烟草镉的健康风险评价及消减技术研究进展

烟草是耐镉富镉植物,降低烟叶镉含量对环境质量和人体健康具有重要意义.本文系统地从烟草镉的吸收转运分布规律、健康风险评价和消减技术3方面进行综述,系统分析了该领域的研究成果、现状和存在问题.阐述了烟草耐镉机制,分析了烟草吸收镉的影响因素,并总结了烟草镉分布的一般规律.从健康风险评估角度分析了制定烟草镉限量标准的重要性,根据大气镉呼吸限量和肠胃镉吸收限量,结合烟草镉限量建议计算公式,推导出了烟草镉限量建议值.最后,总结出一些简单有效的烟草镉消减技术,为低镉烟叶生产提供技术指导.     

烟草对烟粉虱的抗性与烟草化学成分的相关性

为探明烟草对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的抗性机制,分别测定了不同烟草品种的叶绿素相对含量、鲜烟叶及烤后烟叶的化学成分含量,并分析了烟草抗虫性与烟草化学成分的关系.结果表明,中部叶片叶绿素含量与烟粉虱数量呈负相关,相关系数达到了显著水平;鲜烟叶化学成分钾氯比、糖碱比、氮碱比、还原糖、烟碱、蛋...     

烟草高级脂肪酸代谢及影响因素研究进展

脂肪酸作为烟草中一类重要的化合物,对烟草的生长发育及烟叶的品质风格有重要的影响。近年来,脂肪酸代谢也被证实参与了烟草抗逆性的形成。烟草种子富含油脂和各类脂肪酸,随着烟草种子发育,亚油酸、油酸和棕榈酸含量不断增加,可作为一类潜在的生物质能源加以开发利用。在烟草叶片的生长发育过程中,脂肪酸含量逐渐升高,开花时达到最大,随烟叶成熟衰老而逐渐降低,同时饱和脂肪酸逐渐转变为不饱和脂肪酸。烟叶中、下部叶片脂肪酸含量高于上部烟叶,栅栏组织中高于海绵组织中。此外,基因型以及光照、温度、地理因素、施肥、烘烤方法、机械伤害等环境因素均显著影响烟叶内脂肪酸的组成、含量及其脂肪酸生物合成和代谢关键酶活性和基因表达。低温锻炼可显著提高烟叶内多不饱和脂肪酸含量,降低饱和脂肪酸含量,提高烟叶的耐冷性。通过基因工程手段在烟草中过表达脂酰-ACP去饱和酶、酰基载体蛋白、脂肪酸去饱和酶及脂肪酸脱氢酶等基因可有效提高烟草内不饱和脂肪酸的含量,增强烟草在干旱、高温、强光等非生物胁迫环境下的抗逆性。基于以上结果,提出未来的研究方向,旨在为该领域的研究提供理论和实践指导。     

烟草内生真菌对烟草生长和烟叶重金属含量的影响

本文通过共培养试验、菌剂盆栽试验和田间小区试验研究了烟草内生真菌对烟苗生长和烟叶重金属含量的影响。结果表明:在199株烟草内生真菌中,镰刀菌菌株YCEF005和棘壳孢菌菌株YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193、YCEF199具有促进烟苗生长的作用,与内生真菌共培养的烟苗叶片数、根和地上部鲜重和干重均显著增加,YCEF005菌剂对盆栽烟草的生长促进作用最为显著。在Cd2+单一处理时,内生真菌YCEF005、YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193菌剂显著减少盆栽烟叶Cd含量25.87%–39.11%;在Cd2+、As3+、Pb2+混合处理时,内生真菌YCEF005、YCEF053、YCEF191、YCEF193菌剂显著减少盆栽烟叶Cd含量25.22%–50.56%、As含量22.10%–36.07%、Pb含量4.35%–47.01%;在田间小区试验中,采用YCEF005+YCEF053混合菌剂显著减少上部烟叶Pb含量18.66%、下部烟叶Cd含量22.41%。研究表明烟草内生真菌在促进烟草生长和减少烟叶重金属含量中具有一定的应用潜力。     

