中国灌木生态系统的干旱化趋势及其对植被生长的影响

大量研究表明,21世纪全球气温将持续升高,干旱将不断加剧,具有超强抗旱能力的灌木在未来的区域乃至全球生态系统过程中将会发挥越来越重要的作用。灌木在我国有着广泛的分布,其总面积超过了我国陆地面积的20%。本研究旨在通过计算中国灌木生态系统的标准化降水蒸散指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI)来分析其干旱变化趋势及其对灌木生态系统植被生长的影响。结果显示,中国灌木生态系统的SPEI在1961—2013年间总体上呈显著地下降趋势,但其趋势在1992年发生了显著变化,这表明中国灌木生态系统正在持续地干旱化,并且在最近二十几年干旱化加剧。我们还分析了不同灌木生态系统EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI)对SPEI变化的响应,结果显示不同的灌木生态系统类型对SPEI变化的响应不同。夏季,高寒荒漠灌木半灌木、温带荒漠灌木半灌木和温带落叶灌木EVI与SPEI变化显著正相关,而亚高山常绿灌木和亚热带常绿灌木EVI则与SPEI的变化显著负相关。温带落叶灌木EVI与春季SPEI变化显著正相关,但却与秋季和冬季的SPEI显著负相关。此外,亚热带常绿灌木EVI还与春季SPEI变化显著正相关。从空间上来看,北方的灌木生态系统比南方的灌木生态系统对干旱的变化更加敏感,同时,南方湿润地区的灌木在生态系统尺度也体现了较强的抗旱能力。在全球持续干旱化的大背景下,研究灌木生态系统EVI对干旱变化的响应将有助于对区域生态系统过程变化的理解。     

Estimating root zone soil moisture at distant sites using MODIS NDVI and EVI in a semi-arid region of southwestern USA

This study investigates the potential of using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to estimate root zone soil moisture at native in-situ measured sites, and at distant sites under the same climatic setting. We obtained in-situ data from Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) sites near the Texas-New Mexico border area, and NDVI and EVI products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on board the Terra satellite. Results show that soil moisture values of the same depth are highly correlated (r = 0.53 to 0.85) among sites as far as 150 km apart, and that NDVI and EVI are highly correlated at the same site (r = 0.87 to 0.91). Correlation based on raw time series of NDVI and soil moisture is in general higher than that based on deseasonalized time series at every depth. The correlation reaches maximum value when vegetation index (VI) lags soil moisture by 5 to 10 days. NDVI shows a slightly higher correlation with soil moisture than EVI does by using the deseasonalized time series of NDVI and soil moisture. It is found that deseasonalized time series of NDVI and soil moisture are correlated at native sites (r = 0.33 to 0.77), but not at sites where soil moisture is very low. Regression analysis was conducted using deseasonalized time series soil moisture and deseasonalized time series NDVI with a 5-day time lag. Regression models developed at one site and applied to a similar distant site can estimate soil moistures, accounting for 50–88% of the variation in observed soil moistures.     

The responses of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest aboveground biomass to Landsat TM spectral reflectance and NDVI

Bamboo is a special forest type in subtropical regions of china. Its huge biomass and carbon storage and its ecological function play an important role in global carbon sink. In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest in Anji county, Zhejiang province, China was selected to examine the relationships between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aboveground biomass (AGB, Kg), This research indicates that (1) near infrared (TM4) and mid-infrared bands (TM5,TM7) are more important in explaining Moso bamboo AGB than the visible bands. In particular, TM band5 has higher path coefficient with AGB than any other TM bands, implying its important role in explaining Moso bamboo AGB; (2) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has weak correlation with Moso bamboo AGB, however, other vegetable indices such as Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), and Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) which are related to soil adjustment parameters are significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB; (3) the new vegetation index developed in this paper is significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB (correlation coefficient is 0.48), and has higher correlation coefficient (R) than any other selected vegetation indices, implying that this new vegetation index can better explain Moso bamboo AGB than any other vegetation indices.     

