微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分和细菌群落多样性的影响

[背景]设施茄子连作种植和化学肥料过量施用造成土壤养分失衡、微生物多样性降低、土传病害严重等土壤质量问题,微生物制剂是改善土壤环境质量的一项重要措施。[目的]确定微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分及细菌群落多样性的影响。[方法]在河北省农林科学院鹿泉大河实验园区,以含有哈茨木霉和巨大芽孢杆菌的微生物菌剂为供试菌剂,采用传统的化学分析方法测定微生物菌剂处理和对照茄子开花期、拉秧期土壤的养分含量;采用稀释涂平板方法测定土壤可培养微生物的数量;采用高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区,分析处理和对照土壤的微生物多样性和群落分布规律。[结果]与对照相比,微生物菌剂处理提高了茄子开花期和拉秧期的根际土壤养分含量,拉秧期微生物菌剂处理根际土壤中全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较对照增加13.85%、21.07%、31.51%和55.94%;施用微生物菌剂能够改变土壤可培养微生物的数量和构成,微生物菌剂处理土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量均显著增加,其中细菌、放线菌在微生物总量中所占比例增加,而真菌的占比则有所降低。微生物菌剂处理能够提高土壤微生物的Shannon指数、降低...     

枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂不同施用方式对甜瓜土壤微生物多样性及生长的影响

甜瓜连作种植和化学肥料过量施用造成了土壤微生态环境失衡、病害严重和产量降低等问题。施用枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂是改善土壤微生态环境、防治土传病害、促进植物生长的一项重要措施。文中以枯草芽孢杆菌为试验菌剂,分析菌剂不同施用方式对设施甜瓜土壤微生物多样性及生长的影响,采用稀释涂布平板方法测定土壤中可培养微生物的数量,采用Illumina Miseq测序技术测定土壤未培养微生物多样性,采用称重法测定甜瓜产量。结果表明,不同甜瓜生育时期,灌根、穴施和蘸根3种菌剂施用方式处理土壤可培养细菌的数量均显著高于对照,灌根、穴施和蘸根处理之间不存在显著差异;3个菌剂施用方式处理开花期土壤真菌数量显著低于对照,但是拉秧期土壤真菌数量差异不显著。比较3种菌剂施用处理中未培养微生物的多样性发现,细菌Shannon指数均高于常规施肥对照,Simpson指数低于对照;蘸根处理的真菌Shannon指数最低,Simpson指数最高。NMDS和聚类分析发现枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂蘸根施用处理对土壤中细菌和真菌菌群影响较大,均独立于一个分枝。微生物菌剂的施用使拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的丰度显著降低,放线菌门(Actinob...     

不同施肥处理对‘赤霞珠’葡萄根际土壤养分和真菌群落的影响

【背景】宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产区忽视有机肥的施用,果树枝条焚烧污染环境,造成土壤养分缺失,土壤质量下降。【目的】为解决长期施用化肥对土壤造成的一系列问题,通过大田试验研究施肥及喷施不同浓度菌剂对土壤理化性质、真菌群落组成及多样性的影响,为酿酒葡萄可持续健康发展提供科学依据。【方法】以‘赤霞珠’葡萄根际土壤为试验对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,测定并分析根际土壤理化性质、真菌群落组成和多样性在7个处理[常规施肥(CK)、蚯蚓粪+腐熟枝条+100倍菌剂(T1)、蚯蚓粪+腐熟枝条+200倍菌剂(T2)、蚯蚓粪+腐熟枝条+300倍菌剂(T3)、蚯蚓粪+未腐熟枝条+100倍菌剂(A1)、蚯蚓粪+未腐熟枝条+200倍菌剂(A2)和蚯蚓粪+未腐熟枝条+300倍菌剂(A3)]的变化。【结果】相较于CK,葡萄根际土壤理化性质差异明显,施肥处理增加了土壤有机质含量,土壤pH含量无明显变化,改良了土壤结构,活化了土壤有效养分。相较于CK,各处理真菌分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)数均降低,A2处理根际土壤丰富度及多样性均显著增加。真菌群落组成...     