镉胁迫对烟草根抗氧化能力和激素含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)根内的超氧阴离子含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化系统SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性、膜质过氧化水平及激素IAA、ABA、GA3、ZR含量的影响。结果显示烟草根中的超氧阴离子含量随着镉浓度增大而升高;镉浓度为5mg/L时,可溶性蛋白质含量增加,但随着镉浓度增加,可溶性蛋白质含量急剧下降;SOD、CAT、APX活性在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度升高其活性下降;POD,GR活性在镉浓度为5-25mg/L时上升,在镉浓度为50mg/L时下降,但仍高于对照;MDA含量随着镉浓度增加而升高;IAA氧化酶活性在镉浓度5mg/L时下降,但随着镉浓度的升高而降低;IAA含量在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度增加,IAA氧化酶活性升高,导致IAA含量逐渐下降;镉胁迫对烟草根中ABA合成表现为促进作用;GA3含量在镉浓度为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度的增加其含量逐渐下降;ZR含量在镉胁迫下迅速减少。     

烟草在PVYN病毒与烟蚜作用下对高CO2浓度的响应

以CO2浓度为主处理因子,研究了加倍CO2浓度和对照大气CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜、马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)以及二者共同作用下烟草各指标的响应。结果表明,在当前CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响不显著;而在未来高CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响很大。CO2浓度升高后,PVYN和蚜虫二者联合作用显著降低烟草产量,危害加重,高CO2的"肥料"作用被极大地削弱。在有烟蚜、PVYN以及两者共同作用时烟草的化学物质及主要的次生代谢物烟碱的含量对CO2浓度升高的响应也发生一定的变化,表现在:高CO2浓度条件下,蚜虫、蚜虫与PVYN共同作用显著增加了烟草的含氮量;显著减少了烟叶含糖量;PVYN及其与蚜虫共同作用显著升高叶片可溶性蛋白含量;当高CO2浓度下,各处理的烟草烟碱含量均显著下降,而且PVYN感染的烟叶烟碱含量无论在哪一种CO2浓度条件下,都比无毒无虫的对照烟叶烟碱含量升高。结果显示,烟蚜和马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)对烟草的产量、营养物质及防御物质都有影响;CO2浓度升高对烟草的生长有促进作用,增加了烟草的产量,但蚜虫的危害和PVYN感染使烟草产量下降,在高CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜和PVYN共同作用相对于目前CO2浓度对烟草产量的危害加重。     

镉胁迫对烟草叶激素水平、光合特性、荧光特性的影响

采用不同浓度镉胁迫（0mg/L、5mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L）的水培试验,分别用感应耦合等离子体、紫外分光光度计、酶联免疫法、光合作用仪、叶绿素荧光分析仪研究了镉胁迫3d对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)叶内镉含量、IAAO活性、激素（IAA、ABA、GA3、Z）水平、光合特性及荧光特性的影响。结果显示烟草叶内镉含量随着胁迫浓度增加而显著增加;IAAO活性在镉为5mg/L时下降,然后随着镉浓度增加而显著上升;IAA含量在镉为5mg/L时上升,但随着镉浓度增加而显著下降;ABA含量随着镉浓度上升而增加;GA3含量在5mg/L时上升,然后随着镉浓度增加而显著下降;Z含量随着镉浓度增加而显著下降;叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均随镉胁迫浓度增大而显著减少;光合参数（Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr）及荧光参数（ Fv/ Fo、Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、qP）均随镉胁迫浓度增大而下降。     

超累积植物与高生物量植物提取镉效率的比较

利用植物修复污染的土壤已受到广泛的关注.采用土壤盆栽试验,比较了超累积植物遏蓝菜与3种高生物量植物印度芥菜、烟草和向日葵对长期施用含镉有机、无机肥料污染的土壤(总Cd,2.87mg·kg-1)的提取效率.研究结果表明,遏蓝菜富集镉的能力明显高于其他3种植物,其地上部镉含量可达43.7mg·kg-1,分别是烟草、印度芥菜和向日葵(叶)的10、27和56倍;而地上部生物量最高的植物烟草,其生物量干重为24.8g· pot-1,分别是遏蓝菜、印度芥菜、向日葵的35倍、3倍、2倍.4种植物提取镉最多的是烟草,每盆可以提取117μg,遏蓝菜和印度芥菜提取镉量分别为35μg·pot-1和30μg·pot-1,向日葵提取量最少,每盆仅为10μg左右.植物对土壤中镉的提取效率分别为:烟草 1%,遏蓝菜0.6%,印度芥菜 0.5%,向日葵0.08%.4种植物种植后,土壤总镉和有效态镉含量没有显著的变化.     

