微生物絮凝剂处理废水的研究和发展趋势

概括了微生物絮凝剂及其产生菌的研究成果,重点阐述了微生物絮凝剂在处理高浓度废水、废水脱色、废水除浊、废水除油、污泥脱水和污泥改性等方面的研究现状,并指出研究中存在的问题。同时,提出微生物絮凝剂在废水处理领域的发展趋势和实现规模化生产的研究重点。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的研究进展

微生物絮凝剂是一类新型絮凝剂。絮凝剂产生菌作为微生物絮凝剂的一个科研重点已经得到广泛的研究。本文主要总结了微生物絮凝剂产生菌的一些研究进展,重点对絮凝剂产生菌的种类、筛选、培养条件、生物学机理等进行了阐述。此外还介绍了国内外几个新的研究方向,并就以后的研究趋势作了展望。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选和发酵条件研究

设计了微生物絮凝剂产生菌菌种筛选模型,并从土壤和活性污泥中筛选到５１株絮凝剂产生菌,经复筛获得两株絮凝活性较高的菌株,分别定名为Ｎｏｃａｒｄｉａ,ＪＩＭ－８９和ＪＩＭ－１２７。对两株菌的发酵条件,特别是培养基组成,进行了初步研究。两株菌所产生的絮凝剂,对大肠杆菌悬液２０ｍｉｎ的絮凝活性在１０００ｕ／ｍｌ,最高可达１２４８ｕ／ｍｌ。     

利用固定化菌半连续生产微生物絮凝剂的研究

利用多孔聚酯泡沫为载体,进行了微生物絮凝剂产生菌的固定化条件优化和半连续生产絮凝剂的研究。研究发现,利用多孔聚酯可吸附固定XN1菌丝细胞,且能够较长时间保持高的活性。选择载体颗粒0.5cm×0.5 cm×0.5 cm,固液比为6 g/L,接种量105个孢子/mL培养基可达到较好的固定化和产絮凝剂效果。利用最佳固定化条件进行絮凝剂的摇瓶半连续生产实验发现,在最佳条件下,固定化XN1菌产絮凝剂可连续达12批次,且絮凝活性均在90%以上,说明利用多孔聚酯泡沫颗粒作为固定化载体,连续生产絮凝剂的方法是可行的。且和游离菌生产絮凝剂相比,生产效率可提高77.78%。     

一株絮凝剂产生菌的筛选鉴定及培养条件

从淤泥中筛选到1株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌JX18,经过对其形态特征、生理生化特性、以及16SrRNA序列分析初步鉴定为荧光假单胞菌。该菌培养40h进入稳定期,48h时絮凝活性达到最大。进一步研究表明:菌株JX18最适培养基初始pH值7.0,培养温度30°C,摇床转速160r/min,最佳碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和蛋白胨。最适培养条件下,所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝活性达到90.56%。     

Sphingomonas sp. X20絮凝特性及培养条件研究

目的:对分离筛选获得絮凝剂产生菌Sphingomonas sp.X20絮凝特性及培养条件进行研究.方法:采用单因素和正交实验确定最适产絮凝剂培养条件.结果:研究发现,菌株X20的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬液具有良好的絮凝效果,在温度为37℃、培养基初始pH7.0、摇床转速为100r/min条件下培养12h获得的絮凝剂絮凝活性最好,絮凝率达92.8%.正交实验结果表明,菌株Sphingomonas sp.X20产絮凝剂最佳培养基的组成:淀粉15g/L,NH4Cl 1.Og/L,KH2P04,2g/L,K2HP04 5g/L,NaC1 O.lg/L,MgS04·7H2O 0.2g/L,pH7.0.结论:菌株X20是一株高效的产絮凝剂菌,具有很好的应用前景.     

