入侵种加拿大一枝黄花对土壤特性的影响

生物入侵已给人类社会带来了巨大的环境和经济损失,但关于植物入侵对生态系统的影响后果还知之甚少。土壤是生态系统的重要组成部分,植物入侵对土壤特性的影响已引起了生态学家的普遍关注。我们将原产北美的入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidagocanadensis)和同属土著植物一枝黄花(S.decurrens)种植在具有相同利用历史的土壤中,通过检测生长后期不同植物下土壤特性的差异来研究加拿大一枝黄花的入侵后果。测定的土壤特性包括pH值、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率等。野外选取了加拿大一枝黄花的典型入侵地上海江湾绿地进行土壤特性调查作为辅证。移栽实验和野外调查得到了基本一致的结果:加拿大一枝黄花调节了土壤pH值,增加了总碳、氮库和有机质库,降低了铵氮库和硝氮库。加拿大一枝黄花还促进了微生物的矿化速率和铵化速率,这表明该物种提高了土壤无机氮和铵氮的供给。控制无机氮浓度和无机氮形式的独立实验表明,高氮供给和富铵氮条件有利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长。本研究不仅为外来植物入侵后果的评估提供实验证据,而且为植物成功入侵的机制探索提供思路。     

干旱半干旱草地生态系统与土壤水分关系研究进展

研究干旱半干旱草地生态系统与土壤水分关系和相互作用机理对于揭示草地生态系统稳定性及其水土关键要素的变化过程具有重要意义。从不同界面、不同尺度综述了草地生态系统对土壤水分的影响及草地生态系统的响应与适应机制,总结了草地生态系统与土壤水分关系模型研究的相关进展,并分析了气候变化对草地生态系统和土壤水分关系的影响。草地生态系统通过影响水文过程和生态过程来影响土壤水分,土壤水分在植物生长发育、形态、生理生态过程、种间关系、群落组成和结构以及草地生态系统功能等方面对草地生态系统产生影响;充分揭示草地生态系统-土壤水分相互作用机理是模型研究的关键;气候变化对草地生态系统植物与土壤水分关系具有重要影响。今后应加强以下研究:1)开展草地不同优势种和植物功能型与土壤水分关系的研究,找出能反映植物对土壤水分响应的性状指标,阈值响应点及适应机制;2)注重对不同时间和空间尺度上的转换和比较;3)加强个体、群体和生态系统尺度草地植物生长模型的研究及其与土壤-植被-大气水分传输模型的耦合;4)加强草地生态系统与土壤水分关系对气候变化响应的研究。     

Comparative study of soil bacterial flora as influenced by the application of a pesticide,pentachlorophenol (PCP)

Summary The effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) applications on the taxonomic composition of bacterial microflora were studied in water-logged soil (WS) and in shake cultures of suspended soil (SS). PCP applications resulted in a predominancy of Gram-negative bacteria over Gram-positive species. Members of theAcinetobacter group were the most common in PCP-treated soil although a small portion of the flora were in thePseudomonas-Alcaligenes group or belonged to theEnterobacteriaceae. Coryneform bacteria and species of theBacillus were the dominant forms in untreated WS; however, WS cultures treated with PCP at recommended rates (2.67 gm/m²) evidenced species ofPseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and members of theEnterobacteriaceae as the predominant bacterial species. The dominance of Gram-negative bacteria in PCP-treated soil was evidenced for 3 months after application of the compound but was not evident after 17 months when PCP had dissipated. Gram-negative bacteria found in PCP-treated soil were highly tolerant of the phenol. In WS cultures coryneform bacteria were the most common although PCP tolerance was heterogenous in nature.     

Relationship between enantioselective transformation of racemic quizalofop‐ethyl and soil bacterial diversity: A destructive approach

This study investigated the resilience of bacterial diversity in soils restored after autoclaving, in terms of richness, evenness and community structure, and its feedback on the enantioselective transformation of racemic quizalofop‐ethyl (rac‐QE). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and bacterial richness (indexed by operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) in restored soil recovered to approximately 50% and 29%, respectively, of the native soil within 43 days. Bacterial evenness was much lower in restored soil than in native soil. The relative proportions of dominant bacterial genera differed significantly (P < .05) between restored and native soils. Importantly, two major bacterial genera that recolonized restored soil were not detected in native soil. Highly enantioselective transformation of rac‐QE was observed in restored soils, whereas QE enantiomers exhibited comparable transformation rates in native soils. The second‐round enantioselective transformation of rac‐QE was altered by the first‐round transformation of enantiopure quizalofop‐P‐ethyl (R‐P‐QE) in restored and native soils through selective effects of R‐P‐QE on the bacterial community. The transformation rate of rac‐QE was predominantly determined by bacterial abundance and richness, while the enantioselectivity was correlated more with bacterial structure.     

