, spermatozoa must complete the acrosome reaction before penetrating across the zona pellucidas (ZPs) to approach the plasma membrane of eggs. The effects of the acrosome reaction and penetration of the ZP on the exposure of the MSH27Ep were also studied. It was shown that the percentage of the spermatozoa with the MSH27Ep exposed increased followed with their mature status in PTM. In fact, it bad a linear correlativity with the rate of the acrosome reaction. After spermatozoa had     

Contribution of CD8 T lymphocytes to the immuno-pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal models

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multi-focal demyelination, axonal loss, and immune cell infiltration. Numerous immune mediators are detected within MS lesions, including CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes suggesting that they participate in the related pathogenesis. Although CD4⁺ T lymphocytes are traditionally considered the main actors in MS immunopathology, multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD8⁺ T lymphocytes are also implicated in the pathogenesis. In this review, we outline the recent literature pertaining to the potential roles of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes both in MS and its animal models. The CD8⁺ T lymphocytes detected in MS lesions demonstrate characteristics of activated and clonally expanded cells supporting the notion that these cells actively contribute to the observed injury. Moreover, several experimental in vivo models mediated by CD8⁺ T lymphocytes recapitulate important features of the human disease. Whether the CD8⁺ T cells can induce or aggravate tissue destruction in the CNS needs to be fully explored. Strengthening our understanding of the pathogenic potential of CD8⁺ T cells in MS should provide promising new avenues for the treatment of this disabling inflammatory disease.     

The Cell Biology of Antigen Processing

Abstract

T lymphocytes recognize antigen only after a series of intracellular events known as antigen processing. The result of antigen processing is the production of short segments of the primary peptide sequence bound to a polypeptide-binding groove on major histo compatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Antigen originates from one of two sites: intracellular or extra cellular. There are two corresponding pathways for antigen processing and two corresponding classes of MHC molecule. Analysis of each pathway has demonstrated that their separation is not purely anatomical, but is maintained by molecular interactions with other molecules. Antigen processing has been shown to regulate the overall immune response, but the mechanisms involved remain obscure.     

In vitro and in vivo identification of a novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from Rv3425 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The identification of novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes is important to analysis of the involvement of CD8(+) T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as well as to the development of peptide vaccines. In this study, a novel CTL epitope from region of difference 11 encoded antigen Rv3425 was identified. Epitopes were predicted by the reversal immunology approach. Rv3425-p118 (LIASNVAGV) was identified as having relatively strong binding affinity and stability towards the HLA-A*0201 molecule. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells pulsed by this peptide were able to release interferon-γ in healthy donors (HLA-A*02(+) purified protein derivative(+)). In cytotoxicity assays in vitro and in vivo, Rv3425-p118 induced CTLs to specifically lyse the target cells. Therefore, this epitope could provide a subunit component for designing vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.     

Production and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that recognize an epitope in domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen

Antibodies against the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis play a key role in response to infection by this important pathogen. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for PA and to identify novel neutralizing epitopes. Three murine mAbs with high specificity and nanomolar affinity for B. anthracis recombinant protective antigen (rPA) were produced and characterized. Western immunoblot analysis, coupled with epitope mapping using overlapping synthetic peptides, revealed that these mAbs recognize a linear epitope within domain 2 of rPA. Neutralization assays demonstrate that these mAbs effectively neutralize lethal toxin in vitro.     

鉴定单克隆抗体识别蛋白质抗原表位方法的建立

为了建立鉴定治疗性单克隆抗体识别蛋白质抗原表位的方法,选择程序死亡受体-1(PD-1)作为目的蛋白。基于丙氨酸扫描策略,建立了定点突变技术和哺乳动物细胞表达系统相结合的抗原突变体快速表达方法,确定了真核表达元件扩增和细胞转染表达的条件。共表达了150个PD-1蛋白突变体,鉴定了这些突变体与抗PD-1抗体帕博利珠单抗的结合能力。根据蛋白突变体与抗体的结合力并结合蛋白结构分析确定了帕博利珠单抗的抗原表位,与已报道的基于晶体结构的抗原表位高度一致,表明本方法操作简单、准确性高,可用于治疗性单克隆抗体的抗原表位作图。     