黄孢原毛平革菌产絮凝剂营养条件优化

微生物絮凝剂与传统化学絮凝剂相比,安全无毒、无二次污染,具有开发潜力.黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)能产生微生物絮凝剂,但目前缺少对其产絮凝剂营养条件的优化.使用高岭土并利用单因素法研究碳源、氮源、碳氮比、接种量对Phanerochaete chrysosporium产絮凝剂的...     

产微生物絮凝剂的菌株筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

微生物絮凝剂是一类新型的水处理制剂,因其具有高效、无毒、易降解等特点,已成为水处理剂开发的研究热点。为了扩大微生物絮凝剂的种类,本研究从活性污泥和土壤样品中筛选絮凝剂产生菌,最终获得一株具有絮凝活性的菌株,通过16S rDNA鉴定,该菌株为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii),因此命名为P. monteilii YR-1。利用单因素实验和正交试验对该菌株的发酵条件进行了优化,其最佳碳、氮源分别为25 g/L葡萄糖和2 g/L复合氮源(酵母浸粉:尿素:硫酸铵=5:5:2),培养基初始pH值为10,培养温度为28℃,发酵时间为72 h。在最佳培养条件下,其发酵液的絮凝率从37.68%提高到63.52%。这是关于蒙氏假单胞菌产絮凝剂的首次报道。     

高效微生物絮凝剂D6对屠宰废水的应用研究

筛选出一株针对屠宰废水有高效絮凝活性的微生物絮凝剂产生菌,并对其所产微生物絮凝剂D6进行单因子絮凝条件优化和正交试验优化得到最佳絮凝条件。絮凝条件包括:微生物絮凝剂D6投加量、pH、金属离子种类、1%CaCl₂投加量。试验中发现碱性环境是微生物絮凝剂D6发挥絮凝活性的前提,表明微生物絮凝剂D6分子链的充分伸展对絮凝作用起决定因素,因此微生物絮凝剂D6的絮凝机理为吸附架桥作用。其最佳絮凝条件为微生物絮凝剂D6的投加量为25mL·L^-1,1%CaCl₂投加量55mL·L^-1,pH为8。在最佳絮凝条件下,絮凝率为96.6%,浊度去除率为97.8%,SS去除率为92.6%。     

一株产絮凝剂的曲霉菌株的筛选

从排污沟的废水污泥中筛选到1株产絮凝剂的霉菌GXF9912.该菌株的最佳产絮凝剂时间为培养后72h;培养基的初始pH为6.0～6.5时,产生的絮凝剂活性较高;Ca     

污水处理过程中微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子响应的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关。通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素,有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果。在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群;活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门,还有少量担子菌门;古菌以产甲烷菌为主;而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点。本文通过对相关文献分析及总结,综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响,尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应。同时,对未来研究方向进行探讨,以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础。     

Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Human sewage pollution is a major threat to public health because sewage always comes with pathogens. Human sewage is usually received and treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to control pathogenic risks and ameliorate environmental health. However, untreated sewage that flows into water environments may cause serious waterborne diseases, as reported in India and Bangladesh. To examine the fate of the human sewage microbiome in a local municipal WWTP of Hong Kong, we used massively parallel sequencing of 16S rRNA gene to systematically profile microbial communities in samples from three sections (i.e., influent, activated sludge, and effluent) obtained monthly throughout 1 year. The results indicated that: (1) influent sewage bacterial profile reflected the human microbiome; (2) human gut bacterial community was the dominant force shaping influent sewage bacterial profile; (3) most human sewage bacteria could be effectively removed by the WWTP; (4) a total of 75 genera were profiled as potentially pathogenic bacteria, most of which were still present in the effluent although at a very low level; (5) a grouped pattern of bacterial community was observed among the same section samples but a dispersed pattern was found among the different section samples; and (6) activated sludge was less affected by the influent sewage bacteria, but it showed a significant impact on the effluent bacteria. All of these findings provide novel insights toward a mechanistic understanding of the fate of human sewage microbiome in the WWTP.     

