高等植物花色苷的液泡摄取机制

综述了高等植物细胞中花色苷被液泡摄取的机制。花色苷通过细胞质中定位于粗糙内质网细胞质面的多酶复合体合成后被膜包裹形成囊泡。这些囊泡主要向液泡移动,在移动中相互融合形成更大囊泡,最终将花色苷带到液泡膜的表面。在大多数情况下,花色苷经过液泡膜上的各种载体被迅速运进液泡。另外两种较少的是:(1)囊泡直接与液泡融合;(2)液泡膜自主形成大的管状内陷,使囊泡在内陷处指向液泡内腔"发芽"。在上述种种可能的具体过程中,花色苷以非修饰或修饰两种形式被摄入液泡。花色苷跨液泡膜运送可能通过4种模型实现,即由ATP结合盒型的载体介导、由依赖pH梯度的载体介导、由24-kD液泡蛋白前体衍生的蛋白质介导和由多重药物和有毒化合物排出家族的载体介导。据推测,不同植物利用不同的摄取机制将花色苷积累在液泡中,而多重机制也可能被单个植物种同时使用。     

花色苷对高等植物器官颜色的决定及其影响因素

综述了花色苷对高等植物器官颜色的决定作用及其影响因素的研究进展。花色苷本身的呈色属性、液泡定位及其在植物器官中的非均一性分布决定了花色苷能赋予植物器官颜色。花色苷单体和聚合体分子结构及其变化的多样性,以及花色苷合成与植物生长发育阶段的相关性决定了植物器官颜色的多样性。温度、光、水和矿质通过影响花色苷在液泡中的积累量而制约植物器官色度,液泡pH、氧化剂和还原剂通过影响花色苷的分子结构变化而制约植物器官色相。同时,细胞形状也通过影响花色苷的光学属性而制约器官颜色的变化。最后,还对植物器官颜色的机理和人工改良研究进行了展望。     

山葡萄果实发育过程中花色苷和非花色苷酚成分及其含量的变化

以‘双红’山葡萄果实为试材,采用HPLC—MS／MS技术,分析山葡萄果实发育过程中果皮中花色苷和非花色苷酚成分及其含量的变化。结果表明,转色期前果皮内没有花色苷积累,随着果实的成熟,花色苷含量逐渐增加,成熟期的含量最高;非花色苷酚自花后2周至成熟期间的含量变化呈下降趋势。在山葡萄果实发育过程中检测出花色苷10种,其中双糖苷5种、单糖苷5种;非花色苷酚类物质检测到14种,其中苯甲酸类2种、肉桂酸类3种、黄烷-3-醇类2种、黄酮醇类5种、白藜芦醇类2种。     

响应面法优化洋紫荆花瓣花色苷提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

采用响应面法优化洋紫荆花瓣花色苷工艺及其抗氧化活性,为洋紫荆花色苷开发及综合利用奠定基础.以乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间为响应变量,以含量为响应值,采用4因素3水平的响应法优化有机溶剂提取工艺,对洋紫荆花色苷提取效果的影响按主次顺序排列为:料液比＞提取温度＞提取时间＞乙醇体积分数,最佳工艺条件为筛目60目、...     

水稻种子花色苷形成及其对稻谷储藏特性的影响

花色苷是有色稻种皮和颖壳里呈现颜色的主要物质,属于类黄酮类物质,具有抗氧化性。本研究围绕水稻种子形成过程中花色苷含量的变化以及其对稻谷储藏特性变化的影响,探讨花色苷在稻谷储藏中延长种子寿命的作用。结果显示:选取的3个品种中,水稻种子的花色苷形成主要在发育初期,随着颖果体积的增大,颖果花色苷的含量会逐渐降低,而颖壳的花色苷含量变化不显著,将种子进行人工老化后,仍只有颖果的花色苷含量出现下降的趋势,表明种子在老化过程中颖壳的花色苷不参与抗老化的各项代谢反应。老化种子SOD活性分析显示,花色苷含量低的中籼9311可能是通过SOD酶活性增加,削减高温高湿胁迫对种子衰老的影响;由稻谷感染霉菌情况显示在3个水稻品种中,花色苷含量高的品种的抗霉菌能力要稍优于花色苷含量低的品种。但综合来看,花色苷含量高低并不是决定种子寿命的主要因素。     