遗传工程植物的田间试验

美国农业部批准了肯塔基大学对含有一种能调节重金属浓度的小鼠肝基因的烟草进行田间试验.该鼠基因指使植物产生一种与重金属如镉、汞和铜结合的蛋白——金属硫因。大学科学家们对鼠基因转化的烟草植株进行温室试验发现,叶中的镉含量降低约1/4. 美农业部动植物卫生检疫处的L.B.Slagle说“重金属与许多疾病的发生有关,当人类     

HPLC法测定烟草不同部位、不同提取方法茄尼醇的含量

为了建立烟草不同部位、不同烟草原料中茄尼醇的含量测定方法,本文取烟草不同部位经甲醇超声提取及烟草不同提取方法的提取物,分别用高效液相色谱法测定茄尼醇的含量。结果显示,烟草茎及叶柄中茄尼醇含量极低,烤烟中的茄尼醇的含量：中部烟〉上部烟〉下部烟,烟叶档次越高茄尼醇含量越高。提取溶媒为石油醚〉丙酮〉乙醇。     

Lead and cadmium content of Indian flue-cured tobacco

Summary Studies on levels of lead and cadmium of Indian flue-cured tobacco indicated that the leaf contained very low amounts of these heavy metals as compared to tobacco from other countries. Indian tobacco can therefore be adjudged as ‘safe and clean’ and least hazardous to the smoker. Of the two heavy metals, lead content of soils is higher than cadmium. But in the leaf, cadmium content is more than lead indicating that soil cadmium may be more available to tobacco and hence more readily absorbed by the plant than lead.     

Toxicity of cadmium in tobacco smoke: protection by antioxidants and chelating resins

The effects of cadmium, an environmental toxin present in tobacco smoke, were studied in vitro in human monocytes and compared to those of tobacco smoke. Overexpression of the 72 λkDa heat shock/stress protein Hsp70 and cell death occurred with a similar time-course and to a similar extent in human monocytes exposed to either cadmium or tobacco smoke. Cadmium and tobacco smoke-mediated toxicity were associated with a decrease in the cellular content of glutathione and ATP and the glutathione precursor N -acetyl- l -cysteine prevented both cadmium and tobacco smoke-mediated toxicity. Furthermore, tobacco smoke-mediated toxicity was prevented by pretreatment with the cadmium chelator resin Chelex-100, supporting the conclusion that cadmium plays a major role in tobacco smoke-mediated toxicity.     

Expression of mouse metallothionein-I gene confers cadmium resistance in transgenic tobacco plants

Transgenic tobacco plants containing a mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene fused to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter and nopaline synthase (nos) polyadenylation site were obtained by transforming tobacco leaf discs with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain carrying the chimaeric gene. Transformants were directly selected and rooted on medium containing cadmium and kanamycin. A total of 49 individual transgenic tobacco plants were regenerated. Among them 20% showed a very high expression level and their growth was unaffected by up to 200 M cadmium, whereas the growth of control plants was severely affected leaf chlorosis occurred on medium containing only 10 M cadmium. The concentration of MT-I in leaves of control and transgenic tobacco was determined with Cd/haemoglobin saturation assay, a polarographic method and western blotting. In addition, seeds from self-fertilized transgenic plants were germinated on medium containing toxic levels of cadmium and scored for tolerance/susceptibility to this heavy metal. The ratio of tolerant to susceptible plants was 3:1 indicating that the metallothionein gene is inherited as a single locus.     

Tobacco transformants expressing antisense sequence of proline dehydrogenase gene possess tolerance to heavy metals

Analysis of resistance of genetically modified tobacco plants bearing antisense suppressor of proline dehydrogenase gene and characterized with higher content of proline to elevated concentrations of heavy metals was performed. It was demonstrated that progeny of transgenic plants have high resistance to lead, nickel and cadmium ions.     

Tobacco transformants expressing antisense sequence of proline dehydrogenase gene possess tolerance to heavy metals

Analysis of resistance of genetically modified tobacco plants bearing antisense suppressor of proline dehydrogenase gene and characterized with higher content of proline to elevated concentrations of heavy metals was performed. It was demonstrated that progeny of transgenic plants have high resistance to lead, nickel and cadmium ions.     

