防治甘草萤叶甲生物源农药筛选及其对生物多样性的影响

为了筛选出防治甘草萤叶甲Diorhbda tarsalis Weise的生物药剂,采用多种生物源药剂,通过室内、田间试验,进行综合分析。室内毒力测定结果表明,甘草萤叶甲对0.5%黎芦碱SL的敏感性最高,LD50为0.139mg/L,0.3%印楝素EC、L2、1%苦参碱SL、L1依次递减,LD50分别为0.457,1.352,2.014和2.251mg/L,均高于其他药剂。田间防效结果表明,黎芦碱药后21d对甘草萤叶甲的防效最高,为100%,苦参碱、印楝素次之,均为86.67%,L2、L1的分别为66.67%和40%;对非靶标害虫小绿叶蝉也有较好的控制作用,药后21d防效L1较低,为56.67%,其他防效均高于68.89%;对田间天敌多异瓢虫和中华草蛉的安全性,除黎芦碱外,印楝素、苦参碱、L2、L1均较好,药后21d校正虫口减退率最高为57.14%;另外,苦参碱药后各期生物多样性指数平均最高,为2.93,印楝素次之,为2.88,藜芦碱、L1、L2依次递减,分别为2.45,2.43和2.07。因此,印楝素、苦参碱是防治甘草萤叶甲的理想药剂。     

不同杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力及田间药效

【目的】西花蓟马是一种世界性的危险性入侵害虫,筛选防治西花蓟马的有效药剂可为生产中科学用药提供依据。【方法】通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了2种化学药剂和8种生物药剂对西花蓟马成虫的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和药后不同时期的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定依据LC_(50)值将各药剂对西花蓟马的敏感性由高到低依次排序为乙基多杀菌素(0.1958 mg·L~(-1))、印楝素(0.9399 mg·L~(-1))、苦参碱(1.2483 mg·L~(-1))、阿维菌素(1.8096 mg·L~(-1))、高效氯氰菊酯(4.4458 mg·L~(-1))、藜芦碱(10.7628 mg·L~(-1))、鱼藤酮(18.1898 mg·L~(-1))、吡虫啉(46.3964 mg·L~(-1))、松脂酸钠(131.5214 mg·L~(-1))、苏云金杆菌(446.2318 mg·L~(-1));田间药效试验发现,乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治西花蓟马均表现出较强的速效性和持效性,药后1～14 d的防效分别可达84%和73%以上;其次是藜芦碱,药后1～14 d的防效可达48.15%～61.37%;高效氯氰菊酯的防效较低,药后14 d的防效为46.22%;生物药剂阿维菌素、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、印楝素的速效性均较低,但防效随施药后时间的延长而逐渐上升;鱼藤酮持效性最低。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉可推荐为生产中防治西花蓟马的首选药剂,植物源药剂藜芦碱和生物药剂阿维菌素可作为交替使用药剂。     

三种酰胺类新农药对水稻孕穗期稻纵卷叶螟的防效试验

单季杂交晚稻孕穗期稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée发生不整齐,为害重,在主治药剂氟虫腈即将禁用之际,急需防治高龄幼虫的长效药剂,酰胺类农药是满足这一条件的新一代农药。3种酰胺类农药试验结果,在单季稻孕穗期防治稻纵卷叶螟,20%氟虫双酰胺(WDG)150g/hm2处理速效性与持效性表现最好,药后3d防效达90.3%,药后15d防效高达96.2%;20%氯虫苯甲酰胺(SC)150mL/hm2处理速效性略低于氟虫双酰胺,持效接近,药后3d、15d防效分别达75.2%、91.2%;40%氯虫·噻虫嗪(WDG)120mL/hm2处理速效介于氟虫双酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺之间,持效略低于前二者,药后3d、15d防效分别为83.2%、88.3%。对照药剂5%氟虫腈(SC)750mL/hm2和90%杀虫单3000g/hm2处理药后3d、15d的防效均低于上述3种酰胺类新药剂。保叶效果以氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺处理最高,药后15d保叶率分别为83.6%和85.0%,二者无显著差异,其次为氯虫·噻虫嗪处理为59.6%,3种酰胺类新药剂保叶效果均显著高于对照药剂氟虫腈和杀虫单。结果表明,3种酰胺类农药孕穗期防治稻纵卷叶螟的药效、持效性和保叶效果均高于当前主治药剂氟虫腈、杀虫单,可在生产上推广应用。     

