陕北黄芥芥酸含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合的6个世代P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2群体为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因模型的多世代联合分析方法研究了该组合芥酸含量的遗传特征.结果表明:吴旗黄芥×长安芥菜组合芥酸含量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制.主基因效应中,加性效应大于显性效应,第一对主基因加性效应(da)和显性效应(ha)分别为-4.718 0和4.419 5;第二对主基因的加性效应(db)和显性效应(hb)分别-4.005 8和2.023 7;2对主基因对芥酸含量的贡献差异较大,第二对主基因加性和显性效应之和占第一对主基因加性和显性效应之和的65.98%;2对主基因间存在一定的互作效应(绝对值在0.338 7～3.694 1),其中第一对主基因显性×第二对主基因加性效应(jba)较大,为3.694 1.B1、B2和F2群体芥酸含量主基因遗传率分别为68.83%、44.76%和87.99%;多基因遗传率分别为20.29%、41.21%和0,F2代表现出较高的遗传力,可在早期世代对芥酸含量进行选择.     

甘蓝型油菜含油量的主基因+多基因遗传效应分析

应用多世代联合分析数量性状主基因和多基因混合遗传的统计方法,分析了甘蓝型油菜两个组合的5个世代——亲本P1、P2、F1、F2和F2：3家系材料含油量的遗传效应。结果表明,分离世代F2及F2：3家系含油量次数分布均呈混合的正态分布,符合主基因＋多基因的遗传特征。D-2模型是该项研究两个甘蓝型油菜杂交组合含油量的最适遗传模型,含油量的遗传是由一对加性主基因和加-显性多基因共同控制的。组合1（1141Bx垦C1-1）主基因加性效应值为-1．74,表明亲本1141B中主基因位点上的等位基因降低含油量,而亲本垦C1-1中的等位基因增加含油量。多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为1．20和-1．93;F2的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为68．21％和27．17％;F2：3的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为81．70％和16．80％。组合2（32Bx垦C1-2）主基因加性效应值为-3．74,表明亲本32B中主基因位点上的等位基因降低含油量,而亲本垦C1-2中的等位基因增加含油量。多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-1．99和0．93;F2的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为66．20％,和28．10％;F2：3的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力为81．00％和14．90％。两组合在F2：3家系世代含油量的主基因遗传力均较F2高,因此认为高含油量育种中在F2：3家系进行选择效率较高。     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜中花色与芥酸含量的遗传连锁分析

利用人工合成的甘蓝型油菜品系．No．2127-17(白花、有芥酸)与加拿大双低甘蓝型油菜品种Quantum(黄花、低芥酸)配制杂交组合。对亲本、F1、BC1、F2和DH(doubled haploid)5个世代的花色及芥酸含量进行分析,结果表明：花色受单基因控制,且白花对黄花为显性;芥酸含量仅表现出一对基因的差异且具有加性效应的遗传模式。花色和芥酸含量的连锁分析表明：白花与高芥酸紧密连锁．在DH群体中重组频率为5．8％。采用集团分离分析法(Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA),从685条10个碱基的随机引物筛选到一个与黄花和低芥酸含量紧密连锁的RAPD标记S92-1400。在遗传图谱上黄花基因和低芥酸基因距离S92-1400标记的图距分别为2．2cM和5．4cM。     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸和二十碳烯酸含量的基因效应

以甘蓝型油菜的4种纯合芥酸基因型之间所有可能的6个杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、P_2、B_1和B_2世代为材料,用生统遗传学方法研究了芥酸和二十碳烯酸的基因作用形式及效应。发现无论亲本是单基因差异还是二基因差异,F_1和F_2代的芥酸含量都接近中亲值,F_1略大于中亲值和F_(20)世代均值分析表明,芥酸含量的遗传符合加性显性模型,加性效应占绝对优势,显性效应不显著。用数量遗传学方法估计的芥酸基因数与已知的结果相近。     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸含量的SSR标记分析

