黑米中花青苷色素的测定方法研究

以 4种黑米为实验材料 ,用酸性乙醇作为提取溶剂 ,以色价值为色素含量的评价依据 ,研究了时间、温度、提取批次和脱脂对黑米中花青苷色素提取的影响。结果表明 :80℃ ,酸性乙醇 ,6 0min重复提取 2次 ,可实现 90 %以上的色素溶出。在最大吸收峰 5 35nm处测定提取液的ABS值 ,计算色价 ,作为黑米中花青苷色素的测定方法 ,可用于黑米品质分析     

黑玉米中黑色素的提取工艺及组分研究

以黑玉米为原料，对黑玉米中的黑色素的提取工艺进行了研究，通过正交实验得出了提取黑玉米中黑色素的最佳提取条件：95％的乙醇溶液、料液比1：30、pH=1、浸提时间45min；并利用液质联用技术（LC—MS）对山东和山西两种黑玉米中黑色素的种类进行了探讨。结果表明，山东中主要含有两种花青素，分别是矢车菊和天竺葵花色素；山西中主要含有三种花青素，分别是矢车菊、天竺葵和芍药花色素。     

樱桃李色素提取及稳定性研究

樱桃李是我国新疆特有野生果品.依据成熟果实的颜色可分为紫、红、黄三大类型.樱桃李果汁和果渣中含有丰富的天然色素.其中果汁以水溶性色素为主,果渣以醇溶性色素为主.着重研究紫色果和红色果的色素稳定性,以便为相应产品的生产工艺和成品储藏条件选择提供实验依据.这些色素成分的紫外-可见光吸收图谱的总体面貌基本相似,均表现为紫外光区在200 nm～400 nm之间有强吸收.可见光区在520 nm左右有最大吸收.紫色果在520 nm处的光吸收值显著大于红色果.该类色素溶液室温置于室内弥散光下数天及短时间加热不会导致外观色泽的显著变化,但紫外光谱略有改变;长时间受日光照射则明显退色.受Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Fe2 等金属离子影响较小.樱桃李色素在酸性条件下呈紫红色,在碱性条件下呈紫蓝色,初步推测为花青素类成分,其分子结构研究正在进行中.     

杨梅水溶性红色色素的提取和性质的研究

用离子交换层析法,从新鲜的杨梅[Myrica rubra Sieb et Zucc.]果中提取红色色素。最大吸收波长是515nm。34％色素水溶液达到饱和,几乎不溶于乙醇。温度、光和pH值的改变对色素稳定性均有影响。色素对Mg^2 和Fe^3 金属离子敏感性强。大多数食品添加剂对色素稳定性影响不大,但蔗糖对稳定性有影响。色素耐氧化性较弱,而耐还源性较强。色素的毒性实验表明：无毒性。     

玉米紫色植株色素主要成分的结构鉴定

玉米紫色植株色素是从新品种玉米的紫色植株中提取的红色素.高效液相色谱分析该色素含6种成分,经硅胶柱分离出两种主要成分,经紫外可见光谱、红外光谱法、核磁共振波谱法确定该两种主要成分分别是矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和3',4'-二羟基花色素-3-葡萄糖苷,其含量分别占总量的45.96%和12.99%.玉米紫色植株色素是花色苷类色素.     

氯化镧对玉米根切段钾离子外渗影响的动力学研究

研究了氯化镧对玉米(Zea mays L.)“京早8号”根切段细胞膜透性及质子分泌的影响,并用动力学方法研究了钾离子外渗过程的变化。氯化镧处理可降低外渗液的电导率及K~ 和糖的外渗量,使质子分泌活动增强。用动力学方法分析玉米根切段K~ 外渗过程的结果表明:(1)应用于K~ 吸收研究的数学模型也能适应于K~ 外渗的研究;(2)在LaCl_3和(或)CaCl_2存在的条件下,最大吸收速度(V_(max))升高,而米氏常数(K_m)没有变化;(3)在LaCl_3和(或)CaCl_2存在的条件下,K~ 外渗量降低是由于最大吸收速度(V_(max))升高所致。     

不同磷浓度对玉米生长及磷、锌吸收的影响

在不同磷水平(0.1、1.0、5.0、10和100μmol·L^-1P)的水培液中培养玉米苗,测定不同培养时期玉米的生长和玉米植株对P、Zn吸收和利用效率.结果表明,玉米在100μmol·L^-1P的溶液中生长速率最大,而根冠比在0.1μmol·L^-1P的溶液中为最大.随着水培液中P水平的增加,植株对P的吸收速率增加,而利用效率降低;玉米根系含Zn量增加,而冠层含Zn量变化不大,说明增P使Zn在根内富集,Zn向冠层转移速率较小,玉米幼苗根系中P和Zn的浓度呈正相关关系.     