Simultaneous methanogenesis and phototrophic bacterial growth in relatively dry sewage sludge under light

Anaerobically digested sewage sludge with a variety of moisture content, namely 81%, 86%, 90% and 98%, were anaerobically cultured at 35 degrees C under light. Phototrophic bacteria grew in the 86% moisture sludge (bacteriochlorophyll a, 0.46 g/L), 90% sludge (bacteriochlorophyll a, 0.36 g/L) and 98% sludge (bacteriochlorophyll a, 0.04 g/L) with methane production. Phototrophic bacteria could not grow in the 81% moisture sludge (bacteriochlorophyll a 0.004 g/L). Phototrophic bacteria could assimilate about 46% of the extracellular ammonium in the 90% moisture sludge. Phototrophic bacteria utilized organic compounds competing with methanogens; therefore, methane yield from the 90% moisture sludge under the light conditions was lower than that under the dark conditions. Phototrophic bacteria could grow in anaerobically digested sludge with relatively low moisture content, and assimilated extracellular ammonium in the sludge. The quality of digested sludge with phototrophic bacterial biomass for fertilizer could be improved compared with that without phototrophic bacterial biomass.     

活性污泥微生物胞外多聚物生物合成途径与菌胶团形成的调控机制

活性污泥法是借助活性污泥微生物菌胶团形成来实现泥水重力分离和部分污泥回用,辅以曝气供氧,在曝气池中高密度的微生物细胞可将溶解性有机污染物迅速降解、转化后为己所用,外排的剩余污泥带走大量有机质和氮磷,水质得以净化。活性污泥微生物所合成的胶质状胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)是污泥菌胶团形成必不可少的"黏合剂",吸水性极高,这也造成剩余污泥难以处置和利用。我们初步总结了活性污泥微生物宏基因组研究概况,利用分子遗传学和基因组学手段,对活性污泥优势种动胶菌(Zoogloea)和其他菌胶团形成菌的EPS生物合成途径和菌胶团形成与调控机制加以研究,鉴定出一个约40 kb的胞外多糖生物合成大型基因簇和一个由7个基因组成的小型基因簇,该基因簇中除胞外多糖合成相关基因外,还编码组氨酸激酶Prs K和反应调节蛋白Prs R双组分系统,可激活RpoNσ因子共同调控一类称之为PEP-CTERM的新型胞外蛋白质的表达,参与菌胶团的形成。PEP-CTERM富含天冬酰胺(缩写为Asn或者N)残基,可能与胞外多糖通过N-连锁的糖基化形成复合物,包裹微生物细胞群体来介导菌胶团的形成。类似的PEP-CTERM基因和胞外多糖合成基因簇在许多重要的活性污泥细菌如聚磷菌和全程氨氧化菌中存在,说明这些细菌也是菌胶团形成菌,可通过污泥沉淀和回用在活性污泥中得以富集。这些研究结果可供活性污泥膨胀控制、污泥减量和剩余污泥资源和能源回收利用参考。     

海口市污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解海口市白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌抗生素耐性情况,采用平板分离技术分离、纯化细菌,并通过BIOLOG微生物鉴定系统对筛选到的细菌进行鉴定,同时采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验并进行抗生素耐性分析。本研究共分离到18株细菌,分属8个属,14个种,其中G+和G-均为9株。抗生素药敏性试验结果表明,所有菌株均耐药,菌株单重耐药率、双重耐药性及多重耐药性分别为50%、38.9%、和11.1%。菌株对9种常用抗生素:头孢他啶、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、链霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、氯霉素、四环素、卡那霉素的耐药率分别为61.1%、0%、5.6%、16.7%、50%、16.7%、11.1%、0%、5.6%。综上所述,白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中的细菌耐药性比较严重,存在潜在的环境生态和人畜健康风险。本研究揭示了当前白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌对常见抗生素耐药的严重现状,为建议污水处理厂加强出水及污泥中抗生素耐药性及耐药基因的检测并评估其生态影响提供基础,避免出水及污泥中的抗性菌和耐药基因可能带来的风险问题。     