目的：探讨高芥酸材料与低芥酸材料杂交效果,为促进高芥酸油菜育种的研究。方法：采用高芥酸材料与低芥酸材料杂交的F2群体作为材料,研究其遗传性状,并对亲本间的芥酸含量进行了SSR标记分析。结果：发现F2群体中的单株芥酸含量受两对基因控制,其遗传规律符合由一对基因控制的分离比例,得到CB10364、Ra2-E12两个共显性标记。结论：CB10364标记与芥酸含量紧密连锁,单株带型为CB10364-a的芥酸含量〈6%,单株带型为CB10364-h的芥酸含量6%～36%,带型为CB10364-b的芥酸含量〉36%,能较好的区分群体的芥酸含量,该结果可促进高芥酸油菜的育种研究。     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸含量的SSR 标记分析

目的:探讨高芥酸材料与低芥酸材料杂交效果,为促进高芥酸油菜育种的研究。方法:采用高芥酸材料与低芥酸材料杂交的F2群体作为材料,研究其遗传性状,并对亲本间的芥酸含量进行了SSR标记分析。结果:发现F2群体中的单株芥酸含量受两对基因控制,其遗传规律符合由一对基因控制的分离比例,得到CB10364、Ra2-E12两个共显性标记。结论:CB10364标记与芥酸含量紧密连锁,单株带型为CB10364-a的芥酸含量<6%,单株带型为CB10364-h的芥酸含量6%～36%,带型为CB10364-b的芥酸含量>36%,能较好的区分群体的芥酸含量,该结果可促进高芥酸油菜的育种研究。     

青藏高原早熟甘蓝型春油菜遗传资源研究

利用SSR和SRAP 2种分子标记研究了69份试验材料的遗传差异及其亲缘关系.29对SSR标记共扩增出118条多态性带,多态性位点占总扩增位点的97.5%,27对SRAP引物扩增出123条多态性带,多态性比率为70.3%.两种标记聚类结果表明.在相似系数0.566处所有材料可以分为A、B 2个大类群;B类在相似系数0.620处又可分为7个亚类,10个天然双低早熟甘蓝型品系、2个甘蓝型亲本和4个新型品系聚在第1亚类中,其余的51个新型甘蓝型油菜品系分别聚在其他6个亚类中.对55份新型品系进行遗传成分分析,结果表明,每个品系都合有4种带型,各品系所舍不同带所占比率不同.对各品系中含有白菜型亲本带所占比率分别与其对应的两亲本之间的遗传距离进行相关分析,结果表明新型甘蓝型油菜品系中白菜型亲本带所占比率与白菜型素本间的遗传距离为负相关(-0.52),且达到极显著水平;与甘蓝型亲本间的遗传距离为正相关(0.31),且达到显著水平.对试验材料之间的遗传距离及其来源进行分析(除与2个白菜型亲本间),遗传距离排名前20位的都来自新型品系之间或天然品系与新型之间,最大为0.544.     

中国甘蓝型油菜遗传多样性的RAPD分子标记

本文利用ＲＡＰＤ方法和统计学分析,对我国７省市和国外引进的总计４０份甘蓝型油菜品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,４０个品种的甘蓝型油菜存在着广泛的遗传变异,根据ＲＡＰＤ指纹图谱,通过在ＤＮＡ分子水平上的聚类分析可以将它们分为３大类群,反映出这些品种之间的亲缘关系,并对如何引进甘蓝型油菜资源进行了初浅的讨论。     

大白菜抽薹性状的主基因＋多基因遗传分析

以大白菜易抽薹自交系06S1703和耐抽薹自交系06J32形成的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2等6个世代为材料,应用主基因+多基因多世代联合分析方法,对大白菜抽薹性状进行了研究.结果表明,大白菜的抽薹性受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,其中2对主基因的加性效应值分别为-3.575 8和-13.619,显性效应值分别为-3.755 2和-2.257 7.B1、B2和F2世代的主基因遗传率分别为87.95%、95.13%和96.25%,只在B1群体中检测到多基因效应,遗传率仅为1.39%,说明大白菜的抽薹性是以主基因遗传为主,可以进行早期选择.     