专业化茶叶种植影响下的农业生态系统服务功能价值评价——以福建省安溪县为例

饮茶已逐渐成为世界潮流与时尚,不断扩大的茶叶需求正不断刺激茶叶的增产,茶叶经济发展受到世界瞩目,但关于规模化、专业化茶叶种植对农业生态系统的影响却未得到相应的关注。为研究规模不断扩大的专业化茶叶种植对农业生态系统的影响,以专业化茶叶种植大县安溪县为研究对象,通过构建由供给、调节和支持正、负服务组成的农业生态系统服务功能价值评价指标体系,结合能值法,从不同专业化茶叶种植水平、不同农业种植结构、不同地貌类型三个方面进行评估分析。研究结果表明:(1)安溪县以专业化茶叶种植为主的农业生态系统中供给、调节和支持三大服务功能的正服务价值都大于负服务价值,系统以提供正服务为主;(2)专业化茶叶种植具有较高的经济效益和较好的气体、气候调节能力,对农业生态系统中的供给与调节功能具有正效应;(3)但专业化种植过程中造成的土壤流失情况也较为严重,对农业生态系统支持功能的负面影响较大;(4)"茶-蔬"、"茶-果"等复合生态茶树种植结构有利于提高农业生态系统服务功能,实现茶叶经济与农业生态系统的和谐发展。     

Changes in diversity, protein content, and amino acid composition of earthworms from a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations in the Tai Lake Region, China

Influence of the agricultural management practices on soil quality and the ecosystem functioning has been an increasing concern in soil science and ecology with sustainable agriculture. This study deals with the changes of soil earthworm communityfrom a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations. The soil earthworms were collected and counted from different fertilizer treated plots in the field after the rape harvest in May 2004, and their taxonomic groups were determined under a binocular stereoscope at the laboratory. The body of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) was crushed by a cell crusher to collect protein, and the protein molecules with different sizes were analyzed by electrophoresis. Furthermore, the Metaphire californica collected was hydrolyzed and the aliquots were subject to an amino acid auto-analyzer. The results showed that totally seven species of earthworms were recognized in the paddy field with the number varying with different fertilization treatments. The structure of earthworm communities was dramatically affected by the fertilization practice. Under chemical fertilization only, both the number of earthworm species and the quantity of individuals were significantly smaller than those under other treatments, or even than those under no fertilization. Furthermore, there was an obvious decrease in the total amino acid and the contents of most individual amino acids of Metaphire californica under chemical fertilization only, compared with those under the combined fertilization of chemical and organic fertilizers. Although chemical fertilizers in combination with rice straw return increased earthworm amino acid content, long-term pig manure application tended to increase earthworm protein content. As a molecular footprint, long-term chemical fertilization caused a reduction in the content of protein with MW less than 25 kd, but a significant increase in that of protein with molecule size around 33 kd. Our study demonstrated that different fertilizations affected not only earthworm population but also diversity and richness in the paddy soil after 16 years of treatment, and that long-term chemical fertilization may impact the soil animal community and, thus, influence the paddy ecosystem functioning for yield stability. This study implicated that not only the community structure but also the amino acid metabolism for life functioning of earthworms in cropland soils may pose significant responses to the agricultural management practices.     

Changes in diversity, protein content, and amino acid composition of earthworms from a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations in the Tai Lake Region, China