反义RNA 技术在花色育种中的应用

反义RNA技术是用反义RNA链去抑制靶基因的活性, 从而达到对目的基因调控的一项分子生物学技术。该项技术应用于观赏植物的花色育种已有16年的历史并且取得了一定的成就。到目前为止, 已经利用该技术对14种花卉花色形成过程中的3大类基因进行了正义和反义导入, 获得了花色改变的转基因植株。本文简要回顾了反义RNA技术的产生与发展, 并在介绍花色形成的分子生物学的基础上, 综述 了国际园艺育种中利用反义RNA技术调控花色基因表达的研究进展, 以期为花色改良的分子育种提供参考资料。     

反义RNA技术在花色育种中的应用

反义RNA技术是用反义RNA链去抑制靶基因的活性,从而达到对目的基因调控的一项分子生物学技术.该项技术应用于观赏植物的花色育种已有16年的历史并且取得了一定的成就.到目前为止,已经利用该技术对14种花卉花色形成过程中的3大类基因进行了正义和反义导入,获得了花色改变的转基因植株.本文简要回顾了反义RNA技术的产生与发展,并在介绍花色形成的分子生物学的基础上,综述了国际园艺育种中利用反义RNA技术调控花色基因表达的研究进展,以期为花色改良的分子育种提供参考资料.     

耐寒睡莲花瓣中花青素苷组成及其与花色的关系

睡莲(Nymphaea spp.)为多年生水生观赏花卉。以耐寒睡莲不同花色的119个栽培品种为材料, 利用高效液相色谱(HPLC-DAD)和液质联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MSⁿ)测定了其花瓣中的花青素苷成分。采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡(RHSCC)和国际照明委员会(CIE)制定的CIEL^*a^*b^*表色系统测量了57个品种的花色, 运用多元线性回归方法分析花色与花青素苷组成之间的关系。结果表明: 耐寒睡莲花瓣中含有14种花青素苷, 其中飞燕草素-3-半乳糖-5-乙酰-半乳糖苷(Dp3Ga5acetylGa)、飞燕草素-3-鼠李糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Dp3Rh(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-半乳糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Cy3Ga(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-乙酰-半乳糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(Cy3acetylGa(1→2)Ga)、矢车菊素-3-没食子酰-半乳糖苷(Cy3galloylGa)、飞燕草素-3-乙酰-葡萄糖苷(Dp3acetylG)、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷(Dp3G)和矢车菊素-3-半乳糖-半乳糖-半乳糖苷(Cy3GaGaGa)8个组分在耐寒睡莲中为首次报道。Dp3Ga、Dp3galloylGa、Cy3Ga(1→2)Ga和Cy3galloylGa是决定耐寒睡莲呈色的关键花青素苷。     

黑豆种皮花色苷酶法辅助提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性分析

优化黑豆种皮花色苷复合酶法辅助提取工艺,并对其抗氧化活性进行评价。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化确定了黑豆种皮花色苷生物酶法辅助提取的最佳工艺为:复合酶(纤维素酶400 U/g,α-淀粉酶50 U/g),酶解温度50℃,液料比26∶1 mL/g,乙醇体积分数64%,酶解时间为59 min。在此条件下,提取花色苷的含量为2.019 mg/g。抗氧化试验研究表明,黑豆种皮花色苷的还原能力、对超氧阴离子自由基清除能力低于抗坏血酸,但对亚硝酸根离子和DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力强于抗坏血酸。因此,生物酶法辅助提取是一种高效的黑豆种皮花色苷提取方法,且作为一种新型花色苷资源,黑豆种皮花色苷有着挖掘和应用价值。     