水稻单株有效穗数主基因＋多基因混合遗传分析

选择单株有效穗数差异大的3个亲本CB1（15.3）、CB4（6.4）和CB7（11.8）,配制CB1×CB4和CB7×CB4组合,建立了相应的P_1、F_1、P_2、B_1、B_2、F_2群体,将其分为中、晚两个生产季节种植,考察了有效穗数性状.利用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型理论的Akaike信息准则（AIC）在B_1、B_2、F_2代中鉴定影响数量性状的主基因存在与否,主基因存在时通过分离分析估计主基因和微效基因的遗传效应及所占总变异的分量.结果表明该性状在所有B_1、B_2、F_2中均符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因＋加性-显性-上位性多基因的遗传模式,主基因遗传率为30.64%-72.26%,多基因遗传率为3.41%-28.20%,总基因遗传率为45.96%-87.29%;相同组合种植季别主基因遗传率及一阶参数对比表明,杂交亲本的选择及种植季别对该性状遗传率影响较小,h_a、h_b、j_（ab）、j_（ba）值均为负值表明显性效应和加性显性互作对该性状表达具有抑制作用.     

Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Brassica napus L. And Sinapis alba L.

Electrically induced protoplast fusion was used to produce somatic hybrids between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L. Seven hybrids were obtained and verified by the simple sequence repeat and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of the genefael, indicating that the characteristic bands from S. alba were present in the hybrids. The hybridity was also confirmed by chromosome number counting because the hybrids possessed 62 chromosomes, corresponding to the sum of fusion-parent chromosomes. Chromosome pairing at meiosis was predominantly normal, which led to high pollen fertility,ranging from 66% to 77%. All hybrids were grown to full maturity and could be fertilized and set seed after self-pollination or back-crosses with B. napus. The morphology of the hybrids resembled characteristics from both parental species. An analysis of the fatty acid composition in the seeds of F1 plants was conducted and the seeds were found to contain different amounts of erucic acid, ranging from 11.0% to 52.1%.     

Genetic Analysis of Oil Content in Brassica napus L. Using Mixed Model of Major Gene and Polygene

The joint segregation analysis of a mixed genetic model of major gene plus poly-gene was conducted to study the inheritance of oil content in Brassica napus L. Five populations, i.e the populations of 2 parents(P₁ and P₂), F₁, F₂ and F_2:3 (derived from F₂) family, from each of the two crosses (1141B × Ken C₁-1, 32B × Ken C₁-2) were investigated. The frequency distributions of oil content in F₂ and F_2:3 family populations show characteristics of a mixed normal distribution, which indicated that the inheritance of oil content followed a major gene plus poly-gene model. Twenty-one genetic models were established, which could be classified into five types: one and two major genes, polygenes, one and two major genes plus polygenes. The most suitable genetic model could be selected using Akaike's Information Criterion and the fitness of the selected one could be examined by a set of tests. Results show that genetic model D-2 is the most fitting genetic model for the trait. In other words, oil content in oilseed rape is controlled by one additive major gene plus additive and dominance polygenes. For cross 1 (1141B × Ken C₁-1) the heritabilities of major gene and poly-genes in F₂ are 68.21% and 27.17%, respectively, and in F_2:3 are 81.70% and 16.80%, respectively. The additive effect of major gene is-1.74, which indicates that the locus of the allele in parent 1141B may decrease the oil content, but that in parent Ken C₁-1 may increase it. The additive and dominance effects of the polygenes are 1.20 and -1.93, respectively. For cross 2 (32B × Ken C₁-2) the heritabilities of major gene and polygenes in F₂ are 66.20% and 28.10%, respectively, and in F_2:3 were 81.00% and 14.90%, respectively. The additive effect of major gene was -3.74, which also indicates that the locus of the allele in parent 32B may decrease the oil content, but that in parent Ken C₁-2 may increase it. The additive and dominance effects are -1.99 and 0.93, respectively. The heritability of the major gene in F_2:3 is higher than that in F₂ in both crosses, so it would be more efficent to conduct selection in F_2:3 families for high oil content in breeding.     