七种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防治效果研究

【目的】明确25%吡蚜酮SC、3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、25%噻虫嗪WG、14%氯虫·高氯氟ZC、15%高氯·毒死蜱EC、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW和40%毒死蜱EC 7种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和蚜虫的防治效果,为科学、合理用药防治小麦害虫提供参考。【方法】采用喷雾法和剥穗调查法,研究它们对小麦吸浆虫成虫和麦蚜的防效,及防后对小麦吸浆虫幼虫危害损失的影响。【结果】参试药剂药后1 d对小麦吸浆虫成虫防效均高于90%,药后3~5 d防效为84.81%~93.93%,防后挽回损失76%以上;对麦蚜药后1、3、5 d防效分别高于75%、80%和85%。在供试的7种药剂中,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC药后3~5 d对两种害虫防效、挽回吸浆虫危害均超过90%,应用效果最好;其次为25%噻虫嗪WG和40%毒死蜱EC,药后3~5 d对吸浆虫防效高于90%、对麦蚜防效分别高于86%和90%,挽回吸浆虫危害损失88%以上。【结论】供试药剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防效存在显著差异,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC对两种害虫防治效果最好。     

北方桃园秋季桃蚜发生规律与防控药剂筛选

秋季回迁到桃园的越冬桃蚜是翌年早春危害桃树的主要虫源。为明确秋季北方桃园中桃蚜的回迁发生动态和产卵情况,以及筛选高效防治的药剂,本研究分别在北京、石家庄、泰安、兰州各选1个桃园,采用黄板诱虫,监测秋季桃园内桃蚜的成虫种群和产卵动态;通过田间药效试验,评价藜芦碱、苦参碱和矿物油等3种药剂对秋季桃蚜的田间防治效果。2017年和2018年连续两年的调查结果显示,北方桃园中桃蚜9月初开始回迁,在10月中旬有性雌蚜开始产卵越冬,10月下旬桃蚜数量明显减少。藜芦碱、苦参碱和矿物油处理防治秋季蚜虫,虽然药效较慢,但用药后14 d后防效分别在91.6%、80.6%和66.4%。北方桃园回迁的桃蚜会快速繁殖扩增种群,且秋末产卵量较多,可以在9月中下旬选择喷施藜芦碱控制桃园桃蚜,降低桃蚜种群数量,减轻翌年蚜虫防治的压力。     

0.5%藜芦碱可溶液剂防治茄子红蜘蛛田间药效初报

藜芦碱可是一种新型植物源农药。通过田间试验对0.5%藜芦碱可溶液剂防治茄子红蜘蛛的效果进行分析。结果表明,0.5%藜芦碱可溶剂300倍液对红蜘蛛有一定的防治效果,初次药后3 d和二次药后5 d的防治效果较低,但末次药后5 d平均防效可达到71.63%。因此,该药剂防治红蜘蛛具有速效性差、持效性好的特点,可用于春季红蜘蛛高发期之前的防治,或与化学药剂交替使用以减轻化学农药对环境和生态的影响。     

异色瓢虫防治菜花蚜虫效果试验

为评价异色瓢虫对菜花上蚜虫的防治效果以指导生产,以不同的益害比放置异色瓢虫的卵卡用于控制菜花上的蚜虫。试验结果表明,当益害比为1∶10时防效最佳,释放后5 d防效可达61.36%,释放后28 d平均防效仍有59.23%,对菜花蚜虫的防治具有较好的持效性。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对苹果树桃小食心虫及金纹细蛾的控制作用

2006～2007年,对35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明,35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂是防治苹果树桃小食心虫Carposina niponensisi Walsingham和金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats的有效药剂。其有效成分为35～50mg/kg处理防治桃小食心虫,药后5d的防效在83%～100%之间,药后35d防效在77%以上,整体防效不及对照药剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油30mg/kg处理;10～20mg/kg处理防治金纹细蛾,药后5～15d防效在58%～100%之间,各期防效优于生产常用药剂25%灭幼脲悬浮剂125mg/kg处理。     

