多尺度生态系统服务的权衡关系及其对景观配置的响应——以湖北省为例

多种生态系统服务相互关系及其对景观配置响应的多尺度分析一直是生态系统服务研究的热点问题,对于厘清生态系统服务尺度效应和实现区域分级管理具有重要的意义。以湖北省为研究区域,采用遥感、土地利用类型、水文、气象、土壤等多元数据,从5 km×5 km、10 km×10 km、15 km×15 km、20 km×20 km、25 km×25 km、县域和市域等7个递增尺度分析4种生态系统服务(水源供给、碳固持、粮食生产、水质净化)对景观配置的响应关系。结果表明：(1)4种生态系统服务的空间分布具有较强的异质性,粮食生产服务的高值区与水质净化服务的低值区主要分布于湖北省中部和东部的耕地集中区域,碳固持与水源供给呈现相反的空间特征。(2)生态系统服务权衡关系的作用强度随尺度增加而减弱,而协同关系呈增加趋势;同时服务间相互作用强度的变化大于作用方向的变化。(3)景观配置对生态系统服务的影响程度在县域和市域尺度上大于格网尺度。结果反映了受尺度变化中“削峰填谷”过程的影响,景观配置对生态系统服务影响的大小和正负效应具有尺度差异性。研究结果可为区域生态系统服务分级管理和景观格局调控提供科学参考。     

基于土地利用与土地覆被的长三角生态系统服务供需空间格局及热点区变化

快速城市化与土地利用变化导致区域生态系统服务供需失衡,进而使得生态环境恶化已成为共识。开展生态系统服务供需关系及其空间量化研究,有助于识别出区域中存在的主要生态环境问题及其关键驱动。以长江三角洲为研究区,基于土地利用与土地覆被和生态系统服务供给和需求评价矩阵的方法对1985—2015年长三角生态系统服务供需盈亏格局及热点变化进行分析,结果表明:1)长三角地区生态系统服务供给减少,需求增多,生态系统服务盈余区从1985年的40.9%下降至2015年的38.5%,生态系统服务赤字区面积占比从1985年的1.3%增长到2015年的10.6%,总体呈现供不应求的趋势; 2)沪宁杭城市发展梯度带上生态系统服务供需盈亏呈"V"型分布,且30年内城市中心及其附近的生态系统服务供需值下降更为明显; 3) 30年内长三角生态系统服务供需盈余热点区整体变化不大,30年内面积减少了0.1%;而赤字热点区则呈现出快速扩张趋势,面积占比30年内增加了14.9%。说明随着城市化进程的加快,长三角生态系统服务供需亏损状况更严重; 4)生态系统服务供需评价矩阵可以比较简便、全面的反映出生态系统服务供需盈亏状况,研究结果可对快速城市化地区生态环境与土地利用规划与管理提供有益参考。     

Ecosystem service state and trends at the regional to national level: A rapid assessment

The concept of ecosystem services has helped rationalize humanity's dependence on and benefits from nature, pushing the paradigm of environmental sustainability from a charity in the direction of a necessity. However, globally many ecosystem services are declining despite their eminent value for society. A prime cause of this decline is allocated to land use change. While the body of empirical research showing various consequences of land use is growing, and the ecosystem service concept has helped make trade-offs more graspable, a lucid approach that neatly summarizes the extent of land use trade-offs is still lacking.In this paper, we introduce a rapid assessment to analyze both the state and trends of selected ecosystem services associated with given land use categories. Theoretically, the assessment can be performed for any given spatial unit, but the regional to national level appears to be the most appropriate spatial resolution. Each land use-ecosystem service relationship is classified from a strong disservice to a strong service. The results are displayed in adapted flower diagrams, which legibly display information on the ecosystem services in each land use, thus clearly summarizing trade-offs associated with changing land use.We illustrate this rapid ecosystem service assessment method by applying it to three land use categories on the spatial extent of Switzerland. We found that the simple but systematic approach is more flexible than traditional mapping approaches, i.e. it allowed us to combine a variety of spatially non-explicit but highly detailed indicators with spatially explicit indicators. Also, we were able to proceed faster than with a mapping approach, where many known and unknown spatial inaccuracies may arise have allowed. This flexible incorporation of spatially explicit and non-explicit data provides high quality information on the state and trends of ecosystem services at regional to national extents. For that reason, we are convinced that the rapid assessment method has the potential to advance knowledge of ecosystem services and land use trade-offs, especially in areas with low data availability and monitoring activity.     