The responses of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest aboveground biomass to Landsat TM spectral reflectance and NDVI

Bamboo is a special forest type in subtropical regions of china. Its huge biomass and carbon storage and its ecological function play an important role in global carbon sink. In this paper, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest in Anji county, Zhejiang province, China was selected to examine the relationships between Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aboveground biomass (AGB, Kg), This research indicates that (1) near infrared (TM4) and mid-infrared bands (TM5,TM7) are more important in explaining Moso bamboo AGB than the visible bands. In particular, TM band5 has higher path coefficient with AGB than any other TM bands, implying its important role in explaining Moso bamboo AGB; (2) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has weak correlation with Moso bamboo AGB, however, other vegetable indices such as Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), and Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) which are related to soil adjustment parameters are significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB; (3) the new vegetation index developed in this paper is significantly correlated with Moso bamboo AGB (correlation coefficient is 0.48), and has higher correlation coefficient (R) than any other selected vegetation indices, implying that this new vegetation index can better explain Moso bamboo AGB than any other vegetation indices.     

城市边缘区生态脆弱性时空演变——以大连市甘井子区为例

以1998年的土地利用数据和2003、2007、2013 SPOT5遥感数据等多元数据为基础,运用ESC模型结合空间分析法,线性加权方法计算社区的EVI值,并将甘井子区生态脆弱性划分为5个等级;以及运用二乘算法计算变化斜率,F值测算变化显著性,将变化斜率和变化显著性分为4个等级,研究大连市甘井子区1998—2013生态脆弱性的时空分异。结果表明:(1)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性等级分布特征来看,城市边缘区生态环境呈现出相同等级聚集,以邻近沙河口区社区为中心,相邻等级呈现出明显的辐射状,东西方向差异明显的特征。(2)从社区间生态脆弱性差异的角度来看,甘井子内部各社区生态状态差异显著。邻近市区的社区生态脆弱性变化显著生态环境迅速恶化,平均EVI由0.62增加至0.73,变化显著性指数为2.26。远离市区的部分社区生态环境变化不大,生态环境保持良好状态。部分社区EVI变化值呈现负增长,生态逐渐恢复。(3)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性整体变化趋势来看,1998—2013年间甘井子区的生态脆弱性变化与城市化发展速度密切相关,以2007年为节点,1998—2007年平均变化斜率指数为0.51,2007—2013年平均变化斜率指数为0.19,呈现出先快后慢的下降趋势。     

Species Richness and Abundance of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in Huatulco,Oaxaca, Mexico; Relationships with Phenological Changes in the Tropical Dry Forest

Cerambycidae have an important ecological role in initiating the degradation process of dead wood, but few studies have evaluated Cerambycidae community attributes in relation to ecosystem phenology. We surveyed the cerambicid fauna of the tropical dry forest in Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, and explored the relationship of Cerambycidae species richness and abundance with phenological changes in vegetation. We applied three collecting methods of light traps, direct collection, and Malaise traps to survey Cerambycidae throughout 2005. To determine seasonal variations, we collected samples in the dry season month of February in the rainy season of May–July and August–September, and in the transition months of October and November through. We collected and identified 145 species, 88 genera, 37 tribes, and four subfamilies. The subfamily with the highest number of species was Cerambycinae (100 species), and the tribe with the highest number of genera and species was Elaphidiini with 13 genera and 33 species. The ICE non-parametric estimator determined an overall expected richness of 373 species, while the overall Shannon Diversity Index was 4.1. Both species richness and abundance varied seasonally, with the highest values recorded in the rainy season and the lowest in the dry season. Overall species abundance was not significantly correlated to monthly rainfall or EVI neither, only for “direct collecting” the EVI vs Richness and EVI vs Shannon Diversity Index were significantly correlated. We propose that the seemingly contradictory relationships between seasonal richness patterns of Cerambycidae and the greening/senescence of vegetation (EVI) may be explained by the seasonal availability of dead organic matter, flowers, or leafy vegetation that may be synchronized with the behavior of different cerambycid species.     

Using RS/GIS for spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis based on DPSIR framework in the Republic of Tatarstan,Russia

The republic of Tatarstan is one of the most growing state in Russia in terms of industrialization and modernization with various natural disasters and intense human activities which brought dramatic changes in the ecological process and then led to serious ecological vulnerability. Therefore this research work proposed an analytical framework based on remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis at pixel level from 2010 to 2020 and developed a driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework based on 23 indicators by the AHP weight method to compute ecological vulnerability index (EVI). Further, EVI was classified into five levels based on natural breaks in ArcGIS software as potential, slight, light, moderate, and heavy levels. All 23 indicators were generated from different remote sensing and socio-economic data, processed through digital image processing techniques in terms of removing errors, projection, standardization, and results were saved in GIS format. Results indicate that from 2010 to 2020, EVI was continuously increased from 0.419 to 0.429, and its changes associated with regional vulnerability events and their impact in the region. The moderate level EVI was covering the highest area in all three years with very few changes and continuously increasing. Results also indicate that higher human-socio-economic activities and pressure on natural resources increased ecological vulnerability. This research work is useful to identify main causes and responsible indicators for ecological vulnerability as well as suitable for real-time EVI mapping, monitoring at any scale and region.     