施蚯蚓粪对日光温室土壤及番茄产量与品质的影响

设施蔬菜化肥过量施用造成土壤劣化、土传病虫害发生严重,从而导致蔬菜产量和品质下降。蚯蚓粪在改善土壤环境和促进蔬菜生长、提高产量和品质方面具有良好的效果。本试验在日光温室采用等量撒施和沟施两种方式研究了增施蚯蚓粪对土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量及番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明: 与不施蚯蚓粪的对照相比,撒施蚯蚓粪和沟施蚯蚓粪处理均改善了土壤环境,显著增加了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分含量;显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌数量,降低了真菌数量。沟施蚯蚓粪处理明显促进了植株地上部的生长,撒施效果不显著。蚯蚓粪处理明显增强了植株根系活力,提高了叶片的光合作用和叶绿素含量,促进了植株氮和钾含量的积累。撒施和沟施蚯蚓粪处理的番茄产量比对照分别提高了22.7%和32.6%。沟施处理果实中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C和可滴定酸含量分别提高了66.1%、11.0%、122.6%和29.9%,硝酸盐含量降低了65.7%,而撒施处理对番茄果实品质提升效果不明显。     

EG03菌剂对辣椒青枯病的防治效果及对根围土壤微生物群落的影响

EG03菌剂由多种抗青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的拮抗细菌复配而成,田间施用能有效防治辣椒青枯病,平均防效达85.8%.采用稀释平板法、最大或然数(MPN)法以及Biolog微孔板培养系统研究了EG03菌剂对田间辣椒根围土壤微生物群落特征的影响.结果表明:EG03菌剂对根围土壤微生物群落的影响随时间变化而不同,施用后不同程度提高了真菌和芽孢杆菌的数量,并显著增加了自生固氮细菌的数量.根围土壤微生物群落平板每孔颜色平均变化率(AWCD)的变化随培养时间呈现典型的"S"型曲线,辣椒生长后期根围土壤AWCD值高于前期.6类碳源利用分析表明,EG03菌剂的施用在短期内会降低根围土壤微生物的碳源利用率,辣椒生长后期根围土壤中以糖类物质作为碳源的微生物占主导地位.微生物多样性指数分析发现,EG03菌剂施用前期会不同程度降低根围土壤微生物各项多样性指数,但施用后期会提高各项多样性指数,尤其在Simpson指数和McIntosh均匀度两项指标上差异显著.     

微生物菌剂对草坪植物高羊茅生长与土壤酶活性的影响

从生活垃圾堆肥中分离出放线菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌,通过形态学和染色鉴定,分别以微生物单菌剂施入到草坪土壤基质中,研究了几种微生物菌剂对高羊茅生长与土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:3种微生物菌剂处理可以显著提高高羊茅株高、生物量和叶绿素含量(P0.01或P0.05),促进了高羊茅的生长。同时,施加不同的微生物菌剂对于土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均有显著的增强作用,其中放线菌处理土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶分别是对照的8.38倍和20.6倍。因此,从堆肥中得到的3种微生物菌剂均可有效提高土壤酶活性,改善植物根际微生态环境,提高了土壤肥力和养分的利用率,促进了草坪植物生长,改善草坪质量。该研究可为微生物菌剂在草坪建植体系中的应用提供依据。     