鄱阳湖生态经济区生态系统服务价值预测与驱动力

鄱阳湖生态经济区是我国第一个上升到国家战略的生态经济区。利用鄱阳湖生态经济区2004、2008、2012、2016年的MODIS数据,获得4个对应期的土地利用/覆盖数据,参照修订的单位面积生态系统服务价值当量表与灰色GM(1,1)模型,预测了2016-2024年(间隔2 a)的生态系统服务价值数据,并对引起生态服系统务价值变化的驱动力进行了分析。结果表明,鄱阳湖生态经济区在2004-2016年间,草地、建设用地和未利用地面积增加,耕地、林地、水域面积减少,但2016-2024年的预测值变化率仅为-0.17%,表明该研究区生态系统服务价值即将进入一个相对稳定的状态;驱动力分析表明,人为综合干扰在空间分布上以中等影响强度干扰为主,城镇化率是区域总生态系统服务价值降低的首要驱动力,其次分别为非农业人口、人口密度、第一产业GDP、第二产业GDP、固定资产投资额、总GDP及第三产业GDP。建议加强土地利用规划与调控,控制城镇化建设用地扩展,调整产业结构、降低污染,促进鄱阳湖生态经济区总生态系统服务价值的提升。     

京津冀地区生态系统服务对城镇化的多空间尺度动态响应

大规模的城镇化导致了城市不断扩张,给生态系统造成了巨大的压力。以京津冀地区为例,分析了2000—2020年间京津冀地区城镇化与生态系统服务的变化以及二者间的关系,并探讨了这种关系在栅格尺度、县域尺度、市域尺度上的尺度效应以及变化规律。利用InVEST模型对所选取的4项生态系统服务指标进行量化,并运用皮尔逊相关性分析和地理加权回归来检验其与4项城镇化指标间的关系。研究结果表明(1)随着京津冀地区城镇化的发展除碳储量下降了0.8%外其余生态系统服务均有所提升,其中生境质量增加0.8%、水分产量增加了68%、土壤保持能力增长了35.7%而粮食产量增长近三倍。(2)生态系统服务与城镇化间存在显著相关性(P<0.01),且相关性在县域尺度上最为显著。其中产水量与4项城镇化指标均呈现正相关,粮食产量、碳储量、土壤保持量及生境质量均与4项城镇化指标均呈现负相关。(3)地理加权回归结果表明,城镇化指标与生态系统服务仅在县域尺度上拟合度较好且具有明显的聚集趋势,其中城市用地占比与碳储量、粮食产量全域拟合度最高分别为0.42与0.63。在针对生态系统服务的管理上不同区域需要制定不同的政策,同时需要对...     

汶川县生态系统服务对景观格局及其变化的响应

景观格局及其变化是影响生态系统服务供应与维持的主要原因之一,也是生态系统服务管理与景观空间配置优化的基础。基于30 m分辨率土地利用数据,统计汶川县2000—2015年多种景观格局指数和碳固定、水源涵养、土壤保持3种生态系统服务的变化,划分等级探究生态系统服务对景观格局及其变化的响应。研究结果表明:1)汶川县整体景观趋于破碎化、斑块形状复杂化,斑块异质性增加,且主要是在林地、草地和耕地之间转换;2)对于生态系统服务,碳固定在全域内有所减少,而大部分区域水源涵养和土壤保持呈增长趋势;3)不同生态系统服务对景观格局的响应存在差异,不仅表现在指标上,也体现在程度上,如碳固定对斑块形状指数(Landscape Shape Index,LSI)响应较为明显,而对蔓延度指数(Contagion Index,CONTAG)敏感性较差;4)并非所有景观格局变化均会引起生态系统服务变化,尺度也会对结果造成影响。本研究通过生态系统服务对景观格局的响应分析,可为区域景观管理的相关评估提供借鉴。     