The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) as a proxy for diet quality and composition in a mountain ungulate

In recent years, the use of satellite-derived vegetation indices has become a powerful tool to collect information on vegetation dynamics in a broad range of ecosystems worldwide. However, the utility of these indices as indicators of the diet composition and quality of herbivore mammals has not yet been established. This work focuses on exploring such relationships analysing four years of records of monthly Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI, a MOD13 satellite-derived index) and diet composition and quality of two populations of chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in the Eastern Pyrenees (Spain). Our results revealed that 68.4% and 53.3% of diet composition and quality of chamois can be explained by EVI values in the green-up season (spring) and green senescence (winter season), respectively. In both periods, EVI was related mainly to diets low in fibre (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and heather (Calluna vulgaris) and high in nitrogen due to the consumption of Festuca, Forbs and Trifolium. During the summer season however, the EVI was not significantly related to diet components of chamois. A significant inter-year variability in the diets of the chamois was also observed. To conclude, remote sensing is appropriate to assess temporal variations in dietary components of mountain ungulates, and could be used as a component of monitoring large herbivore populations in management programmes.     

2001-2018年中国-老挝交通走廊核心区植被稳定性对极端干旱的响应

中国-老挝交通走廊核心区干旱事件的频繁发生威胁着该区域生态系统的稳定性。基于Palmer干旱指数（PDSI）和增强型植被指数（EVI）数据量化了中老交通走廊核心区不同植被类型的稳定性（年均EVI与其标准差之比）及其对干旱的抵抗力（干旱期间植被结构和功能保持其原始水平的能力）和恢复力（植被恢复到干旱前水平的速度）。结果表明：（1）2001-2018年间,中老交通走廊核心区共发生5次极端干旱事件,出现极端干旱的年份有2005年、2010年、2015年、2016年和2017年,以上年份极端干旱面积占总面积的比例分别为13.37%、47.46%、10.41%、12.00%和3.05%;（2）不同植被类型对极端干旱的响应不同,中老交通走廊核心区内常绿阔叶林的稳定性显著高于其他植被类型,和其他植被类型相比,常绿阔叶林虽然暴露在干旱环境中的时间更长,但其具有更高的稳定性,在维持中老交通走廊核心区的生态系统稳定性上发挥着重要作用;（3）常绿阔叶林和木本稀树草原对极端干旱的抵抗力和恢复力显著高于混交林、草地和农田,研究区内各植被类型对极端干旱的抵抗力与温度和降水呈显著正相关关系。     

基于地表温度-植被指数特征空间的区域土壤干湿状况

土壤干湿状况是监测土地状况的重要指标之一,在水文、气候和生态等多个领域有广泛应用.地表温度-植被指数特征空间(Ts/VI)综合了传感器从可见光到近红外波段的信息,能较好地反映区域土壤干湿状况.以华北平原作为研究区,选择了研究区的云量较少的16幅MODIS产品,包括每日500m地表反射率产品(MOD09GA),每日1km地表温度产品(MOD11A1),建立温度-植被指数特征空间.首先利用线性方程拟合了特征空间的上下边界,改进了计算特征空间的干湿边的方法,并分析了干湿边参数随时间变化的趋势,比较了归一化植被指数(NDVI)和增强型植被指数(EVI)构建的地表温度-植被指数特征空间形状的差异.基于研究区107个土壤湿度站点的数据,讨论分别由Ts/NDVI和Ts/EVI特征空间计算得到的温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,简称TVDI,分别为TVDIN与TVDIE)和土壤湿度的相关性,以此验证TVDI反映区域土壤干湿状况的能力.利用Ts/EVI空间计算得到的TVDI分析了研究区4个时期土壤湿度的5空间分布规律.同时在气象站点尺度上,讨论了TVDI与降水变化的相关性.研究结果表明,TVDI能够反映土壤表层的干湿状况;Ts/EVI空间计算得到的TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性比Ts/NDVI空间计算得到的TVDI与土壤湿度的相关性要高.降水随时间变化的规律和TVDI也有明显的相关性,即:每次连续降水以后TVDI值下降,表明土壤湿度升高;经过一段无降水的时间之后,TVDI值上升,土壤湿度降低.研究区不同时期的TVDIE图表明,TVDIE能够有效的反映土壤湿度的时空差异,是一种有效的实时监测土壤干湿状况的手段.     