抗AAV2单克隆抗体的制备及特性研究

以纯化的重组AAV2病毒颗粒为抗原免疫小鼠,获得7株稳定分泌抗AAV2衣壳蛋白的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,其中B10和G4两株单克隆抗体具有中和活性,抗体亚型分别为IgG1和IgG2a型。对这两株单克隆抗体与rAAV病毒结合的特性进行了研究。单克隆抗体B10和G4对rAAV2病毒颗粒的结合均具有良好的血清型特异性,并且这种特异结合作用不被肝素阻断。这两株抗体都不阻断AAV2病毒与敏感细胞的结合,提示它们与病毒颗粒的结合位点都不处于AAV2病毒与主要受体结合的部位内。Western blotting检测结果显示,B10与AAV2的三种衣壳蛋白VP1、VP2和VP3均能结合,而G4不能与AAV2的这三种衣壳蛋白结合。这说明B10与AAV2结合的位点位于衣壳蛋白VP1、VP2和VP3的重叠部分处并且可能是线性表位,而G4则可能是针对AAV2病毒颗粒构象表位的抗体。这两种结合特性不同的单克隆抗体为研究AAV2病毒颗粒的表面特性和感染特性提供有用的工具。     

Isolation and characterization of novel human monoclonal antibodies possessing neutralizing ability against rabies virus

Rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis which is transmitted by exposure to the bite of rabid animals. Human and equine rabies immunoglobulins are indispensable pharmacological agents for severe bite exposure, as is vaccine. However, several disadvantages, including limited supply, adverse reactions, and high cost, hamper their wide application in developing countries. In the present study, two novel huMabs which neutralize rabies virus were established from vaccinated hyperimmune volunteers using the Epstein‐Barr virus transformation method. One MAb (No. 254), which was subclass IgG3, effectively neutralized fixed rabies viruses of CVS, ERA, HEP‐Flury, and Nishigahara strains and recognized a well‐conserved epitope located in antigenic site II of the rabies virus glycoprotein. No. 254 possessed 68 ng/ml of FRNT₅₀ activity against CVS, 3.7 × 10^?7 M of the Kd value, and the enhancing effect of complement‐dependent virolysis. In addition, No. 254 showed effective neutralization potency in vivo in the mouse challenge test. The other MAb, 4D4, was subclass IgM and showed neutralizing activity against CVS and Nishigahara strains. 4D4 recognized a novel antigenic site which is associated with the neurovirulence of rabies, a glycoprotein located between antigenic site I and VI. Both human MAbs against rabies are expected to be utilized as a tool for future post‐exposure prophylaxis.     

Monoclonal antibody to shiga toxin 1, which blocks receptor binding and neutralizes cytotoxicity

A monoclonal antibody, 5-5B, which neutralizes Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) cytotoxicity of Escherichia coli, was constructed. An epitope analysis indicated that Asn55 in Stx1 B subunit was an important residue. This result and our previous results using an anti-Stx2 monoclonal antibody indicate that the region around the cysteine residue of the disulfide bond might be important for the neutralization of Stx cytotoxicity, making it a potential vaccination candidate.     

Tissue Fixation for Immunohistochemical Detection of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen with PC10 Monoclonal Antibody

PC10 is a monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a nuclear protein associated with the cell cycle. We have evaluated the effects of tissue fixation on PC10 immunoreactivity in sections of paraffin embedded rat tissues. Immunoreactivity was well preserved in tissues after fixation with alcohol-based solutions for 3-24 hr. Fewer PC10-positive cells were detectable in samples fixed with formaldehydecontaining solutions compared with samples fixed with alcohol for the same time. Loss of PC10 immunoreactivity in formaldehyde fixed tissues was progressive, and quantifiable as early as after 3 hr fixation. Consequently, alcohol-based fixatives are strongly recommended for any immunocytochemical prospective study using PC10 antibody. In contrast, loss of PC10-immunoreactivity is always predictable, but difficult to quantitate, using formaldehyde fixed specimens. This aspect should be considered when using PC10 antibody in retrospective studies with routinely-processed archival material.     