DG-DGGE分析产氢发酵系统微生物群落动态及种群多样性

应用双梯度-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DG-DGGE)对生物制氢反应器微生物种群的动态变化及多样性进行监测。间隔7d从反应器取厌氧活性污泥,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V2～V3区域PCR扩增,长约450bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱。污泥接种到反应器后微生物群落中既有原始种群的消亡和增长,也有次级种群的强化和演变。反应器在运行初期群落演替迅速,15d时微生物群落结构变化最大。群落结构的相似性随着演替时间的增加而逐渐升高,种群动态变化后形成稳定的群落结构。29d时微生物多样性基本保持不变,微生物优势种属达到19个OTU。在细菌竞争和协同作用制约下,种群多样性降低后趋于稳定,形成顶级群落。有些种群在群落结构中一直存在,是群落建成的原始种群,原始种群与次级种群在代谢过程中具有协同作用,表现出群落的综合生态特征。     

Anaerobic Methane Oxidation: Occurrence and Ecology

Anoxic sediments and digested sewage sludge anaerobically oxidized methane to carbon dioxide while producing methane. This strictly anaerobic process showed a temperature optimum between 25 and 37°C, indicating an active microbial participation in this reaction. Methane oxidation in these anaerobic habitats was inhibited by oxygen. The rate of the oxidation followed the rate of methane production. The observed anoxic methane oxidation in Lake Mendota and digested sewage sludge was more sensitive to 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid than the simultaneous methane formation. Sulfate diminished methane formation as well as methane oxidation. However, in the presence of iron and sulfate the ratio of methane oxidized to methane formed increased markedly. Manganese dioxide and higher partial pressures of methane also stimulated the oxidation. The rate of methane oxidation in untreated samples was approximately 2% of the CH₄ production rate in Lake Mendota sediments and 8% of that in digested sludge. This percentage could be increased up to 90% in sludge in the presence of 10 mM ferrous sulfate and at a partial pressure of methane of 20 atm (2,027 kPa).     

Adaptive changes of chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria during growth in sewage sludge

A chemolithoauthotrophic, acidophilic, sulfur-oxidizing strain was isolated from sewage sludge and identified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The morphology and physiology of the isolate grown in mineral medium or sterilized sewage sludge were investigated. Morphological and ultrastructural differences between cells grown in mineral medium and sewage sludge were clearly visible. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed some changes in the protein expression profiles in the periplasmic fraction as well as a lower level of cytochromes. Adaptation of A. thiooxidans to sewage sludge was not only a physiological process but also included genetic changes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed structural changes in chromosomal DNA of such bacteria. Most of the restriction fragments were highly conserved and shared by strains grown under different conditions. Cultivation in mineral medium did, however, lead to the appearance of an additional restriction fragment. In combination, the obtained results provide evidence of adaptive responses by A. thioxidans during growth in sewage sludge and confirm that this bacteria can be useful in biotechnologies of heavy metal bioleaching from different environments polluted with hazardous compounds.     

Flocculant Production by Paecilomyces sp. Taxonomic Studies and Culture Conditions for Production

Screening of microorganisms producing a new kind of flocculating substance was carried out. A fungus that produced a large amount of a strong microbial cell flocculant was isolated from soil. The fungus was classified as a Paecilomyces species. The substance produced showed very interesting and unique flocculation characteristics. It could efficiently flocculate all tested suspended solids in aqueous solution, and flocculation was practically not affected by ionic strength, pH or temperature.

The influence of components of the culture medium upon the flocculant production by Paecilomyces sp. 1-1 was studied. Addition of hydrolysates of casein such as casamino acid and polypeptone stimulated the production of the flocculant. A high concentration of calcium ions also significantly increased the mycelial growth and the production of the flocculant. Under the optimum cultural conditions, a 500-fold dilution of the culture filtrate could efficiently flocculate and sediment E. coli cells.