Influence of the agricultural management practices on soil quality and the ecosystem functioning has been an increasing concern in soil science and ecology with sustainable agriculture. This study deals with the changes of soil earthworm communityfrom a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations. The soil earthworms were collected and counted from different fertilizer treated plots in the field after the rape harvest in May 2004, and their taxonomic groups were determined under a binocular stereoscope at the laboratory. The body of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) was crushed by a cell crusher to collect protein, and the protein molecules with different sizes were analyzed by electrophoresis. Furthermore, the Metaphire californica collected was hydrolyzed and the aliquots were subject to an amino acid auto-analyzer. The results showed that totally seven species of earthworms were recognized in the paddy field with the number varying with different fertilization treatments. The structure of earthworm communities was dramatically affected by the fertilization practice. Under chemical fertilization only, both the number of earthworm species and the quantity of individuals were significantly smaller than those under other treatments, or even than those under no fertilization. Furthermore, there was an obvious decrease in the total amino acid and the contents of most individual amino acids of Metaphire californica under chemical fertilization only, compared with those under the combined fertilization of chemical and organic fertilizers. Although chemical fertilizers in combination with rice straw return increased earthworm amino acid content, long-term pig manure application tended to increase earthworm protein content. As a molecular footprint, long-term chemical fertilization caused a reduction in the content of protein with MW less than 25 kd, but a significant increase in that of protein with molecule size around 33 kd. Our study demonstrated that different fertilizations affected not only earthworm population but also diversity and richness in the paddy soil after 16 years of treatment, and that long-term chemical fertilization may impact the soil animal community and, thus, influence the paddy ecosystem functioning for yield stability. This study implicated that not only the community structure but also the amino acid metabolism for life functioning of earthworms in cropland soils may pose significant responses to the agricultural management practices.     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区黄泥土蚯蚓的多样性、蛋白质含量与氨基酸组成的变化

水稻土在不同施肥管理下的土壤质量及其生态系统功能的变化是当前土壤学和农业生态学的关注领域。对太湖地区一个15a的长期不同施肥处理下稻田进行了蚯蚓群落的调查采样,并测定了蚯蚓蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成。供试水稻土中共检出7种蚯蚓。长期不同施肥措施影响了蚯蚓的群落结构,单施化肥下农田蚯蚓的种类和数量明显减少,多样性指数和丰富度明显降低,且蚯蚓总氨基酸的含量和大部分种类氨基酸含量降低,同时蚯蚓中分子量小于25kd的蛋白质含量降低,而分子量33kd附近的蛋白质含量明显增加;相反,长期化肥配合秸杆还田和配施猪粪趋向于提高蚯蚓蛋白质含量或氨基酸含量。看来．农田中蚯蚓不但在种群变化上,而且在体内生命活性物质组成上均响应稻田不同施肥措施下的土壤环境变化。     

Parapatric species and the implications for climate change studies: a case study on hares in Europe

Parapatry is a biogeographical term used to refer to organisms whose ranges do not overlap, but are immediately adjacent to each other; they only co‐occur – if at all – in a narrow contact zone. Often there are no environmental barriers in the contact zones, hence competitive interaction is usually advocated as the factor that modulates species distribution ranges. Even though the effects of climate change on species distribution have been widely studied, few studies have explored these effects on the biogeographical relationships between closely related, parapatric, species. We modelled environmental favourability for three parapatric hare species in Europe – Lepus granatensis, L. europaeus and L. timidus – using ecogeographical variables and projected the models into the future according to the IPCC A2 emissions scenario. Favourabilities for present and future scenarios were combined using fuzzy logic with the following aims: (i) to determine the biogeographical relationships between hare species in parapatry, that is L. granatensis/L. europaeus and L. europaeus/L. timidus and (ii) to assess the effects of climate change on each species as well as on their interspecific interactions. In their contact area L. granatensis achieved higher favourability values than L. europaeus, suggesting that if both species have a similar population status, the former species may have some advantages over the latter if competitive relationships are established. Climate change had the most striking effect on the distribution of L. timidus, especially when interspecific interactions with L. europaeus were taken into account, which may compromise the co‐existence of L. timidus. The results of this study are relevant not only for understanding the distribution patterns of the hares studied and the effects of climate change on these patterns, but also for improving the general application of species distribution models to the prediction of the effects of climate change on biodiversity.     

Ecosystem services and their values: a case study in the Qinba mountains of China

Terrestrial ecosystem services can provide both direct and indirect economic benefits. In this case study, we estimated the annual economic value of some ecosystem services provided by terrestrial ecosystems in the Qinba mountains of Shaanxi Province of China, using both simulation models and a geographic information system that helps to analyze the effect of ecological factors on ecosystem functions. With respect to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, by combining the latest research, and using theory and methods for the value of terrestrial ecosystem services, we not only calculated goods produced by different types of vegetation but also estimated the value of various terrestrial ecosystem services. We also set up a database and an eco-account of a terrestrial ecosystem. The ecosystem services assessed relate to the following aspects: the vegetations primary productivity, soil and fertility conservation, water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen supply. The total economic value of terrestrial ecosystem services in the Qinba mountains was estimated to be 968.33 billion renminbi per year, and represents a part of the actual ecosystem services. In addition, we analyzed the spatial distribution of the vegetation based on the economic values of the terrestrial ecosystem services. Our findings can contribute to the conservation of these terrestrial ecosystems and the effective use of these ecosystem services.     

