紫黑米种质功能成分综合研究与利用

紫黑米富含花青素、黄酮、多酚等功能成分,着重介绍了花青素等功能成分的含量差异及其影响因素、功能研究、基于代谢机理与育种及食品加工工艺的功能成分强化研究、功能成分的利用及提取工艺等领域的研究进展。针对国内外紫黑米功能成分综合研究利用进展,提出紫黑米的育种利用、食品保健、医药研发和分子机理研究及其新型功能食品研制与产业化对策,以期为紫黑米相关研究提供参考。     

紫山药的营养保健价值及产品开发

紫山药又称为"紫人参",其肉色亮紫,富含特有的多糖、粘液质、蛋白质、淀粉、多种氨基酸、矿物元素等营养性成分,还具有多种功能性成分,如薯蓣皂苷(天然的DHEA)、尿囊素、多酚、植物固醇,有8种类黄酮物质花青素等。因此,紫山药具有较高的营养价值和保健功能,是集美味和保健养生作用于一体的珍贵药食兼用的绿色食品。在食品、化妆品、医药方面已显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文对紫山药的营养性成分、保健功能性成分及产品开发等方面已有的研究进行分析总结和展望。旨在提高人们对紫山药保健功能的认识,为今后科学地开发利用紫山药资源,促进紫山药营养和保健功能的开发提供参考。     

有关藜麦的一些后话

<正>藜麦,营养既均衡又全面,保健功能显著而独特;生态适应性广泛,从各方面都彰显其尊贵而不娇贵的个性。然而现状是,藜麦栽培仍然以南美洲的玻利维亚等原产区为主,远远满足不了迅速升温的藜麦消费市场需求。显然,藜麦供需的不平衡必然带来消费者不期望看到的价格的不断攀升。这个问题在20世纪末就已经凸显。随着藜麦在世界范     

藜麦及其资源开发利用

藜麦Chenopodium quinoa Willd.英文名:quinoa,原产于南美洲安第斯山区,是印加土著居民的主要传统食物,至今已有5 000~7 000多年的利用和种植历史。古代印加人将它称之为"粮食之母"。藜麦在20世纪80年代,被美国宇航局用于宇航员的太空食品。联合国粮农组织认为藜麦是唯一的单一植物即可满足人体基本营养需求的食物,正式推荐藜麦为最适宜人类的完美的全营养食品。本文对藜麦的植物形态、生态特性、营养价值以及在我国种植展望作了综合报道。     

藜麦的驯化栽培与遗传育种

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)起源于南美洲提提喀喀湖区,是苋科(Amaranthaceae)藜属(Chenopodium)一年生作物。因其营养全面且对多种非生物逆境胁迫具有抗性,被认为是尚未被充分开发且具有高应用潜力的作物,深受育种学家的关注。近年来,随着人们对健康的关注和高品质生活的追求,对藜麦的需求量急剧增加,加之藜麦能有效缓解全球粮食安全,对其栽培与育种等研究已成为热点。为了加深对藜麦的认识和推动其产业的发展,本文结合本课题组多年来对源于安第斯山藜麦种质资源的收集、评价与利用的实践,从藜麦营养价值与应用、起源与分布、遗传研究、品种选育进展及发展趋势等方面进行了总结,以期为我国藜麦新品种(系)的培育与栽培、产业可持续发展、贫困地区人群增收及新增我国粮食生产途径等方面提供参考信息。     

藜麦——功能性食物里的新星

<正>关于藜麦最早的书面描述来源于德国植物学家和药理学家C. L. Willdenow,其在临床实践中发现了藜麦的诸多药理作用。藜麦的营养成分含量丰富,比例均衡,因而享有众多美誉,同时,由于含有独特的基本营养物质而被称为功能性食品。总之,藜麦对人体健康有非常积极的医疗保健作用。     

内蒙古藜麦的营养成分分析及评价

以内蒙古种植的藜麦为试验原料,对其主要营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质及维生素进行分析与评价。结果表明：藜麦中蛋白质含量为13-1%、粗脂肪为7-7%、淀粉为49-0%、灰分为2-2%、粗纤维为2-0%。藜麦含有17种氨基酸,其中有7种必需氨基酸,赖氨酸含量丰富。根据氨基酸评分（AAS）和化学评分（CS）,藜麦第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。藜麦含有13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,占脂肪酸总量的85-25%,饱和脂肪酸占14-75%,其中棕榈酸含量最高,占脂肪酸总量的7-92%。矿物质和维生素含量丰富,其中钾、钙、镁、磷、铁、维生素B1和维生素B2含量均很高。因此,内蒙古种植的藜麦具有较高的营养价值。     

茶油精制工艺及应用研究进展

茶油是我国特有的木本油脂,含有多种功能性成分,营养价值丰富,且具有独特的保健功能,广泛应用于高级食用油、化妆品、医药、化工等行业。本文就茶油的成分组成、提取精制工艺、药理作用以及茶油的应用进行一综述,以促进我国茶油产业的发展。     

藜麦基因组学与重要农艺性状位点研究进展

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)作为20世纪新兴的健康食物,因其营养成分全面、抗逆性强等特性备受关注,在国际上享有“营养黄金”、“素食之王”、“未来食品”的美誉。近年来随着基因组学和高通量测序技术的快速发展,藜麦高质量的全基因组序列得以完成并开展了系列关键基因功能研究。本文总结了藜麦基因组学、重要转录因子基因家族分析、遗传图谱构建和重要性状QTL定位和重要农艺和产量性状基因的研究进展。此外,针对目前藜麦育种的现状,本文还提出了藜麦育种存在的5个关键问题,并指出了未来藜麦遗传改良和育种的4个重要方向,旨在为实现未来藜麦的定向遗传改良提供参考。     