秸秆还田土壤改良培肥基质和复合菌剂配施对土壤生态的影响

通过田间试验,研究水旱轮作（冬小麦-夏水稻）中水稻秸秆全量还田条件下土壤改良培肥基质和复合菌剂配施对小麦土壤养分、土壤物理结构和土壤生物学性质及土壤微生物区系的影响,为快速土壤培肥、提高中低产农田产量提供实践基础和技术支持。试验于江苏省盐城市滨海县黄河湾项目基地进行,共设置五个处理：①土壤改良培肥基质+复合菌剂+常规化肥（MOS+CMA+CF）;②复合菌剂+常规化肥（CMA+CF）;③土壤改良培肥基质+常规化肥（MOS+CF）;④常规化肥（CF）;⑤不施肥对照（CK）。对小麦返青期（S1）、拔节孕穗期（S2）和成熟期（S3）分别进行土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮和微生物区系分析。结果表明,与CK相比,MOS+CMA+CF处理能够在短时期内提高土壤速效养分含量（其中速效氮提高了23.59%、速效磷提高了40.74%、速效钾提高了43.78%）,降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,显著提高土壤微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶活性;同时,该处理还能在小麦返青期和拔节孕穗期增加土壤细菌和真菌多样性,提高微生物丰度,最终提高了小麦产量（与CK和CF相比,产量分别提高了149.29%和24.93%）。CMA+CF能够显著提高土壤纤维素酶活及土壤微生物量碳含量,表现出有较好的秸秆降解能力;并且在提高土壤理化指标含量、提高脲酶酶活、提高微生物量氮含量和小麦产量方面仅次于联合处理。由于MOS富含有机质,MOS+CF处理能够维持并提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理环境。总之,短期内,MOS+CMA+CF处理提升土壤肥力,提高小麦产量的效果是最显著的;但CMA+CF处理在加速秸秆养分还田、改善土壤理化状况,增强微生物活性和丰富以及提高小麦产量方面也表现出优势,且复合菌剂经济方便有效,具有很好的田间技术推广价值。     

复合微生态菌剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究黄瓜移苗时施入复合微生态菌剂对黄瓜不同生育时期根际土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活动态变化的影响,结果显示复合微生态菌剂施入前期可提高土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,随生育时期的延长效果变弱,于生育后期可有效降低真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量;复合微生态菌剂处理可提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,但随生育时期的延长,对中性磷酸酶和脲酶的效果减弱。可见复合土壤微生态菌剂的施入应该于适宜时期补施,才能保证其积极的功效。     

腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质的影响

【目的】紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)内含对微生物、植物和动物有毒的化学物质,列为我国危害最严重的外侵植物,评价腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤微生物和作物的毒性,有益于无害化处理生产有机肥。【方法】利用微生物菌剂腐熟紫茎泽兰,田间设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施紫茎泽兰有机肥(OF)、化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥(50%化肥+50%紫茎泽兰有机肥,CF+OF)等4种施肥处理,研究了紫茎泽兰有机肥对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质等的影响。【结果】在施用OF的土壤中,微生物碳氮高于CF、OF和CF+OF提高细菌群落的多样性指数,CF增加优势度指数。在4种施肥处理的土壤中,酸杆菌门和变形菌门均为优势门类,丰富度合计超过50%;在20种优势菌株中,有7株细菌普遍存在,6–8株细菌单独存在于不同处理土壤中。此外,在辣椒初果期,CF土壤中的有效养分含量较高;但至末果期,CF+OF处理的有效磷钾显著高于CF,碱解氮CF+OF与CF相似。施用CF+OF使辣椒吸收了较多的氮、磷、钾,辣椒产量比CF增加14.42%,并使果实游离氨基酸和维生素C含量提高,硝酸盐含量降低。【结论】紫茎泽兰有机肥兼具供肥改土作用,能提高土壤微生物生物量,丰富土壤细菌种群,增加辣椒产量,改善果实品质。     

保护性耕作对麦药轮作土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响

以传统耕作(T)为对照,研究了免耕(NT)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)保护性耕作对麦药轮作后土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响。试验结果表明:麦药轮作后,从T、NT至NTS,0-5cm、5-10cm和10-30cm同层土壤各种酶活性均逐渐增强,以NTS处理效果最好。表层土壤水解酶活性变化最明显,NTS较T菘蓝土壤表层脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高38.53%、39.65%和110.00%,小麦土壤分别提高28.10%、19.71%和75.00%,均对蔗糖酶活性影响最大;过氧化氢酶均为深层土壤变化最明显,菘蓝和小麦土壤分别提高9.09%和18.91%。麦药轮作后菘蓝T、NT至NTS同层土壤各种微生物数量和总数逐渐升高,NTS处理效果最好,而小麦土壤表层和中层微生物数量逐渐增加,NTS处理效果最好,但深层土壤细菌、真菌数量和微生物总数呈T低,NT升高,NTS又降低的趋势,土壤放线菌数量则逐渐升高。菘蓝0-5cm土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数NTS较T分别提高22.81%、55.56%、67.14%和22.81%,小麦土壤分别提高62.84%、92.86%、14.29%和66.67%。麦药轮作后菘蓝不同耕作处理土壤细菌数量和微生物总数较小麦土壤减少了10倍左右。     