不同生物药剂对稻水象甲的毒力、拒食活性及防效分析

【目的】防治稻水象甲的现有常规化学药剂的大量施用所引发的环境问题越发突出,而其生物药剂单一,加之天敌匮乏,故开展符合绿色生产标准的低毒、低残留、无污染生物药剂的筛选已成为稻水象甲防治工作所面临的首要任务。【方法】以越冬代稻水象甲成虫为试虫,采用室内点滴、田间喷雾等方法,对5种符合绿色生产标准药剂的毒力、拒食活性、防效及药后取食量等指标进行了测定和综合评价。【结果】室内生测方面:72 h后对处理稻水象甲成虫的室内毒力显著;此外,对试验前后的取食斑面积进行比较,发现药后各药剂拒食活性差异显著,均表现出较好的拒食作用。田间药效方面:除0.6%苦参碱AS外,其他药剂对稻水象甲均表现出较好的防效,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC这4种药剂15 d的田间防效为51.24%~82.55%;3 d后各处理组田间新增取食斑数、取食长度均显著低于对照组。【结论】在绿色水稻生产中,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC均具有较好的推广价值,可用于稻水象甲的防治。     

无公害水稻生产的病虫草调控技术及其效应的研究

利用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻主要病虫草试验结果表明,井·腊芽、井冈霉素和多抗霉素在水稻分蘖末期和孕穗末期各喷施1次,对纹枯病防效达75.16%～94.27%,优于化学杀菌剂三唑酮;春雷霉素和灭瘟素在叶瘟病发生初期及破肚期、齐穗期各喷施1次,对叶瘟防效为50.54%～72.67%,穗瘟为76.66%～87.42%,与化学杀菌剂三环唑相当.3种无公害农药在二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟1～2龄幼虫期使用,苏云金杆菌防效优于化学杀虫剂杀虫双,皂素·烟碱和苦参碱与杀虫双相当;皂素·烟碱和苦参碱在稻飞虱1～2龄若虫期使用,药后3～30d防效均在70%以上,低于化学杀虫剂吡虫啉.在水稻移栽前耕地2次,再配合施用适量的未腐熟有机质或人工除草,能控制杂草发生和提高产量.采用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻病虫草,产量较常规化防区略有增加,稻谷中农药残留量较化防区低,符合绿色食品卫生指标要求.     

油菜田害虫调查及蚜虫防治药剂筛选

田间调查试验表明,合肥市油菜田害虫的发生种类有15种,主要害虫为蚜虫类、油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola、小菜蛾Plutella maculipennis和菜青虫Pieris rapae。其中,以蚜虫类危害最重,全生育期在冬、春季各有一个峰值。油菜苗期以萝卜蚜、小菜蛾危害较重,后期以桃蚜Myzus persicae、油菜潜叶蝇危害较重。蚜虫防治药剂筛选试验表明,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蚜虫药效高,持效期长,且对油菜安全,10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防效也较好,可作为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂的轮换药剂。     

How does winter pruning affect peach tree–Myzus persicae interactions?

Winter tree pruning is a cultural practice known to modify vegetative growth, which is likely to affect the development of pests. However, it has been poorly addressed as a cultural control method for diminishing the population levels of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae)] orchards. In this study, we conducted a 2-year, on-station experiment to evaluate how winter pruning affects peach– M. persicae interactions, by examining tree vegetative growth, aphid population dynamics, and crop yield and fruit quality. We collected data under an insect-proof shelter on adult peach trees submitted to various levels of pruning and artificially infested with aphids. Our results showed that pruning enhanced shoot growth due to the proportion of growing shoots, which increased exponentially (10–60%), whereas the growth rate of growing shoots was not affected. The degree of infestation of peach trees increased with increasing pruning intensity. This effect was mainly due to the increase of the proportion of growing shoots, on which aphids developed better than on rosettes. In turn, the higher the aphid infestation, the higher the aphid-induced shoot-tip damage, leaf curling, and leaf fall that disturbed the growth of growing shoots. However, aphids did not considerably reduce fruit quality at harvest. They did not affect fresh fruit weight, and the refractometric index (indicator of sugar content) was reduced by only 3–4%. The relevance of winter pruning as a cultural method for pest control in orchards conducted under integrated fruit production guidelines is discussed.     