Niche and metabolic principles explain patterns of diversity and distribution: theory and a case study with soil bacterial communities

The causes of biodiversity patterns are controversial and elusive due to complex environmental variation, covarying changes in communities, and lack of baseline and null theories to differentiate straightforward causes from more complex mechanisms. To address these limitations, we developed general diversity theory integrating metabolic principles with niche-based community assembly. We evaluated this theory by investigating patterns in the diversity and distribution of soil bacteria taxa across four orders of magnitude variation in spatial scale on an Antarctic mountainside in low complexity, highly oligotrophic soils. Our theory predicts that lower temperatures should reduce taxon niche widths along environmental gradients due to decreasing growth rates, and the changing niche widths should lead to contrasting α- and β-diversity patterns. In accord with the predictions, α-diversity, niche widths and occupancies decreased while β-diversity increased with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. The theory also successfully predicts a hump-shaped relationship between α-diversity and pH and a negative relationship between α-diversity and salinity. Thus, a few simple principles explained systematic microbial diversity variation along multiple gradients. Such general theory can be used to disentangle baseline effects from more complex effects of temperature and other variables on biodiversity patterns in a variety of ecosystems and organisms.     

生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系及影响因素——以丽江拉市海流域为例

生态保护与社会经济发展的耦合关系极大地影响当地可持续性能力。以丽江拉市海流域为例,研究一个流域内生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系及其影响因素。文章运用In VEST模型和实地调研访谈方法计算流域内各自然村2015年生态系统服务供给数量和农民人均总收入,引入耦合协调度定量化衡量二者的耦合关系,并通过相关分析,探究流域内差异化的生计方式和生计资本对生态系统服务与居民收入耦合关系的影响。研究结果表明:(1)生态系统服务的供给存在空间差异,流域内水源涵养、土壤保持、森林固碳服务集中在流域上游;(2)流域内自然村间的生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系存在空间差异和一定的规律,湖泊东面的自然村能够通过特定的生计方式,获取生态系统的产品供给和文化服务所带来的收益,总体呈现较优的耦合协调关系;(3)当地居民的生计方式中,生态旅游与耦合关系具有显著正相关关系,而外出务工与耦合关系具有显著的负相关关系。尽管外出务工对于直接提高当地居民收入的促进作用较小,但其可能通过"智力回流"的方式提高了当地居民开展新型生计的能力。自然资本中人均耕地面积等可利用的自然资本与耦合关系显著正相关。金融、人力、社会资本的相关性尽管不显著,但其系数符号表明,该类生计资本的存量可能对促进生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合协调有积极作用。基础设施中的路网密度与耦合协调度呈显著负相关,在具有生态脆弱性、重要性的区域建设公路时需谨慎评估对生态系统结构和功能的影响。     

海岛生态系统服务价值评估及其时空变化——以浙江舟山金塘岛为例

生态系统服务价值研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一,海岛生态系统的特殊性令其更易受人类活动和环境变化的影响。文章在海岛生态系统服务价值当量修订的基础上,对典型海岛金塘岛1986—2014年的生态系统服务价值进行评估,分析了金塘岛近30年来生态系统服务价值的时空动态变化。结果表明:城镇生态系统面积持续增加,其他生态系统类型面积不同程度减少,减少的生态系统类型大多数转化为城镇。1986—2014年金塘岛的生态系统服务总价值呈下降趋势,共减少了1.08亿元,减少了30.23%,其中湿地与森林的生态系统服务价值量减少最多,城镇的价值变化率最大。空间上表现为价值极低区域沿着人类活动方向呈现急剧扩大趋势。生态系统提供的产品与服务在数量和质量上逐步下降,不利于海岛的可持续发展。该研究为海岛地区生态系统服务价值当量修订提供参考,同时对转变海岛经济发展方式,促进海岛可持续发展提供基础信息与决策依据。     

Relationships between biological soil crusts,bacterial diversity and abundance,and ecosystem functioning: Insights from a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment

Questions: To what degree do biological soil crusts (BSCs), which are regulators of the soil surface boundary, influence associated microbial communities? Are these associations important to ecosystem functioning in a Mediterranean semi‐arid environment? Location: Gypsum outcrops near Belmonte del Tajo, Central Spain. Methods: We sampled a total of 45 (50 cm × 50 cm) plots, where we estimated the cover of every lichen and BSC‐forming lichen species. We also collected soil samples to estimate bacterial species richness and abundance, and to assess different surrogates of ecosystem functioning. We used path analysis to evaluate the relationships between the richness/abundance of above‐ and below‐ground species and ecosystem functioning. Results: We found that the greatest direct effect upon the ecosystem function matrix was that of the biological soil crust (BSC) richness matrix. A few bacterial species were sensitive to the lichen community, with a disproportionate effect of Collema crispum and Toninia sedifolia compared to their low abundance and frequency. The lichens Fulgensia subbracteata and Toninia spp. also had negative effects on bacteria, while Diploschistes diacapsis consistently affected sensitive bacteria, sometimes positively. Despite these results, very few of the BSC effects on ecosystem function could be ascribed to changes within the bacterial community. Conclusion: Our results suggest the primary importance of the richness of BSC‐forming lichens as drivers of small‐scale changes in ecosystem functioning. This study provides valuable insights on semi‐arid ecosystems where plant cover is spatially discontinuous and ecosystem function in plant interspaces is regulated largely by BSCs.     

城市嵌草式铺装植被和大型土壤动物群落组成特征——以新泰市为例

嵌草式铺装近年来广泛应用于城市停车场及道路,研究其群落组成特征对城市生态的综合治理具有重要意义。以新泰市为例,通过现场采样调研分析探讨了嵌草式铺装对植被和土壤动物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果显示,植被调查中共记录草本植物14科22属22种。牛筋草(Eleusine indica)为新泰市嵌草式铺装中植被的优势种。植被的平均密度和生物量分别为(21.87±2.15)株/m²和(4.15±0.45)g/m²。不同站点间植株密度和高度有显著空间差异(P<0.05),生物量和盖度差异不显著。不同站点的植被物种多样性特征也有所差异。大型土壤动物调查共记录7目8科10种,其中蚁科为优势类群。嵌草式铺装中土壤动物的丰度、生物量均显著高于不透水路面(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,嵌草式铺装中植被和土壤动物的丰度和生物量与土壤的容积密度和含水率等理化性质显著相关(P<0.05)。土壤动物丰度与植被盖度、土壤动物生物量与植被生物量间也具有显著相关关系(P<0.05)。结果表明,嵌草式铺装能够有效提高城市生态系统中植被和土壤动物群落的丰...     

The pulse of the tree is under genetic control: eucalyptus as a case study

The pulse of the tree (diurnal cycle of stem radius fluctuations) has been widely studied as a way of analyzing tree responses to the environment, including the phenotypic plasticity of tree–water relationships in particular. However, the genetic basis of this daily phenotype and its interplay with the environment remain largely unexplored. We characterized the genetic and environmental determinants of this response, by monitoring daily stem radius fluctuation (dSRF) on 210 trees from a Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis full‐sib family over 2 years. The dSRF signal was broken down into hydraulic capacitance, assessed as the daily amplitude of shrinkage (DA), and net growth, estimated as the change in maximum radius between two consecutive days (ΔR). The environmental determinants of these two traits were clearly different: DA was positively correlated with atmospheric variables relating to water demand, while ΔR was associated with soil water content. The heritability for these two traits ranged from low to moderate over time, revealing a time‐dependent or environment‐dependent complex genetic determinism. We identified 686 and 384 daily quantitative trait loci (QTL) representing 32 and 31 QTL regions for DA and ΔR, respectively. The identification of gene networks underlying the 27 major genomics regions for both traits generated additional hypotheses concerning the biological mechanisms involved in response to water demand and supply. This study highlights that environmentally induced changes in daily stem radius fluctuation are genetically controlled in trees and suggests that these daily responses integrated over time shape the genetic architecture of mature traits.     