促分解菌剂对还田玉米秸秆的分解效果及土壤微生物的影响

为了探明促分解菌剂的应用对还田玉米秸秆的促分解效果及对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,选用3组促分解菌剂,编号依次为ND、NK和NS,于2009年10月至2010年4月期间,在河北省农林科学院辛集实验站冬小麦-玉米轮作田对玉米秸秆还田地进行了接种试验。在接种后的15、25、145和160 d分别测定秸秆残重率和秸秆残渣中C/N,结果表明与未施菌剂对照(CK)相比,3组菌剂均在一定程度上加快了玉米秸秆的分解,其中以菌剂ND促分解效果最好,NK次之,NS较差,三者的最高促分解效果分别比CK提高了14.3%、7.7%和1.6%,主要促分解效果都出现在早期(前25 d),且菌剂促进秸秆残渣中C/N降低的效果也在早期明显。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)检测菌剂对玉米秸秆降解过程中土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响,结果表明,与不接种CK相比,接种菌剂主要在早期对土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构产生较大的影响,而后期对土壤微生物群的影响不明显。秸秆还田后接种促分解菌剂,能在接种早期有效加快秸秆分解,而随接种后时间的推进,其促进效果逐渐减弱,与之对应,土壤微生物群落结构早期差异明显,其后差异逐渐减小。     

有机肥和解磷固氮菌配施对缺碳黄棕壤养分特性的协同效应

研究不同有机肥配比下解磷固氮细菌对土壤养分和相关酶活性的动态影响,可为筛选合适的菌肥类型、有机肥配比和施肥周期提供参考。试验设置0%、4%、8%、12%(质量比)4种有机肥配比,选择巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌2种解磷菌和褐球固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌2种固氮菌,以亚热带贫瘠黄棕壤为研究对象,在控制条件下(28 ℃、避光)持续土壤培养60 d,以探讨不同有机肥水平和不同取样时间(培养第3、8、16、30、45、60天)4种细菌单独或混合接种对土壤有效态养分和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明: 随着有机肥含量的增加,菌肥处理土壤的有效氮和有效磷含量逐渐提高,表现为12%>8%>4%>0%。随着培养时间的延长,各处理土壤养分基本呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相对于单施有机肥,配施有机肥和菌肥能够显著提高和延长菌肥对土壤养分含量和酶活性的增益。菌肥对土壤养分特性的影响在不同有机肥配比下呈现不同的规律: 有机肥含量较低(0%～4%)时,虽然菌肥显著提高了土壤有效养分含量,但在初期各菌肥间差异并不显著;随着有机肥含量的提高和培养时间的延长,解磷菌(尤其是巨大芽孢杆菌)显著提高了有效磷含量,固氮菌(尤其是巴西固氮螺菌)显著提高了有效氮含量。4种细菌混合菌肥主要呈现解磷功能,比单施解磷菌具有更明显的优势,而固氮功能未得到显著提高。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量和酶活性大小呈显著正相关关系,而酶活性受土壤培养时间和碳氮比的影响。因此,针对该土壤类型,菌肥能够在短期内显著提高土壤养分含量,但菌肥特定功能的发挥依赖于有机碳的输入和土壤碳氮比的大小,配施合适比例的有机肥(8%～12%)能够提高并延长菌肥的改良效果;每45～60 d需进行菌肥复施,以保证其存活率和持续效果。     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils

Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health, productivity and soil fertility. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are bacteria that can enhance plant growth and protect plants from disease and abiotic stresses through a wide variety of mechanisms; those that establish close associations with plants, such as the endophytes, could be more successful in plant growth promotion. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, ACC deaminase activity, and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. Bacterial inoculants can contribute to increase agronomic efficiency by reducing production costs and environmental pollution, once the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced or eliminated if the inoculants are efficient. For bacterial inoculants to obtain success in improving plant growth and productivity, several processes involved can influence the efficiency of inoculation, as for example the exudation by plant roots, the bacterial colonization in the roots, and soil health. This review presents an overview of the importance of soil-plant-microbe interactions to the development of efficient inoculants, once PGPB are extensively studied microorganisms, representing a very diverse group of easily accessible beneficial bacteria.     