四种生物农药及其与二种化学农药混配对稻飞虱混合种群的防治效果

试验以喷雾法研究4种生物农药及其与2种化学农药组合混用对水稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)混合种群的防治效果。结果表明:0.36%苦参碱AS、0.5%藜芦碱WP、1.8%阿维菌素EC、400亿孢子/克白僵菌WP,分别以1500mL/hm2、3000g/hm2、900mL/hm2、1800g/hm2的制剂用量单独使用,只有阿维菌素效果较好,药后7、14d的防效分别达到了73.3%和82.3%,但与对照药剂48%毒死蜱EC1500mL/hm2和25%噻嗪酮WP750g/hm2的防效差异极显著。而4种生物农药与2种化学农药分别以单用剂量减半混合使用的8个处理中,①苦参碱+毒死蜱、②藜芦碱+毒死蜱、③阿维菌素+毒死蜱、④球孢白僵菌+毒死蜱、⑤苦参碱+噻嗪酮、⑥藜芦碱+噻嗪酮6种组配,药后1d的校正防效为81.8%～89.2%,3d为88.2%～96.5%,7d为95.6%～98.1%,14d为86.0%～97.8%。因此,以上生物农药与化学农药的6种组合混用可以有效防治稻飞虱低龄若虫。     

On the effects of diet and photoperiod on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Harmonia axyridis</Emphasis> (Pallas) (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae) larval development

It is known that the light day length and diet could act as cue factors inducing adult (reproductive) diapause in aphidophagous coccinellids. However, the rate of coccinellid larval development could also depend on photoperiod and diet. The present study examines the effects of photoperiod (L: D = 12: 12 or 16: 8) and diet (the green peach aphid Myzus persicae or eggs of the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella) on preimaginal development of the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis. At 20°C, a short light day and feeding on aphids shortened larval development by 1.4 and 4.6 days, respectively. In combination, both factors caused a simple sum of separate impacts indicating the absence of their interaction. The duration of the pupal stage was independent of photoperiod, but decreased by 0.3 days in individuals fed on aphids. The proportion of the larvae that successfully completed preimaginal development was also independent of the light day length, but significantly depended on diet (84 and 60% in individuals fed on green peach aphids and on grain moth eggs, respectively). In sum, these results suggest that in the case studied, diet does not play the role of cue factor, but directly influences the larval growth and development of H. axyridis.     

Quinolactacide, a new quinolone insecticide from Penicillium citrinum Thom F 1539

By a screening program searching for new pesticides from fungal sources, an insecticidal compound was isolated from Penicillium citrinum F 1539. The compound, named quinolactacide, was novel and showed 88% mortality against green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) at 250 ppm. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic techniques.     

八种药剂防治槐豆木虱药效试验

选用8种药剂,对槐豆木虱Cyamophila willieti Wu进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明:2%阿维菌素EC6000倍液、1%苦参碱SL2000倍液防治效果在98%以上,且不污染环境,对天敌昆虫杀伤力较小,适合大面积推广防治。     

Trichomes of Lycopersicon spp. and their effect on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Abstract The green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ) is becoming resistant to many of the pesticides used in the tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) industry. A potential alternative method of control is host-plant resistance, which may be mediated by trichomes. Resistance to the green peach aphid was assessed for six accessions of L. hirsutum, three of L. pennellii and a L. esculentum control. Mortality, entrapment and number of aphids unaffected by trichomes were recorded 24, 48 and 72 h after placement. Using multiple regression against counts of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the role of foliar pubescence in resistance to the aphid was established. Lycopersicon pennellii possessed the highest level of resistance after 72 h and type IV trichome density accounted for 26.5% of variance in mortality ( P  < 0.001). Low densities of type IV and high densities of type VII trichomes increased the number of aphids 'unaffected' by trichomes, a relationship accounting for 29% of variance ( P  < 0.001). Information on which types of trichomes most strongly affect resistance to insect pests will aid future breeding and L. pennellii shows potential for use in breeding programs to increase levels of host-plant resistance in L. esculentum.     

Quinolactacide,a New Quinolone Insecticide from Penicillium citrinum Thom F 1539

By a screening program searching for new pesticides from fungal sources, an insecticidal compound was isolated from Penicillium citrinum F 1539. The compound, named quinolactacide, was novel and showed 88% mortality against green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) at 250 ppm. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic techniques.