辅色剂对紫淮山花色苷稳定性的影响及其热降解动力学研究

为探究谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷的辅色作用,本文研究了谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷降解率、热稳定性及色差的影响。试验表明,谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能有效抑制花色苷的降解,且最佳添加量分别为0.03%和0.2%。在此添加量条件下,紫淮山花色苷在50、70、90℃水浴中的热降解均符合一级降解反应动力学规律。添加谷胱甘肽和没食子酸的紫淮山花色苷降解速率常数(k)小于对照组,半衰期(t 1/2)和活化能(Ea)高于对照组,说明谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能够增强花色苷的热稳定性。色差测定结果表明,经谷胱甘肽和没食子酸辅色后的紫淮山花色苷,其明度指数(L*)和色品指数(a*、b*)较对照组变化缓慢,颜色的稳定性增强。     

Warning coloration in sawflyAthalia rosae larva and concealing coloration in butterflyPieris rapae larva feeding on similar plants evolved through individual selection

Green larvae of the butterfly Pieris rapae and black larvae of the sawfly Athalia rosae feed on green leaves of the same cruciferous plants. To demonstrate that P. rapae has concealing coloration and that A. rosae has warning coloration, the larvae of the two species were supplied to naive chicks Gallus gallus on white, green or black backgrounds. P. rapae larvae were palatable and their green body color acted as a concealing coloration. On the other hand, A. rosae larvae were unpalatable and their black body color acted as a warning coloration. There is a general consensus that warning coloration is an altruistic character which needs victims, and thus can evolve through kin selection or green beard selection. However, black A. rosae larvae were seldom injured by chicks' attack, in particular, on the green background. Therefore, the warning coloration of A. rosae larvae can be a selfish character and hence can evolve through individual selection as well as concealing coloration of P. rapae.     

Determination of anthocyanins and exploration of relationship between their composition and petal coloration in crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia hybrid)

Petal coloration and pigment components in 12 American crape myrtle cultivars (Lagerstroemla indica x Lagerstroemla fauriei) and five Chinese crape myrtle cultivars (L. indica hybrids) were studied. Color was measured by ClEL'a'b" scale and anthocyanin composition of crape myrtle was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The presence of the previously reported delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin 3-O-glucoside were confirmed. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was identified in crape myrtle for the first time. We explored the relationship between petal color and anthocyanin contents by multiple linear regression analyses. The results indicated that total flavones and flavonols were important variables and contributed to blue-enhancing in crape myrtle. Based on anthocyanins and co-pigments analysis, flower color breeding in crape myrtle towards true-red and blue were discussed.     

The separate effects of egg size and parental quality on the development of ornamental plumage coloration

The fitness‐related consequences of egg size, independent of the influences of parental quality, are poorly understood in altricial birds. Not only can egg size and parental quality influence growth and survival, but each could influence the development of condition‐dependent plumage coloration in offspring. The Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis is an altricial, multi‐brooded, cavity‐nesting passerine in which juveniles display dichromatic UV‐blue plumage. Previous research suggests that plumage coloration acts as a signal of individual quality among juvenile and adult Eastern Bluebirds. Here, we separate the effects of egg size and parental quality (defined by egg size laid) on nestling growth and plumage ornamentation by exchanging clutches of large eggs with clutches of small eggs. Nestlings were significantly larger immediately post‐hatching when hatched from a large egg, but to maintain a larger size, nestlings needed to have hatched from a large egg and to have been reared by high‐quality parents. Nestlings were brighter when reared by high‐quality parents and this relationship was strongest later in the breeding season. Nestlings exhibited greater UV chroma if hatched early in the season, but UV chroma was not significantly affected by egg size or parental quality. These findings demonstrate varying influences of both egg size and parental quality on offspring growth and plumage ornamentation but suggest that quality of post‐hatching investment is more influential than pre‐hatching investment.     