Bacterial associations with the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae

Roots and mycorrhizal fungi may not associate with soil bacteria randomly, but rather in a hierarchical structure of mutual preferences. Elucidation of such structures would facilitate the management of the soil biota to enhance the stability of the plant-soil system. We conducted an experiment utilizing two isolates of soil bacteria to determine their persistence in distinct mycorrhizal regions of the root zone, and their effects on general rhizosphere populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (FP). Split-root sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants were grown in four-compartment containers, constructed so that the soils in individual compartments held either (1) roots colonized by the arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae (M), (2) nonAM roots only (R), (3) hyphae of G. mosseae (H), or (4) no mycorrhizal structures (S). The soils were inoculated (10⁷ cells g^-1 dry soil) with antibiotic-resistant (rifampicin, rif; streptomycin, sm) strains of the soil bacteria, Alcaligenes eutrophus (rif^r50) or Arthrobacter globiformis (sm^r250), or were left uninoculated as control. A. eutrophus had been isolated from a specific source (hyphosphere soil of G. mosseae), and A. globiformis from mycorrhizosphere soils of two AM fungi. After 10 wk of growth, the presence of A. eutrophus was barely detectable (<10 cfu g^-1 dry soil) in nonAM (R and S) soils, but persisted well (10⁴ cfu g^-1 dry soil) in AM (H and M) soils. Numbers of A. globiformis were more evenly distributed between all soils, but were highest in the presence of AM roots (M soil). There were varied bacterial effects on root and AM-hyphal development: A. eutrophus decreased hyphal length in H soil, while A. globiformis stimulated root length in M soil. The two bacterial inoculants did not affect numbers of FP in H, R, and M soils, but the AM status of the soils did: the numbers of FP increased in the order M>R>H>S. There was a positive correlation of FP numbers with both bacterial inoculants in M and H soils. Numbers of FP changed with root or hyphal lengths, an effect that was related to changes in the numbers of the inoculated bacteria. The results indicate that the hyphosphere-specific A. eutrophus depended on the presence of G. mosseae, but that the nonspecific A. globiformis did not. The mycorrhizal status of soils may selectively influence persistence of bacterial inoculants as well as affecting the numbers of other native bacteria.     

一种高效光合菌剂对辣椒生长及土壤微生物的影响

在一块肥力较低的土壤中,开展辣椒施用光合菌剂的大田实验,研究光合菌剂对辣椒生长发育及土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明,肥力水平是影响辣椒生长发育的重要因素,施用光合菌剂能明显提高盛果期叶片中氮含量,获得单果重更高、果实更饱满,收获期辣椒植株的长势最好;在整个生育期内,光合菌剂处理的土壤微生物活性最高。因此,在贫瘠的土壤中,在补充肥力的基础上,光合菌剂能一定程度上改善土壤微生态环境,促进辣椒植株生长和果实发育,具有良好的应用前景。     

土壤含水量驱动土壤病毒和细菌多度及其与土壤异养呼吸关系的变化

土壤微生物是维持陆地生态系统稳定性和功能的重要组成部分。病毒是地球上数量最多的生物实体,也是若干类型生境中微生物数量的重要调节者。因此,了解病毒与微生物的相互作用,对深入认识包括碳循环在内的生态系统过程具有重要意义。在实验室建立土壤微宇宙实验系统,跟踪调查恒定低含水量、恒定高含水量和波动含水量3种水分处理下土壤病毒和细菌多度的变化,以及土壤异养呼吸速率对土壤病毒-细菌相互作用的响应。相较于低水分处理,高水分处理显著增加了病毒多度（P<0.001）和病毒-细菌多度比（P=0.0026）,波动水分处理显著增加了病毒多度（P<0.001）。在高水分处理的土壤微宇宙中,细菌和病毒多度呈现出随时间动荡的信号,即细菌多度表现出增加-降低-增加的趋势,而病毒多度则表现出增加-降低的趋势,且其变化滞后于细菌。土壤异养呼吸速率与土壤含水量（P<0.001）、细菌多度（P=0.0045）和病毒多度（P<0.001）都具有显著的正相关关系。这些结果说明：病毒导致的下行控制可能是细菌多度的重要影响因子,在水分增加情形下,病毒有可能通过加速细菌的更新速率进而加速土壤呼吸。因此,病毒与细菌的相互作用可能是碳循环的重要决定因素。     

Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture

An assessment of the current state of bacterial inoculants for contemporary agriculture in developed and developing countries is critically evaluated from the point of view of their actual status and future use. Special emphasis is given to two new concepts of inoculation, as yet unavailable commercially: (i) synthetic inoculants under development for plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Bashan and Holguin, 1998), and (ii) inoculation by groups of associated bacteria.This review contains: A brief historical overview of bacterial inoculants; the rationale for plant inoculation with emphasis on developing countries and semiarid agriculture, and the concept and application of mixed inoculant; discussion of microbial formulation including optimization of carrier-compound characteristics, types of existing carriers for inoculants, traditional formulations, future trends in formulations using unconventional materials, encapsulated synthetic formulations, macro and micro formulations of alginate, encapsulation of beneficial bacteria using other materials, regulation and contamination of commercial inoculants, and examples of modern commercial bacterial inoculants; and a consideration of time constraints and application methods for bacterial inoculants, commercial production, marketing, and the prospects of inoculants in modern agriculture.     

土壤细菌网络互作调控线虫肠道细菌群落

动物肠道细菌群落在联系宿主与生态系统功能中发挥着至关重要的作用。【目的】本研究旨在评估绿肥翻压和水稻生长不同时期对土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌群落组成和结构的影响,并探究土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌群落间的潜在关联关系。【方法】基于盆栽试验,结合16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分析黑麦草翻压和对照处理下水稻生长的前期(返青期)和后期(收获期)土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌群落,结合网络分析研究土壤细菌网络互作对线虫肠道细菌群落的潜在影响。【结果】黑麦草翻压对土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌群落组成和结构没有显著影响(P>0.05);水稻生长后期样品比前期样品具有更高的α多样性。基于随机森林机器学习法获得的土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌生物标志物之间存在广泛的显著相关关系,为土壤细菌群落变化调控线虫肠道细菌群落组成提供了有力的证据。共现网络分析表明土壤细菌之间的正相互作用显著促进了土壤细菌和线虫肠道细菌之间的正相互作用(P<0.01),进而影响了线虫肠道细菌之间的网络互作。结构方程模型进一步表明土壤养分含量的降低主要通过降低土壤细菌之间正相互作用,从而间接影响线虫肠道细菌之间的互作。【结论】土壤细菌互作可能在...     

Soil Type Dependent Rhizosphere Competence and Biocontrol of Two Bacterial Inoculant Strains and Their Effects on the Rhizosphere Microbial Community of Field-Grown Lettuce

Rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants is assumed to be important for successful biocontrol. Knowledge of factors influencing rhizosphere competence under field conditions is largely lacking. The present study is aimed to unravel the effects of soil types on the rhizosphere competence and biocontrol activity of the two inoculant strains Pseudomonas jessenii RU47 and Serratia plymuthica 3Re4-18 in field-grown lettuce in soils inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB or not. Two independent experiments were carried out in 2011 on an experimental plot system with three soil types sharing the same cropping history and weather conditions for more than 10 years. Rifampicin resistant mutants of the inoculants were used to evaluate their colonization in the rhizosphere of lettuce. The rhizosphere bacterial community structure was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from total community DNA to get insights into the effects of the inoculants and R. solani on the indigenous rhizosphere bacterial communities. Both inoculants showed a good colonization ability of the rhizosphere of lettuce with more than 10⁶ colony forming units per g root dry mass two weeks after planting. An effect of the soil type on rhizosphere competence was observed for 3Re4-18 but not for RU47. In both experiments a comparable rhizosphere competence was observed and in the presence of the inoculants disease symptoms were either significantly reduced, or at least a non-significant trend was shown. Disease severity was highest in diluvial sand followed by alluvial loam and loess loam suggesting that the soil types differed in their conduciveness for bottom rot disease. Compared to effect of the soil type of the rhizosphere bacterial communities, the effects of the pathogen and the inoculants were less pronounced. The soil types had a surprisingly low influence on rhizosphere competence and biocontrol activity while they significantly affected the bottom rot disease severity.