维甲酸对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究维甲酸对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响,以探索其对成骨肉瘤细胞的生物学效应.方法:以1μmol/L维甲酸处理人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞,生长曲线测定,流式细胞仪分析、光镜观察和免疫细胞化学检测等研究维甲酸对MG-63细胞的生长曲线、细胞周期和相关癌基因、抑癌基因表达的影响,并对其作用机理进行初步分析.结果:维甲酸处理7天后,MG-63细胞生长抑制率达到42.2%,G0/G1期比例达到61.8%,细胞形态铺展,排列趋于规则,癌基因c-myc、c-fos的表达降低.而抑癌基因Rb、p27表达上调.结论:1μmol/L维甲酸可以有效抑制细胞的增殖活动,改变细胞恶性形态特征,下调癌基因c-myc、c-fos和上调抑癌基因Rb、p27的表达,从而对人成骨肉瘤细胞分化具有诱导作用.     

Topological mimicry and epitope duplication in the guanylyl cyclase C receptor.

Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) is the receptor for the gastrointestinal hormones, guanylin, and uroguanylin, in addition to the bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins, which are one of the major causes of watery diarrhea the world over. GCC is expressed in intestinal cells, colorectal tumor tissue and tumors originating from metastasis of the colorectal carcinoma. We have earlier generated a monoclonal antibody to human GCC, GCC:B10, which was useful for the immunohistochemical localization of the receptor in the rat intestine (Nandi A et al., 1997, J Cell Biochem 66:500-511), and identified its epitope to a 63-amino acid stretch in the intracellular domain of GCC. In view of the potential that this antibody has for the identification of colorectal tumors, we have characterized the epitope for GCC:B10 in this study. Overlapping peptide synthesis indicated that the epitope was contained in the sequence HIPPENIFPLE. This sequence was unique to GCC, and despite a short stretch of homology with serum amyloid protein and pertussis toxin, no cross reactivity was detected. The core epitope was delineated using a random hexameric phage display library, and two categories of sequences were identified, containing either a single, or two adjacent proline residues. No sequence identified by phage display was identical to the epitope present in GCC, indicating that phage sequences represented mimotopes of the native epitope. Alignment of these sequences with HIPPENIFPLE suggested duplication of the recognition motif, which was confirmed by peptide synthesis. These studies allowed us not only to define the requirements of epitope recognition by GCC:B10 monoclonal antibody, but also to describe a novel means of epitope recognition involving topological mimicry and probable duplication of the cognate epitope in the native guanylyl cyclase C receptor sequence.     

Mapping and Characterization of a Sequential Epitope on the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Which Is Recognized by a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody,RG719

We have established a murine hybridoma cell line RG719 which produces a rabies virus-neutralizing IgM-type monoclonal antibody (referred to as MAb RG719). Immunoblot analysis indicated that the antibody recognized a sequential epitope of G protein. Among four rabies virus strains tested, the antigenicity to MAb RG719 was absent from the Nishigahara strain, while the other three strains (HEP, ERA and CVS) reacted to the MAb. Studies with deletion mutants of the G protein indicated that the epitope was located in a middle region of the primary structure of G protein, ranging from position 242 to 300. By comparing the estimated amino acid sequence of the four strains, we found in this region two amino acids (at positions 263 and 291) which are common to three of those strains but are not shared by the Nishigahara strain. The site-directed point mutagenesis revealed that replacement of phenylalanine-263 by leucine destroyed the epitope of the HEP G protein, while the epitope was generated on the Nishigahara G protein whose leucine-263 was replaced by phenylalanine. These observations suggest that phenylalanine-263 is essential for constructing the epitope for MAb RG719. The synthetic 20-mer peptide produced by mimicking the amino acid sequence (ranging from amino acid positions 249 to 268) of the presumed epitope region was shown to bind specifically to MAb RG719 and also to raise the virus-neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. Vaccination with the HEP vaccine produced in Japan induced in humans and rabbits production of significant amounts of the antibodies which reacted with the 20-mer peptide.     