High ecosystem stability of evergreen broadleaf forests under severe droughts

Global increase in drought occurrences threatens the stability of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Evergreen broadleaf forests (EBFs) keep leaves throughout the year, and therefore could experience higher drought risks than other biomes. However, the recent temporal variability of global vegetation productivity or land carbon sink is mainly driven by non‐evergreen ecosystems, such as semiarid grasslands, croplands, and boreal forests. Thus, we hypothesize that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes under the increasingly extreme droughts. Here we use long‐term Standardized Precipitation and Evaporation Index (SPEI) data and satellite‐derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) products to quantify the temporal stability (ratio of mean annual EVI to its SD), resistance (ability to maintain its original levels during droughts), and resilience (rate of EVI recovering to pre‐drought levels) at biome and global scales. We identified significantly increasing trends of annual drought severity (SPEI range: ?0.08 to ?1.80), area (areal fraction range: 2%–19%), and duration (month range: 7.9–9.1) in the EBF biome over 2000–2014. However, EBFs showed the highest resistance of EVI to droughts, but no significant differences in resilience of EVI to droughts were found among biomes (forests, grasslands, savannas, and shrublands). Global resistance and resilience of EVI to droughts were largely affected by temperature and solar radiation. These findings suggest that EBFs have higher stability than other biomes despite the greater drought exposure. Thus, the conservation of EBFs is critical for stabilizing global vegetation productivity and land carbon sink under more‐intense climate extremes in the future.     

Validation of MEDALUS Fire Risk Index using Forest Fires Statistics through a multivariate approach

A Fire Risk Index (FIRISK) based on an original land cover/land use nomenclature has been developed in the framework of EU-funded MEDALUS projects and integrated into a composite index of sensitivity to desertification (the so called environmentally sensitive area index: ESAI). The objective of the present study is to introduce a validation approach assessing the correlation between the FIRISK and seven independent fire indicators and quantifying the similarity in their spatial distribution in a study area (Attica, Greece) characterized by high fire risk and fragmented land-use structure. The FIRISK correlated positively with four out of seven fire indicators (average fire size, percentage of burnt area on the total municipal area, percentage of cropland and pastures burnt in each fire) in a non-linear fashion. Cluster analysis indicates that FIRISK spatial distribution was coherent with variables describing both fire size and the use of land endangered by fire. Results of the present study demonstrate that the FIRISK is a reliable indicator of fire risk within the ESAI framework. Moreover, the index is considered a key component of multi-criteria decision support systems classifying land according to the level of fire sensitivity.     

Human EVI9, a homologue of the mouse myeloid leukemia gene, is expressed in the hematopoietic progenitors and down-regulated during myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells

Evi9, a common site of retroviral integration in BXH2 murine myeloid leukemias, encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein and is overexpressed in these leukemic cells. To investigate a possible role of EVI9 in the human hematopoietic system, we isolated the cDNA clone of the human homologue. Human EVI9, located on the chromosome 2p13 region, contains an open reading frame of 797 amino acids that is 98.7% identical to the mouse protein. RT-PCR analysis of purified human hematopoietic cells showed that EVI9 is expressed in CD34-positive myeloid precursors, B cells, monocytes, and megakaryocytes, but only weakly in T lymphocytes, suggesting that EVI9 may play an important role in hematopoiesis. Furthermore, EVI9 was down-regulated during myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells induced by all-trans-retinoic acid, whereas the expression remained during monocytic differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results indicate a distinct role for EVI9 in human hematopoietic cells and suggest that EVI9 may cause leukemia through inhibition of myeloid differentiation.     