藜麦提取物的抗氧化活性及藜麦红豆复合饮料的研制

以藜麦为原料,测定其甲醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并将藜麦加工为藜麦红豆复合饮料,采用单因素试验和正交试验优化饮料最佳配方。结果表明:藜麦提取物自由基DPPH·清除能力的Trolox当量为(105.74±16.21)mg/g,自由基ABTS·+清除能力的Trolox当量为(337.5±15.51)mg/g,氧化自由基吸收能力的Trolox当量为(112.44±3.5)mg/g,铁还原能力的Fe SO4当量为(215.42±11.08)mg/g,说明藜麦具有较好的抗氧化活性,可被开发为天然的抗氧化剂。藜麦红豆复合饮料最优方案为红豆与藜麦质量比3∶5、白砂糖质量添加量4%,植脂末质量添加量1.2%。该研发产品口感良好,具有藜麦和红豆特有的风味。     

藜麦营养学、生态学及种质资源学研究进展

藜麦Chenopodium quinoa (2n=4x=36)属于石竹目藜属,起源于南美洲安第斯山区,在该地区有几千年的栽培历史。近年来,因其营养的全面性和广泛的生态适应性引起世界范围的关注,开始了从印第安主粮到一种战略资源的蜕变之路。本文综述近年来藜麦的营养学、生态学和种质资源学研究进展与亟待解决的问题,并对藜麦的应用前景以及供求现状提出对策和展望。     

Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): potential and perspectives

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) originated in the Andean region of South America; this species is associated with exceptional grain nutritional quality and is highly valued for its ability to tolerate abiotic stresses. However, its introduction outside the Andes has yet to take off on a large scale. In the Andes, quinoa has until recently been marginally grown by small-scale Andean farmers, leading to minor interest in the crop from urban consumers and the industry. Quinoa breeding programs were not initiated until the 1960s in the Andes, and elsewhere from the 1970s onwards. New molecular tools available for the existing quinoa breeding programs, which are critically examined in this review, will enable us to tackle the limitations of allotetraploidy and genetic specificities. The recent progress, together with the declaration of “The International Year of the Quinoa” by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, anticipates a bright future for this ancient species.     

Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal native from the Andean region of South America that has increased in importance worldwide. Quinoa is now considered an alternative to traditional crops in a climate change scenario, considering its ability to adapt to marginal soils, droughts and frosts. Despite the interesting agronomic and nutritional features of this crop, research into quinoa is characterised by individual attempts to define its phenological stages without an international consensus. A unique criterion to quantify the phenology of quinoa could become a useful tool for researchers and plant breeders in future work by standardising this information for international cooperation. In this article, a proposed scale of the phenological growth stages of quinoa based on the BBCH coding system (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) was developed. Growth stages were described utilising the decimal code of the BBCH system, and figures were included for the most representative stages.     

Phytochemical and genetic characterization of five quinoa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chenopodium quinoa</Emphasis> Willd.) genotypes introduced to Egypt

Due to its substantial nutritional value, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is currently attracting worldwide attention. Quinoa is characterized by a high adaptability to various environmental conditions. This is the first report on the phytochemical and genetic evaluation of quinoa germplasms introduced to Egypt, and the results could be used to implement propagation techniques in the future. For phytochemical characterization, 41 traits, including primary and secondary metabolites, antioxidant molecules, sugars, organic acids and fatty acids, were evaluated. At the same time, 4 RAPD and 7 ISSR markers were used for genetic analysis. UPGMA analysis of RAPD and ISSR polymorphic markers, their combined dataset and phytochemical traits were used to evaluate genetic relationships among genotypes. The quinoa genotypes displayed reasonable variation in the studied phytochemical traits. The results of the genetic analysis confirmed that RAPD and ISSR markers could be used to distinguish effectively quinoa genotypes. The phytochemical and genetic characterization reported herein will be a promising guide for breeding seed quality in quinoa.     

Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a staple seed crop in the Andean region of South America. Improving quinoa productivity is a primary food-security issue for this region, and has been part of the impetus for the establishment of several new quinoa breeding programs throughout the Andean region. Chilean quinoa has been characterized as morphologically diverse and bifurcated into coastal and highland ecotypes. The success of emerging breeding programs will rely heavily on the development of core germplasm collections and germplasm evaluation—especially of the coastal quinoa ecotypes that are often neglected in traditional breeding programs. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and quantify the genetic diversity within 28 Altiplano and 31 coastal Chilean accessions of quinoa using microsatellite markers. To facilitate the analysis, we also report the development of seven sets of fluorescent multiplexed microsatellite PCR reactions that result in genetic information for 20 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 150 alleles were detected among the quinoa accession, ranging from 2 to 20 alleles per locus and an average 7.5 allele/locus. Both cluster (UPGMA) and principal component analyses separated the accessions into two discrete groups. The first group contained quinoa accessions from the north (Andean highlands) and the second group consisted of accessions from the south (lowland or coastal). Three accessions from Europe were classified into the southern quinoa group. The data obtained in the diversity analyses highlights the relationships within and among northern and southern Chilean quinoa accessions and provides the quinoa scientific community with a new set of easy to use and highly informative genetic markers.     

微藻的药用、保健价值及研究开发现状(综述)

本文综述微藻中的各种药理活性物质及已投入市场的微藻产品的药用,保健价值,以及微藻保健与功能食品的研究开发现状。