Melanin‐based coloration of sneaker male Atlantic salmon is linked to viability and emergence timing of their offspring

The ‘good genes’ hypothesis of sexual selection predicts that male ornaments are favoured by female mate choice because male ornament reveals genetic quality. In species with different male reproductive tactics, variation in genetic quality among ‘sneaking’ males has rarely been investigated, as usually ‘sneakers’ are thought not to be chosen by females. Here we focused on the alternative reproductive tactic in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) to test whether the skin colour of sneakers may reveal the performance traits of their offspring. A fully factorial breeding design was realized between 20 sneakers and two females using in vitro fertilization. We quantified the red and dark colorations of males and measured the survival of their progeny under semi‐natural conditions. In addition, the size of offspring and their emergence timing from the gravel nest were monitored in the laboratory. We found that darker males sired more viable offspring, whereas red coloration was negatively correlated with offspring survival. Nevertheless, darker and redder male pigmentations were linked to a delay in offspring emergence. These results demonstrate that colours can reveal individual genetic quality in an alternative male reproductive tactic, with male melanin‐based coloration being linked to both beneficial and detrimental effects for the offspring. Our results imply that sneaker ornaments may potentially play a role in both intra‐ and intersexual selection. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111 , 126–135.     

Candidate genes for carotenoid coloration in vertebrates and their expression profiles in the carotenoid-containing plumage and bill of a wild bird

Carotenoid-based coloration has attracted much attention in evolutionary biology owing to its role in honest, condition-dependent signalling. Knowledge of the genetic pathways that regulate carotenoid coloration is crucial for an understanding of any trade-offs involved. We identified genes with potential roles in carotenoid coloration in vertebrates via (i) carotenoid uptake (SR-BI, CD36), (ii) binding and deposition (StAR1, MLN64, StAR4, StAR5, APOD, PLIN, GSTA2), and (iii) breakdown (BCO2, BCMO1). We examined the expression of these candidate loci in carotenoid-coloured tissues and several control tissues of the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), a species that exhibits a male breeding plumage colour polymorphism and sexually dimorphic variation in bill colour. All of the candidate genes except StAR1 were expressed in both the plumage and bill of queleas, indicating a potential role in carotenoid coloration in the quelea. However, no differences in the relative expression of any of the genes were found among the quelea carotenoid phenotypes, suggesting that other genes control the polymorphic and sexually dimorphic variation in carotenoid coloration observed in this species. Our identification of a number of potential carotenoid genes in different functional categories provides a critical starting point for future work on carotenoid colour regulation in vertebrate taxa.     

Peptide signals and their receptors in higher plants

At least four peptides play a vital role in plant cell–cell communication by means of their specific receptors. Two of these receptors have been identified as receptor kinases, which form a large family of receptor molecules in plants. These findings highlight the significance of receptor-mediated peptide signaling in various physiological events in plants, and predict the existence of further peptide-signal-interacting receptor kinases. Some candidates have been found in plant genomes. Here, we outline recent progress and future challenges in the signaling peptide analysis, which began with systemin, phytosulfokine, CLAVATA3 and S-locus cysteine-rich protein (also called S-locus protein 11).     

Mechanisms of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in higher plants

The excitation energy of pigment molecules in photosynthetic antennae systems is utilised by photochemistry, partly it is thermally dissipated, and partly it is emitted as fluorescence. Changes in the quantum yield of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence reflect the changes in quantum yield of photochemical reaction and thermal dissipation of the excitation energy. Decrease of the Chl fluorescence quantum yield is called the Chl fluorescence quenching. The decrease of the quantum yield that is accompanied by photochemical reactions has been termed the photochemical quenching, and the decrease accompanied by thermal dissipation of the excitation energy is called the non-photochemical quenching. This review deals with mechanisms of the non-photochemical quenching.     

Analysis and characterization of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Japanese blue tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is rich in anthocyanins, which are polyphenolic pigments. This study aimed to analyze and characterize the anthocyanin composition in cultivated blue tomato in Japan. The extracts of peel, seed, and pulp of tomatoes were purified following which anthocyanins and lycopene contents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Eleven types of anthocyanins were identified, including delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Further, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was evaluated using 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical quenching assays and electron spin resonance. “Blue tomato” extracts exert antioxidant activity. Thus, we showed that petunidin was present in the “blue tomato” peel while lycopene was present in the peel and pulp. Additionally, the blue tomato peel extract was found to significantly inhibit H₂O₂-induced cell death in vitro. This is the first study on cell protective effects of Japanese blue tomato extract and petunidin in murine photoreceptor cells.