玉米须天然维生素E的提取工艺研究

目的:为充分利用玉米须植物资源,探讨玉米须维生素E的工艺流程、最佳提取方法和影响因素。方法:采用索氏回流提取法和甲酯化法对玉米须维生素E进行提取,用紫外分光光度法测定含量。结果:由单因素实验和正交实验得出的最佳提取工艺条件是:提取时间2h,料液比为1∶10,甲酯化温度70℃,甲酯化时间1h,得率为0.056%。影响因素依次为:甲酯化时间甲酯化温度料液比提取时间。结论:试验方法简单易操作,且提取效率高、污染少,是提取玉米须维生素E的有效途径,该试验得出玉米须维生素E的含量为0.056%。     

玉米大斑病菌特异性毒素组分分离条件的优化研究*

把从玉米大斑病菌的1号小种菌株（99．2）中提取的粗毒素进行硅胶TL层析,分离到Ⅰ（Rf0．06）、Ⅱ（Rf0．21）、Ⅲ（Rf0．d5）、Ⅳ（R,0．60）、Ⅴ（Rf0．75）5种组分,分别对此5组分进行生物测定,发现组分Ⅱ对带Ht1基因的玉米具有较强的特异性。经对组分Ⅱ进行HPLC的进一步纯化,又可得到3种组分Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3,其中只有Ⅱ-3具有特异致病活性。对Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3进行紫外．可见全波长扫描,发现只有Ⅱ-3在300nm处有吸收峰,Ⅱ-1和Ⅱ-2的峰形相似,可能为类似物。     

玉米幼苗NO_3~-的吸收、溢泌和硝酸还原酶活性在品种间的差异

玉米品种间NO_3~-吸收的表观米氏常数(K_m,app)、最大吸收速率(I_m)有明显的差异。品种813NO_3~-吸收速率大于中单2号;溢泌液体积及其NO_3~-含量也是这样。硝酸还原酶(NR)的体外测定表明,地上部的活性比根部的大得多;不论地上部或根部的NR活性(NRA),品种813的大于中单2号。NRA的体内测定表明,去胚乳和盾片的幼苗经诱导,反应液有NO_3~-,813的第1叶的NRA大于中单2号;不去胚乳和盾片幼苗的第1叶NRA中单2号大于813。     

新疆棕色棉纤维中花色苷的提取及初步鉴定

以新疆深棕色棉品系‘棕86’的成熟纤维为材料,用甲醇溶液(VMeOH∶VHCl=99∶1)避光冷浸提取15d后,浓缩成浸膏.用适量蒸馏水溶解浸膏,乙酸乙酯萃取除杂,水相用HP-20大孔树脂纯化色素组分;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,并结合高效液相色谱方法,对天然彩色棉纤维色素组分进行鉴定,为彩色棉花新色彩的分子改良提供参考.结果显示,棕色棉纤维提取液中含有花色苷,且至少含有4种不同的花色苷成分.对棕色棉纤维提取液中花色苷的降解分析显示,棕色棉中的色素物质很不稳定.研究表明,花色苷是棕色棉纤维色素中的一种重要组成成分,进一步补充了彩棉色素的物质基础.     

THE PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPOUND IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA : I. THE EXTRACTION AND PROPERTIES OF PHOTOSYNTHIN

1. Photosynthetic bacteria in water suspension break open when treated with supersonic vibration thus liberating the cell contents, including a water soluble protein to which is attached the otherwise water insoluble pigments, bacteriochlorophyll and carotinoids. Both types of pigments appear to be combined with the same protein. 2. The protein pigment compound is insoluble in the region of pH 3.0 to 4.5 and in neutral solution can be completely precipitated by 0.5 saturated (NH₄)₂SO₄. It is soluble in distilled water and adsorbable on fullers'' earth. 3. Supersonic extracts of photosynthetic bacteria do not have the ability to carry on photosynthesis, but will act as a photocatalyst for the oxidation of ascorbic acid with visible or infrared radiation. The rate of the photochemical oxidation is proportional to the light intensity.     

FRACTIONATION OF THE EYE PIGMENTS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Eye pigments of normal and mutant types of D. melanogaster have been extracted with water and fractionated by chromatographic adsorption on powdered talc. Spectra of all the fractions obtainable in solution have been measured and the general chemical behavior of the pigments is described. Two chemically distinct groups of pigments are found, to be identified with the earlier designated red and brown components. The red component in the wild-type eye contains three well defined pigments, two of them capable of further subdivision so that the total number of fractions obtained is five. There is also present a brown component pigment which could not be treated quantitatively by the methods employed. All members of the wild-type red component are found in cinnabar eyes, unaccompanied by the brown component. Conversely, brown eyes contain a pigment indistinguishable from the wild-type brown component, virtually alone. In sepia eyes, one red component and two brown component pigments can be distinguished, all three pigments differing from those of wild-type eyes. Pigments apparently identical with those found in wild-type melanogaster eyes have also been found in D. virilis.     

蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素组分分析及其稳定性研究

本研究以蛹虫草菌丝体为供试材料,采用高效液相色谱对提取的蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素的组分进行了分离纯化与测定分析,并以其主要组分YP-4为检测指标,采用温度、光照、pH、金属离子、常见食品添加剂等条件对蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素稳定性的影响进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明,蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素由5种结构相似的类胡萝卜素组分组成。其中,主要组分YP-4占到WSYPs总量的57.43%,YP-4的MS data [M-H]为521.2657,紫外特征吸收峰为：209nm、239nm、421nm、445nm、474nm,在445nm处有最大吸收峰。以YP-4为检测指标,对提取蛹虫草菌丝体黄色素的稳定性测试结果表明,该类黄色素具有良好的加工稳定性,但在加工过程中应尽量缩减紫外光照射时间,注意酸性添加剂和Fe ³⁺的用量。这一研究结果将为蛹虫草菌丝体水溶性黄色素乃至其他优质天然黄色素的开发利用提供参考依据。     

Retinal pigments and carotenoids of the light-shading "spectacles" of the greenling Hexagrammus octogrammus]

Three light-sensitive pigments having lambdamax of 480, 505 and 540 nm which contain retinal as a chromophore were found in the digitonine extracts from the retina of H. octogrammus. In summer time, only one pigment (lambdamax equals 480 nm) was found, whereas during autumn and winter periods the other two pigments (lambdamax equals 505 and 540 nm) could be also observed together with the first one. The lambdamax 480 pigment is easily degraded when being exposed to light, although it is resistant to the effect of hydroxylamine. The other two pitments are less sensitive to the light, but are readily bleached by hydroxylamine. The yellow-orange coloured cells of the light-shading "spectacles" contain a mixture of beta-carotenoids. When extracted by petroleum ether, these beta-carotenoids display lambdamax at 425, 445 and 476 nm. Column chromatography on aluminium oxide revealed 6 fractions in the extracted carotenoids: light-yellow, dark-yellow, brown, reddish-brown, pink and pinkish ones. In the range from yellow to pink fractions, the contribution of the lambdamax 475 nm band increases, while that of two other ones-decreases.     

Halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin contain a C6-C7 s-trans retinal chromophore.

Halorhodopsin (HR) and sensory rhodopsin (SR) have been regenerated with retinal analogues that are covalently locked in the 6-s-cis or 6-s-trans conformations. Both pigments regenerate more completely with the locked 6-s-trans retinal and produce analogue pigments with absorption maxima (577 nm for HR and 592 nm for SR) nearly identical to those of the native pigments (577 and 587 nm). This indicates that HR and SR bind retinal in the 6-s-trans conformation. The opsin shift for the locked 6-s-trans analogue in HR is 1,200 cm-1 less than that for the native chromophore (5,400 cm-1). The opsin shift for the 6-s-trans analogue in SR is 1,100 cm-1 less than that for the native retinal (5,700 cm-1). This demonstrates that approximately 20% of the opsin shift in these pigments arises from a protein-induced change in the chromophore conformation from twisted 6-s-cis in solution to planar 6-s-trans in the protein. The reduced opsin shift observed for the locked 6-s-cis analogue pigments compared with the locked 6-s-trans pigments may be due to a positive electrostatic perturbation near C7.     

真眼点藻类色素的提取与测定方法

分别采用甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种有机溶剂提取7种真眼点藻的色素,比较3种有机溶剂提取色素的效果,测定3种有机溶剂色素提取液的吸收光谱,利用分光光度法计算藻的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量,并比较甲醇和乙醇色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰。结果表明:使用乙醇比甲醇和90%丙酮操作更简便、快捷并且毒害低。3种有机溶剂色素提取液的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05),提取率基本一致。色素在3种有机溶剂中的吸收光谱相似,甲醇和乙醇的色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。乙醇色素提取液可使用Lichtenthaler的公式计算色素含量。     

4-Hydroxyretinal, a new visual pigment chromophore found in the bioluminescent squid, Watasenia scintillans

The bioluminescent squid, Watasenia scintillans has three visual pigments. The major pigment, based on retinal (lambda max 484 nm), is distributed over the whole retina. Another pigment based on 3-dehydroretinal (lambda max approximately 500 nm) and the third pigment (lambda max approximately 470 nm) are localized in the specific area of the ventral retina just receiving the downwelling light. Visual pigment was extracted and purified from the dissected retina. The chromophores were then extracted and analyzed with HPLC, NMR, infrared and mass spectroscopy, being compared with the synthetic 4-hydroxyretinal. A new retinal derivative, 11-cis-4-hydroxyretinal, is identified as the chromophore of the third visual pigment of the squid.     

Photoinduced transformation of 14-F-bacteriorhodopsin gelatin films based on both wild type and D96N mutant

Spectral and kinetic transformations were studied in gelatin films made with 14-F wild type (WT) bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and 14-F D96N mutant BR. Unlike the recent study of water suspensions of the same pigments, where a red shifted species at 660 nm was shown to form under the light in 14-F WT only, there are no drastic differences in photoinduced behavior between gelatin films based on 14-F WT and 14-F D96N. It is not observed any photoinduced formation of red shifted species at 660 nm for both types of films as it is observed for corresponding pigments in water suspension. The observed results are explained in a terms of relationship between the rates of two photoinduced processes that occur in suspensions and films of corresponding pigments. Kinetic characteristics of the photoinduced processes for the films with chemical additives suggest that there are no advantages in using 14-F D96N films when compared to films based on 14-F WT.