Spatial co‐localisation of extreme weather events: a clear and present danger

Extreme weather events have become a dominant feature of the narrative surrounding changes in global climate with large impacts on ecosystem stability, functioning and resilience; however, understanding of their risk of co‐occurrence at the regional scale is lacking. Based on the UK Met Office’s long‐term temperature and rainfall records, we present the first evidence demonstrating significant increases in the magnitude, direction of change and spatial co‐localisation of extreme weather events since 1961. Combining this new understanding with land‐use data sets allowed us to assess the likely consequences on future agricultural production and conservation priority areas. All land‐uses are impacted by the increasing risk of at least one extreme event and conservation areas were identified as the hotspots of risk for the co‐occurrence of multiple event types. Our findings provide a basis to regionally guide land‐use optimisation, land management practices and regulatory actions preserving ecosystem services against multiple climate threats.     

Regional ecosystem health response to rural land use change: A case study in Lijiang City,China

Quantitative analysis of the response of ecosystem health to rural land use change is required to comprehend the human-nature coupling mechanism and to explore the process of global environmental change, which can interpret the ecological effects of regional land use and land cover change comprehensively. However, the existing regional ecosystem health assessment largely ignored either the internal connection of ecosystem health to land use patterns or the internal representation of ecosystem services to ecosystem health. Using Lijiang City of China as a study area, the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), landscape metrics, and ecosystem elasticity coefficient based on different land use types were used as quantitative indicators. Then the coefficient of spatial neighboring effect was introduced to characterize the adjacency effect on ecosystem services, and to generate the index of integrated ecosystem health. The results showed the change of land use was close to 30% at county level from 1986 to 2006, and forest land was the primary land use type. With respect to the declining physical health of ecosystems in all the four counties, the integrated health experienced a slight increase in Lijiang County. The vast majority of towns’ ecosystem physical health and integrated health declined, while more than 70% of towns did not change distinctly. Ecosystem physical health had distinct influence on the integrated ecosystem health, and ecosystem vitality was the main factor affecting the condition of physical health. Emphasized in the interconnection of pattern and process, this study provided an ecosystem health approach to assessing the integrated ecological effects of regional land use change.     

辽宁太子河流域生态系统服务权衡/协同关系时空变化与情景预测

研究生态系统服务权衡与协同关系为制定合理的区域社会-生态系统管理方案提供依据,促进区域可持续发展。太子河是维护辽宁中部城市群生态安全和用水安全的重要保障,以重工业为主的产业布局使得该区生态安全受到威胁,严重影响社会经济的可持续发展。综合气象、土地利用等多源数据,借助InVEST模型,探究太子河流域固碳、土壤保持、生境质量的时空特征;采用Pearson相关分析法,探讨不同样点尺度、不同地类上权衡与协同关系的时空变化,并对2030年不同土地利用情景进行预测。结果表明：①三种生态系统服务在各尺度上（除100m尺度）均为协同关系,且样点尺度越大,相关系数越高。②在不同地类中,耕地、林地、草地三种地类生态系统服务功能类似,以土壤保持功能为主,碳储功能其次;生态系统服务的热点区分布在流域的东部,冷点区集中在流域西部。③不同预测情景下三种生态系统服务间仍为协同关系,在保护情景下生境质量最好、水域面积最多,生态系统服务能力最高;开发情景下建设用地面积增加最多,但生境质量最差。     

Multi-scale vulnerability of natural capital in a panarchy of social–ecological landscapes