Epitope mapping and features of the epitope for monoclonal antibodies inhibiting enzymatic activity of Helicobacter pylori urease

Two characteristic monoclonal antibodies (HpU-2 and -18) out of 26 monoclonal antibodies (HpU-1 approximately 26) produced against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) urease showed a strong inhibitory effect against the enzymatic activity of the urease. Epitope mapping about some monoclonal antibodies of the HpU-series inhibiting enzymatic activity was performed by using a surface plasmon resonance apparatus and by digesting H. pylori urease with trypsin, followed by mass spectroscopy. The sequences of the epitopes recognized by HpU-2 and -18 were SVELIDIGGNRRIFGFNALVDR (22 mer) and IFGFNALVDR (10 mer), respectively. The former sequence is present as a part of a loop structure at a position close to the C-terminal of the alpha-subunit of H. pylori urease, although it has been suggested that the active site of the urease resides in the beta-subunit. The above peptide (22 mer) was chemically synthesized in a linear and cyclic form, and its conjugate with BSA was immunized in rabbits. The resultant serum induced by the linear form could specifically bind to H. pylori infecting human gastric mucosa. These results suggest that the above sequence (22 mer) must be an important epitope, although it locates in the alpha-subunit but not in the beta-subunit.     

抗炭疽保护性抗原单克隆抗体可变区基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆并分析抗重组炭疽芽孢杆菌保护性抗原(rPA)单克隆抗体4B2、5E1和2A8轻、重链可变区基因。方法:从分泌抗rPA特异性单抗的杂交瘤细胞株4B2、5E1和2A8中提取总RNA;利用RT-PCR技术克隆抗rPA单抗4B2、5E1和2A8的VL、VH基因,并将其连入pMD18-T载体中进行测序分析。结果:4B2VL基因全长378bp,VH基因全长414bp;5E1VL基因全长420bp,VH基因全长426bp;2A8VL基因全长384bp,VH基因全长342bp。通过分析,这些基因均符合小鼠IgGV区基因的特征,含有4个框架区、3个抗原互补决定区,而且抗体特征性的半胱氨酸残基的数量和位置也正确。结论:克隆了抗rPA单抗4B2、5E1和2A8的VL、VH基因,为下一步构建多种形式的基因工程抗体奠定了良好的基础。     

Further Studies on Guinea Pig Z-1 Antigen That Is Involved in Phagocytosis of Zymosan by Macrophages: Cell Type Distribution of the Antigen and Cross-Reactivity of Anti-Z-1 with Human CR3

We have previously identified a heterodimer molecule, Z-1, on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (Møs) by the newly prepared monoclonal antibody, anti-Z-1, and Z-1 has been assumed to be the complement receptor type three (CR3) in this species. To clarify this assumption, the cell type distribution of the antigen in guinea pig and the cross-reactivity of anti-Z-1 with other species were analyzed. It was demonstrated that Z-1 was expressed on peritoneal Møs, pulmonary Møs, peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), peripheral neutrophils, and some subpopulations of spleen cells and of bone marrow cells, but not on erythrocytes, circulating lymphocytes, and lymphocytes in both spleen and bone marrow in detectable amounts. Thus the expression of Z-1 seems to be restricted to phagocytes as is CR3 of other species. Furthermore, it was found that anti-Z-1 bound with peripheral neutrophils from human, horse and goat and HL-60 cells differentiated into monocytes. Any cross-reactivity of the antibody was not detected with neutrophils from rabbit, cow, sheep and dog and nondifferentiated HL-60 cells. Human Z-1 was indistinguishable from human CR3, since both were the heterodimer consisting of α chain of 170 kDa (pI = 6.6-7.2) noncovalently associated with β chain of 100 kDa (pI = 5.6-6.7). In addition, human CR3 in detergent-lysate of neutrophils was completely adsorbed with anti-Z-1 F(ab')2-Sepharose. These findings indicate that guinea pig Z-1 shares an antigenic determinant with human CR3. It thus seems to be possible that Z-1 may function as CR3 in guinea pigs.     