城市新规划地土壤动物群落组成和多样性: 以上海市世博会会址为例

作者采用野外调查和群落多样性指标数据统计结合的方法, 对上海市世博会会址区域内土壤动物群落组成和多样性进行了研究, 目的是了解该地区的土壤健康状况, 并为城市规划提供科学依据。采样共获得土壤动物10,765头, 隶属于23个类群。中小型土壤动物中蜱螨目是该地区的主要优势类群, 弹尾纲是次优势类群; 大型土壤动物中, 后孔寡毛目为主要优势类群, 等足目、鞘翅目和腹足纲为次优势类群。总体结果显示: 该地区土壤动物种类丰富, 其垂直分布整体遵循随土壤层的加深而递减的趋势; 但水平分布因采样点的不同存在显著性差异。     

基于选择容量价值的生态补偿标准与自然资源资产价值核算——以珠江水资源供应为例

选择容量价值是指,一项人类生存生产所必需的生态系统服务,其总量为消费该生态系统服务的消费活动所提供的选择自由度(即选择容量,optional capacity)与该消费活动所产生的经济社会价值的乘积。选择容量价值将经济发展状况和资源环境状况融合了起来,实现了经济社会发展与生态环境保护的价值统一,这对于推进保护与发展相辅相成的生态文明建设具有积极意义。为了探索以选择容量价值为指标的生态补偿标准与自然资源资产价值核算框架和核算方法,以珠江流域水资源供应为例,对跨水文单元的水资源供应流动进行了生态补偿核算,对各水文单元的水资源供应的自然资源资产价值进行了量化评估研究。研究结果显示,珠江三角洲地区的水资源供应的选择容量价值大部分(约74%)来自上游水文单元的跨区输入,而上游水文单元所提供的水资源供应的选择容量价值也在相当程度上依赖于下游水文单元的经济社会发展。基于跨区流动的水资源供应的选择容量价值,可以按照"共享共担"和"同工同酬"原则进行跨区生态补偿核算;基于各水文单元所提供的水资源供应的选择容量价值,可以对各单元内自然资源资产价值进行核定,这对于协调区域发展推进西江-珠江经济带流域生态文明...     

农户生计与生态系统服务关系的区域差异及驱动机制——以密云水库上游流域为例

深入揭示生态系统与农户福祉之间的关系,对实现农户差异化管理及区域可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以密云水库上游流域(包括北京市和河北省的部分区域)为研究区域,基于1754份农户调查问卷数据,通过统计计量方法对比分析了流域内北京市、河北省农户福祉水平(以家庭总收入表示)与生态系统服务依赖性(以生态系统依赖性指数表示)的关系。结果表明: 流域内京冀农户生计与生态系统的互作模式均可分为4类,但京冀两地不同模式占比差异较大。北京农户样本中,占比最高的是高福祉-低依赖模式(33.9%),农户人均年收入显著高于河北农户,农户的各项生计资本也较河北省农户高;河北农户中,不提倡的低福祉-高依赖模式仍占比39.1%,对提升农户福祉水平至关重要的人力资本素质、社会资本、金融资本等均显著低于北京农户;河北农户主要依赖农业生产收入(41.2%),对土地的开发利用程度显著较高;相对于北京农户,河北农户的自然资源条件、人力资本素质对农户生计的影响更加显著。保持适当家庭规模、不断提高劳动力教育水平、提高低收入家庭的生态补偿标准是形成农户与生态系统良好互动关系(高福祉-低依赖型)的关键因素。     

不同视角下基于InVEST模型的流域生态补偿标准核算——以渭河甘肃段为例

补偿标准是生态补偿项目研究的核心内容。为提高补偿标准的可操作性,以渭河干流甘肃段为研究区,基于流域生态补偿标准范围界定,在考虑耕地向多种林地转化情况下采用In VEST模型和加权法核算流域新增生态服务量,并以新增生态服务价值为补偿上限,农户机会成本为补偿下限,先从国家新一轮退耕还林政策导向视角,探讨15°—25°和25°以上坡耕地退耕还林的差异化补偿标准。再从利益公平分配视角,耦合机会成本投入与生态系统服务产出,探讨生态补偿净收益不同地区的差异化补偿标准。结果表明:(1)渭河干流甘肃段退耕还林,生态补偿标准范围为146.39—481.98万元km~(-2)a~(-1)。(2)重要水源地一级保护区和保留区迎水面15°—25°坡耕地全部退耕还林需补偿金额13.95—33.55亿元。25°以上坡耕地全部退耕还林需要补偿金额12.96—28.35亿元。(3)各县/区比较,退耕还林净收益麦积区最大,陇西县最小。其生态补偿范围分别为202.23—727.92、96.99—136.53万元km~(-2)a~(-1)。