江苏长江岸线生态修复评价指标体系研究

通过分析江苏长江岸线生态修复的现状及存在的问题,明确了构建生态修复评价指标体系的必要性。基于江苏长江岸线生态修复的实际情况,借鉴前人相关研究成果及湿地、水生态等领域有关生态评价的规范,提出植物覆盖度、水土保持度、原生植物恢复度、植物物种多样性、护岸型式多样性和岸线曲折度6项关键指标,以及各项指标的定量化确定方法。在此基础上,构建了以前4项为主要指标,其它为附加指标的评价体系,明确了赋分等级和对应分值。分析研究结果表明,6项指标全面系统考虑了长江岸线生态修复对植物生长状态、动物生存条件和岸坡稳定等方面要求;修复评价指标体系通过主要指标和附加指标相结合的方式,既实现了对生态修复效果的定量化评价,又体现了对生态修复工程设计理念的引导,为长江岸线生态修复的有序推进奠定了基础。     

Satellite sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence detects early response of winter wheat to heat stress in the Indian Indo‐Gangetic Plains

Extremely high temperatures represent one of the most severe abiotic stresses limiting crop productivity. However, understanding crop responses to heat stress is still limited considering the increases in both the frequency and severity of heat wave events under climate change. This limited understanding is partly due to the lack of studies or tools for the timely and accurate monitoring of crop responses to extreme heat over broad spatial scales. In this work, we use novel spaceborne data of sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which is a new proxy for photosynthetic activity, along with traditional vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI and Enhanced Vegetation Index EVI) to investigate the impacts of heat stress on winter wheat in northwestern India, one of the world's major wheat production areas. In 2010, an abrupt rise in temperature that began in March adversely affected the productivity of wheat and caused yield losses of 6% compared to previous year. The yield predicted by satellite observations of SIF decreased by approximately 13.9%, compared to the 1.2% and 0.4% changes in NDVI and EVI, respectively. During early stage of this heat wave event in early March 2010, the SIF observations showed a significant reduction and earlier response, while NDVI and EVI showed no changes and could not capture the heat stress until late March. The spatial patterns of SIF anomalies closely tracked the temporal evolution of the heat stress over the study area. Furthermore, our results show that SIF can provide large‐scale, physiology‐related wheat stress response as indicated by the larger reduction in fluorescence yield (SIF_yield) than fraction of photosynthetically active radiation during the grain‐filling phase, which may have eventually led to the reduction in wheat yield in 2010. This study implies that satellite observations of SIF have great potential to detect heat stress conditions in wheat in a timely manner and assess their impacts on wheat yields at large scales.     

基于秦岭样区的四种时序EVI函数拟合方法对比研究

函数曲线拟合方法是植被指数时间序列重建的一个重要方法,已经广泛应用于森林面积动态变化监测、农作物估产、遥感物候信息提取、生态系统碳循环研究等领域。基于秦岭样区多年MODIS EVI遥感数据及其质量控制数据,探讨并改进了时序EVI重建过程中噪声点优化和对原始高质量数据保真能力的评价方法;在此基础上,比较了常用的非对称性高斯函数拟合法(AG)、双Logistic函数拟合法(DL)和单Logistic函数拟合法(SL)。基于SL方法,调整了模型形式并重新定义d的参数意义,提出了最值优化单Logistic函数拟合法(MSL),并与其他3种方法进行对比。结果表明;在噪声点优化及保留原始高质量数据方面,AG方法和DL方法二者整体差别不大,而在部分像元的处理上AG方法表现出更好的拟合效果;MSL方法和SL方法相比于AG方法和DL方法其效果更为突出;在地形气候复杂,植被指数噪声较多的山区,MSL方法表现出更好的适用性。     

基于MODIS-EVI数据和Symlet11小波识别东北地区水稻主要物候期

作物物候信号能够反映温度和降水等变化对植被生长的影响,是进行农作物动态分析和田间管理的重要依据。基于2008年EOS-MODIS多时相卫星遥感数据,研究了我国东北地区水稻的主要物候期的识别方法。首先提取研究区24个农业气象观测站所在位置的MODIS-EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index,增强型植被指数)指数的时间序列;同时利用小波滤波消除时间序列上的噪音,小波滤波选用函数包含Daubechies(7-20),Coiflet(3-5)和Symlet(7-15)共26种类型。然后根据水稻移栽期、抽穗期和成熟期在EVI时间序列上的表现特征来识别水稻主要物候期。最后与东北地区24个站点水稻物候观测资料对比并分析误差。结果表明,Symlet11小波滤波的效果最好,其移栽期识别结果的误差绝大部分在±16 d,抽穗期和成熟期识别结果的误差在±8 d。表明通过此方法可以较好地识别东北水稻主要物候期,并可进一步应用到整个东北地区水稻的物候空间分布和时间变化特征研究上。