Environmental security, as the opposite of environmental vulnerability (fragility), is multi-layered, multi-scale and complex, existing in both the objective physical, biological, and social realm, and the subjective realm of individual human perception. In this paper, we detect and quantify the scales and spatial patterns of human land use as ecosystem disturbances at different hierarchical levels in a panarchy of social–ecological landscapes (SELs) by using a conceptual framework that characterizes multi-scale disturbance patterns exhibited on satellite imagery over a four-year time period in Apulia (South Italy). In this paper we advance the measure of the functional importance of ESPs provided by natural areas and permanent cultivations based on their effectiveness at performing the services. Any landscape element contributes to the overall proportion of disturbance in the region, through its composition of disturbed locations (pixels), and to the overall disturbance connectivity through its configuration. Such landscape elements represent, in turn, functional units for assessing functional contributions of ES providers at different scale(s) of operation of the service. We assume that such effectiveness at performing the services will result directly affected by how much disturbance surrounds ESP locations at different neighborhoods. Multi-scale measurements of the composition and spatial configuration of disturbance are the basis for evaluating vulnerability of ecosystem services through multi-scale disturbance profiles concerning land-use locations where most of ecosystem service providers reside. Vulnerability estimates are derived from the identification of scale range couplings or mismatches among land-use disturbances related to different land uses and revealed by trajectories from the global profile to local spatial patterns. Scale mismatches of disturbances in space and time determine the role of land use as a disturbance source or sink, and may govern the triggering of landscape changes affecting ecosystem service providers at the scale(s) of operation of the service. The role of natural areas and permanent cultivations (olive groves and vineyards) in providing disturbance regulation across scales in South Italy has consequences for regional SELs since it may govern if and how disturbances associated with land-use intensification (sources) will affect the functional contribution of ES providers.     

Assessment and illustration of cultural ecosystem services at the local scale – A retrospective trend analysis

There is a need to develop non-monetary methods for the assessment of cultural ecosystem services, in order to integrate them into the ES framework in a more balanced way. With this in mind, an adequate and comprehensive indicator base and mapping methods are required to communicate and discuss cultural ecosystem services, for it to be understood holistically. Referring to land use changes as an important driver for ES changes, we demonstrate the analysis of cultural ecosystem services trends, in a retrospective, as a supporting tool to better understand social and natural interactions as drivers behind land use changes, which are reflected in the landscape scene. There are two main outcomes of this study: (1) first, we developed and tested a catalogue of indicators as an approach to evaluate cultural ecosystem services trends at the local scale and (2) we established a mapping method for cultural ecosystem services trends in parallel with land use changes. This we did following the example of the afforestation processes which had taken place since the 19th century in the suburban area of Göttingen (Lower Saxony/Germany), called Hainberg. Our main conclusion is that cultural ecosystem services trends can indicate the reasons and drivers for land use changes that can be beneficial to forest/landscape management issues by means of the restoration of lost services. The proposed assessment method can be integrated into the development of future landscape plans, e.g. by providing information on historical guiding principles.     

城市化流域生态系统服务价值时空分异特征及其对土地利用程度的响应

以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003与2009年2景QuickBird影像数据为基本信息源,应用空间自相关模型,结合GIS空间分析技术,定量探讨了城市化流域生态系统服务价值时空分异特征,以及土地利用程度对生态服务价值空间分异的影响.结果表明:2003-2009年,九乡河流域生态系统服务总价值减少了2.59％,而流域生态系统服务价值的空间聚集性增强;生态服务价值的高-高区域主要集中在流域上游,低-低区域主要集中在流域下游的仙林大学城一带;九乡河流域生态系统服务价值空间分异发生了明显变化,下游仙林大学城一带低-低分布区快速扩张,而高-高分布区仅在九乡河源头及下游的局部区域有所增加;流域生态服务价值空间自相关表现出明显的尺度效应,随着研究尺度增大,生态服务价值的空间自相关性逐渐增强;九乡河流域生态服务价值的空间分异及其变化主要是由土地开发利用引起,流域土地利用程度对生态服务价值存在明显的负效应.     

中国快速城市化区域生态系统服务价值预测及权衡研究——以佛山市为例

中国快速城市化区域由于经济迅速发展需要以及人类活动不断干扰，导致土地利用变化剧烈，影响生态系统功能发挥和服务供给，给予生态环境带来巨大压力。分析和预测快速城市化区域生态服务价值（Ecosystem Service Value，ESV）时空演变特征、权衡与协同关系，对协调区域可持续发展具有重要意义。通过FLUS（Future Land Use Simulation）模型、价值当量表估算法、皮尔逊相关分析和双变量自相关等方法，分析并预测2005-2025年佛山市土地利用变化对ESV的影响，同时探究2025年多情景下生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明：①2005-2025佛山市土地利用格局变化明显，生态保护情景下土地利用变化程度最缓和。②2005-2015年ESV共下降11.41亿元，经济发展情景下的ESV下降趋势最明显。③供给、调节、支持与文化4种单项ESV，分别下降1.95、5.02、4.08、0.36亿元；生态保护情景下的各项ESV均上升。④生态系统服务之间均存在明显的协同作用，经济发展情景下的协同关系最显著；西南和东北区域主要表现为协同关系，局部区域表现为权衡关系。研究结果可为快速城市化区域生态系统功能调控和生态安全格局构建提供一定的思路。     

Indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services: a synthesis across ecosystems and spatial scales

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, common indicators are needed to monitor the loss of biodiversity and the implications for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. However, a variety of indicators are already being used resulting in many, mostly incompatible, monitoring systems. In order to synthesise the different indicator approaches and to detect gaps in the development of common indicator systems, we examined 531 indicators that have been reported in 617 peer‐reviewed journal articles between 1997 and 2007. Special emphasis was placed on comparing indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services across ecosystems (forests, grass‐ and shrublands, wetlands, rivers, lakes, soils and agro‐ecosystems) and spatial scales (from patch to global scale). The application of biological indicators was found most often focused on regional and finer spatial scales with few indicators applied across ecosystem types. Abiotic indicators, such as physico‐chemical parameters and measures of area and fragmentation, are most frequently used at broader (regional to continental) scales. Despite its multiple dimensions, biodiversity is usually equated with species richness only. The functional, structural and genetic components of biodiversity are poorly addressed despite their potential value across habitats and scales. Ecosystem service indicators are mostly used to estimate regulating and supporting services but generally differ between ecosystem types as they reflect ecosystem‐specific services. Despite great effort to develop indicator systems over the past decade, there is still a considerable gap in the widespread use of indicators for many of the multiple components of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and a need to develop common monitoring schemes within and across habitats. Filling these gaps is a prerequisite for linking biodiversity dynamics with ecosystem service delivery and to achieving the goals of global and sub‐global initiatives to halt the loss of biodiversity.     

闽三角区域生态系统服务重要性评价及其空间分布

基于GIS及RS技术,选取研究区内最重要的水源涵养服务、水土保持服务、生物多样性保护服务、生态系统综合服务为研究对象,采用NPP定量指标评价方法,对4种生态系统服务的重要性进行评价,试图揭示闽三角区域各类生态系统服务重要性分级情况及其空间分布规律。同时,从土地利用以及主控因子识别两方面对形成闽三角区域生态系统服务各重要性级别区域的深层次原因做出科学分析。以最终闽三角生态系统综合服务为例,研究结果表明:(1)极为重要和高度重要的区域面积共占研究区总面积的30.39%,总体分布在闽三角中部偏西南地区的南靖县、平和县以及长泰县境内,其在海拔300—600 m以及坡度10°—20°的环境中面积占比较高。(2)一般重要和较为重要区域总体分布在闽三角东北部沿海地区的泉州市及厦门市范围内,其在海拔900—1800 m以及坡度40°的环境中面积占比较高。(3)随着重要性级别从一般重要到极为重要的提升,其相应重要性级别区域的地理中心由南安市境内出发,逐渐向西方向移动,后经由华安县境内转向西南方向,最终落在南靖县境内。(4)从一般重要区域到极为重要区域,林地和草地的面积占比显著增加,而城乡、工矿、居民用地、耕地以及水域的面积占比则出现明显降低。(5)一般重要区域划分的主要控制因子依次为多年平均净初级生产力、降水因子、土壤渗流能力因子,极为重要区域划分的主要控制因子依次为多年平均净初级生产力、海拔因子、降水因子。     

陇中黄土丘陵区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉时空关系研究——以安定区为例

基于土地利用和社会统计数据,构建了"土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉"多尺度分析框架,从县区和乡镇尺度探讨了定西市安定区1990—2015年土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉的时空权衡/协同关系。结果表明:1990—2015年安定区土地利用强度-生态系统服务-人类福祉关系变化存在区域整体相似性和乡镇局部差异性;土地利用强度的增加,提高了供给服务和生产资料供给福祉,但弱化了调节和支持服务;供给与支持服务权衡主要集中于安定区北部和西南部。该区生态系统服务间的权衡程度较高,不利于生态系统服务保育和居民福祉的持续提升。区域的脱贫致富因立足于提高居民福祉,退耕还林还草、发展特色高效产业、劳务输出等是实现该区社会生态系统的经济收益与生态效益共赢的有效途径。     