甘蓝型油菜温敏不育系417S育性遗传及RAPD分析

通过对新选育的甘蓝型油菜高温敏感生态型不育系417S与30份中外品种(系)进行测交、杂交和回交,研究其温敏不育性的遗传特点.结果表明:(1)30份品种(系)可不同程度的恢复417S的育性,其中24个品种(系)可完全恢复417S育性,占所配组合的80.0%;5个品种(系)可高度恢复417S的不育性,占所配组合的17.2%.(2)自然条件下同一组合正反交F2群体育性分离结果不同,人工控温条件下不同组合F2分离群体中可育与不育呈现15∶1分离,回交群体中出现3∶1分离,表明417S温敏不育性受细胞质和2对隐性重叠核基因共同控制.(3)以417S与1521C构成的回交一代群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA法)对回交一代群体构成的不育集团和可育集团筛选育性基因的RAPD标记,从247个供试引物中筛选出2个引物BA392(5′-AGTCACTCCC-3′)、S113(5′-GACGCCACAC-3′)在不育群体和可育群体间扩增出多态性产物.经进一步对F2分离群体的单株检测,引物BA392扩增出了得到重复验证和可靠的多态性扩增产物,其产生的特异条带BA392-400bp与417S温敏雄性不育的恢复基因连锁,遗传图距为6.0cM,可作为417S温敏不育恢复基因的连锁标记.     

Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L.

Electrically induced protoplast fusion was used to produce somatic hybrids between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L. Seven hybrids were obtained and verified by the simple sequence repeat and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of the genefael, indicating that the characteristic bands from S. alba were present in the hybrids. The hybridity was also confirmed by chromosome number counting because the hybrids possessed 62 chromosomes, corresponding to the sum of fusion-parent chromosomes. Chromosome pairing at meiosis was predominantly normal, which led to high pollen fertility,ranging from 66% to 77%. All hybrids were grown to full maturity and could be fertilized and set seed after self-pollination or back-crosses with B. napus. The morphology of the hybrids resembled characteristics from both parental species. An analysis of the fatty acid composition in the seeds of F1 plants was conducted and the seeds were found to contain different amounts of erucic acid, ranging from 11.0% to 52.1%.     

甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的遗传研究

用在中国发现的甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的优良后代“鄂油长角”及短角果品种“中油821”为亲本,研究了角果长及与角果长密切相关的两个性状――千粒重和每果粒数的遗传。结果表明,角果长、千粒重、每果粒数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲间角果长性状存在2对基因的差异。长角果对短角果为显性。数量遗传分析表明,角果长、千粒重的遗传符合加性显性二基因互作模型,存在显著的上位性效应。角果长性状在两个基因座上呈联合分布,显性效应均大于加性效应,且存在超显性。千粒重性状以加性效应为主。 Abstract：Eryou long-pod,which was derived from the unique long-pod mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad rapeseed cultivar Zhongyou 821.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studying the genetical behaviors of pod length and two related characters i.e.1000?seed weight and seed number per pod.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in pod length between two parents was related to two loci.Generation mean analyses revealed that the 6?parameter mode was to interpret the inheritance of the characters studied and the epistasis was significant.Pod length mainly showed association of its genes and highly significant dominant effect,and even superdominant effect too.Meanwhile,additive effect was predominant in 1000-seed weight.     

转入HPT1基因的油菜种子中维生素E含量的提高

尿黑酸植基转移酶（HPT）是天然维生素E合成途径中的关键酶,拟南芥中编码HPT的基因HPT1转入油菜种子特异表达后得到转基因油菜。初步的检测发现,其种子中的维生素E含量有所提高。