Aluminium, Cadmium and Lead Concentration in the Hair of Tobacco Smokers

In the research, the contents of heavy metals, Al, Cd and Pb, in the hair of individuals who reside in similar environmental conditions were spectrometrically determined with the use of atomic emission spectrometry–inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer. The relation to their tobacco smoking habit, age and sex was established. It was observed that the level of all three determined elements was generally higher in the hair of smokers in comparison to hair of non-smokers in both younger and older age groups. In addition, it has been observed that, in the group of elderly people over 50 years old, there was an increase in the content of aluminium, cadmium and lead both in smokers and non-smokers, irrespective of their sex. The sex-related differences in the content of the investigated elements were not unidirectional, and only in few cases did they reveal statistical significance.     

The systemic movement of a tobamovirus is inhibited by a cadmium-ion-induced glycine-rich protein

Systemic movement is central to plant viral infection. Exposure of tobacco plants to low levels of cadmium ions blocks the systemic spread of turnip vein-clearing tobamovirus (TVCV). We identified a tobacco glycine-rich protein, cdiGRP, specifically induced by low concentrations of cadmium and expressed in the cell walls of plant vascular tissues. Constitutive cdiGRP expression inhibited systemic transport of TVCV, whereas suppression of cdiGRP production allowed TVCV movement in the presence of cadmium. cdiGRP exerted its inhibitory effect on TVCV transport by enhancing callose deposits in the vasculature. So cdiGRP may function to control plant viral systemic movement.     

Imbalance in zinc homeostasis enhances lung Tissue Loss following cigarette smoke exposure

Cigarette smoke exposure is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cadmium is a leading toxic component of cigarette smoke. Cadmium and zinc are highly related metals. Whereas, zinc is an essential metal required for normal health, cadmium is highly toxic. Zrt- and Irt-like protein 8 (ZIP8) is an avid transporter of both zinc and cadmium into cells and is abundantly expressed in the lung of smokers compared to nonsmokers. Our objective was to determine whether disturbed zinc homeostasis through diet or the zinc transporter ZIP8 increase susceptibility to lung damage following prolonged cigarette smoke exposure.MethodsCigarette smoke exposure was evaluated in the lungs of mice subject to insufficient and sufficient zinc intakes, in transgenic ZIP8 overexpressing mice, and a novel myeloid-specific ZIP8 knockout strain.ResultsModerate depletion of zinc intakes in adult mice resulted in a significant increase in lung cadmium burden and permanent lung tissue loss following prolonged smoke exposure. Overexpression of ZIP8 resulted in increased lung cadmium burden and more extensive lung damage, whereas cigarette smoke exposure in ZIP8 knockout mice resulted in increased lung tissue loss without a change in lung cadmium content, but a decrease in zinc.ConclusionsOverall, findings were consistent with past human studies. Imbalance in Zn homeostasis increases susceptibility to permanent lung injury following prolonged cigarette smoke exposure. Based on animal studies, both increased and decreased ZIP8 expression enhanced irreversible tissue damage in response to prolonged tobacco smoke exposure. We believe these findings represent an important advancement in our understanding of how imbalance in zinc homeostasis and cadmium exposure via tobacco smoke may increase susceptibility to smoking-induced lung disease.     

Estimation of Chlorophyll in Tobacco Leaves by Direct Photometry

A simple portable instrument utilizing a cadmium sulphide light-dependentresistor in a bridge circuit, and its use in the in vivo estimationof total chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves, are described.The method has wide applicability in plant physiological andnutritional research, and in agriculture. The relationship betweeninstrument readout and chlorophyll content (calibration curve)was nearly parabolic and was determined largely by the light-scatteringproperties of the leaf. The effects of some environmental andplant parameters on this relationship and on the precision ofthe estimation were analysed. The importance of sampling procedurewas emphasized by a marked heterogeneity of chlorophyll distributionfound within leaves of all ages. A scattered-transmission spectrophotometerwas found to give the same type of calibration curve, and wasused to demonstrate that the ‘reference wavelength’correction used by previous authors has no effect on the shapeof the curve or the precision of the method.