基于熵理论的城市生态系统服务流定量评估——以北京市为例

量化评价生态系统的服务功能是合理开发生态资源、实现可持续发展的重要前提.生态系统服务流能够为生态系统服务功能的量化评估提供解决方案.本文以四大生态系统服务类型为框架,构建了城市生态系统服务流评估体系;将生态系统服务流重新分类,引入熵理论,对指标及系统无序度、发展演变方向进行定量评价;并以北京市为研究对象,选择24个因子开展案例研究.结果表明:2004—2015年间,北京城市生态系统服务总熵值为0.794,总熵流为-0.024,系统无序度较大,濒临非健康状态;系统熵值3次取得极值,3个变化周期内系统熵值的年平均变化幅度逐渐增大,说明人为活动对城市生态系统干预强度增大;2007年熵流达到最小值,生态环境质量最高;北京市常住人口总数与城市生态系统熵流拟合函数的决定系数为0.921,说明人口数量与城市生态环境状态有很强的相关性.     

Regional patterns of ecosystem functional diversity in the Argentina Pampas using MODIS time-series

The characterization of ecosystem functioning is significant for different purposes such as biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. A key aspect of ecosystem functioning is carbon gains, since it represents the energy available for upper trophic levels. In this sense, remote-sensing methods have allowed the study of ecosystem dynamics and spatial distribution at different spatial and temporal scales. The objectives were to describe the regional patterns of ecosystem functional diversity and to establish the importance of interannual variability in the definition of Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs) in the Argentina Pampas. EFTs were obtained from carbon gains using a set of seven functional attributes and their interannual variations, which were retrieved from 14-year NDVI time-series. An ISODATA technique was applied to all the analyzed variables, and the clusters that best separate in the n-dimensional space were selected using discriminant analysis. The Argentina Pampas shows a high heterogeneity in the spatial patterns of ecosystem functional attributes. The annual integral of NDVI (i-NDVI, a linear estimator of net primary productivity), a complex of ecosystem functional attributes that describe the interannual variability, and the annual relative range of NDVI (RREL, ecosystem seasonality) had the highest relevance to distinguish nine EFTs in the study area. This study shows a novel approach for mapping ecosystem functioning, which reveals the importance of interannual variations. This methodology includes the effects of climate variability on ecosystem dynamics, thus enhancing our understanding of ecosystem functional diversity. The results obtained represent a baseline scenario to evaluate the effects of both land use change and climate variability on ecosystem functioning from a temporal perspective.     

基于土地利用变化的和田地区生态系统服务价值分析

生态系统服务的可持续利用有利于促进人类福祉。了解土地利用对生态系统服务的影响能为可持续发展生态系统提供科学与针对性指导。基于和田地区2010-2018年土地利用数据,利用单一土地利用动态度,系统分析土地利用变化特征。随后,修改等效系数,并在评估模型中引入支付意愿与支付能力来衡量生态系统服务价值。结果表明：（1）2010-2018年,和田地区土地利用变化较为显著,耕地、城镇村及工矿用地、交通用地均呈增加趋势,园地、林地、草地、水域及未利用地呈减少趋势。（2）在研究期间,研究区生态系统服务价值呈下降趋势,减少了5.89×10⁸元。各地类生态系统服务价值均呈减少趋势,其中水体构成生态系统服务价值的主体。区域生态功能的调节服务 > 支持服务 > 文化服务 > 供给服务,水文调节与废物处理是最主要的单项服务功能。（3）在空间尺度,各县市生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势。民丰县生态系统服务价值最高,和田市生态系统服务价值最低。（4）各土地利用类型的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务价值对价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。研究不仅可以为区域生态补偿提供基础数据,还可以为其他地区开展相关研究工作提供参考。