The mapping and reconstitution of a conformational discontinuous B-cell epitope of HIV-1

A method for the discovery of the structure of conformational discontinuous epitopes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is described. The mAb is used to select specific phages from combinatorial phage-display peptide libraries that in turn are used as an epitope-defining database that is applied via a novel computer algorithm to analyze the crystalline structure of the original antigen. The algorithm is based on the following: (1) Most contacts between a mAb and an antigen are through side-chain atoms of the residues. (2) In the three-dimensional structure of a protein, amino acid residues remote in linear sequence can juxtapose to one another through folding. (3) Tandem amino acid residues of the selected phage-displayed peptides can represent pairs of juxtaposed amino acid residues of the antigen. (4) Contact residues of the epitope are accessible to the antigen surface. (5) The most frequent tandem pairs of amino acid residues in the selected phage-displayed peptides can reflect pairs of juxtaposed amino acid residues of the epitope. Application of the algorithm enabled prediction of epitopes. On the basis of these predictions, segments of an antigen were used to reconstitute an antigenic epitope mimetic that was recognized by its original mAb.     

Improving the efficiency of CHO cell line generation using glutamine synthetase gene knockout cells

Although Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with their unique characteristics, have become a major workhorse for the manufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins, one of the major challenges in CHO cell line generation (CLG) is how to efficiently identify those rare, high‐producing clones among a large population of low‐ and non‐productive clones. It is not unusual that several hundred individual clones need to be screened for the identification of a commercial clonal cell line with acceptable productivity and growth profile making the cell line appropriate for commercial application. This inefficiency makes the process of CLG both time consuming and laborious. Currently, there are two main CHO expression systems, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)‐based methotrexate (MTX) selection and glutamine synthetase (GS)‐based methionine sulfoximine (MSX) selection, that have been in wide industrial use. Since selection of recombinant cell lines in the GS‐CHO system is based on the balance between the expression of the GS gene introduced by the expression plasmid and the addition of the GS inhibitor, L‐MSX, the expression of GS from the endogenous GS gene in parental CHOK1SV cells will likely interfere with the selection process. To study endogenous GS expression's potential impact on selection efficiency, GS‐knockout CHOK1SV cell lines were generated using the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology designed to specifically target the endogenous CHO GS gene. The high efficiency (～2%) of bi‐allelic modification on the CHO GS gene supports the unique advantages of the ZFN technology, especially in CHO cells. GS enzyme function disruption was confirmed by the observation of glutamine‐dependent growth of all GS‐knockout cell lines. Full evaluation of the GS‐knockout cell lines in a standard industrial cell culture process was performed. Bulk culture productivity improved two‐ to three‐fold through the use of GS‐knockout cells as parent cells. The selection stringency was significantly increased, as indicated by the large reduction of non‐producing and low‐producing cells after 25 µM L‐MSX selection, and resulted in a six‐fold efficiency improvement in identifying similar numbers of high‐productive cell lines for a given recombinant monoclonal antibody. The potential impact of GS‐knockout cells on recombinant protein quality is also discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1007–1015. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

抗GPC3 C端抗体辅助杀伤肝癌细胞HepG2的活性检测及抗原表位鉴定

目的：检测制备的7株抗磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3（GPC3）蛋白C端单克隆抗体是否具有辅助杀伤肝癌细胞的活性,并研究其识别的抗原表位。方法：用细胞增殖法检测制备的抗体是否具有抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性（ADCC）活性;用生物信息软件分析GPC3蛋白C端（359～580残基）的结构及抗原特征,并据此将其分为4个截短片段,将克隆的各基因片段分别连接到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,进行蛋白表达和纯化,用间接ELISA和Western印迹分析GPC3C端单克隆抗体的表位识别情况。结果与结论：制备的7株单克隆抗体对肝癌细胞HepG2均具有不同程度的辅助杀伤作用,其中5号单克隆抗体的辅助杀伤效果最好;表达并纯化了GPC3C端4个截短片段的重组蛋白;间接ELISA和Western印迹检测结果表明,7株抗体均特异性结合GPC3蛋白的473～525残基区段。