基于土地利用变化和生态系统服务的海岸带生态安全综合评价——以胶州湾为例

以土地利用为主的陆域开发活动能改变近海环境质量,并影响和改变原有海岸带生态系统服务功能的供给模式,对海岸带生态安全产生一定的负面影响.目前在海岸带生态系统研究领域较多采用陆地生态系统研究模式,未能真正体现海岸带作为海陆结合的独立的环境体系的特点,并缺乏对陆域活动驱动与生态系统服务功能响应和生态安全实现之间复杂关系的科学解释.本研究基于海岸带生态系统服务的空间异质性和流动性特点,以“土地利用变化(LUCC)-生态系统服务(ES)-生态系统安全”为研究主线,构建海岸带生态安全评价模型,探讨以土地覆被变化为主的陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响机理及其时空变异规律.从模型的评价结果上看,作为生态安全系统中主要压力表征的胶州湾陆域土地利用变化,与相应海域内的生态系统服务状况和生态安全状态呈现出一定的相关性和趋势性.随着环胶州湾地区城市化进程中大量用地流转为城乡建设用地,胶州湾中相应海域的生态系统服务状态下降,进而带来该海域生态安全状态恶化.本文所提出的基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架的海陆结合的生态安全评价模型,以探讨陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响及其时空变异规律为目的,可以克服目前研究中只关注陆域部分而忽视陆域活动与海域部分之间的联系和相互影响的缺陷,对海岸带生态安全评价研究具有一定的改进作用.     

城镇化对新疆土地利用碳排放的影响及其耦合关系

推进绿色城镇化和发展低碳经济是实现区域可持续发展的关键。运用综合指标法和碳排放模型分别对2000-2018年新疆14个地(州、市)的城镇化水平和土地利用碳排放进行测度,并基于偏最小二乘法和耦合协调度模型对二者的影响机理和耦合关系进行探讨。结果表明:(1)新疆各地(州、市)的新型城镇化水平差异显著,2018年乌鲁木齐市最高(83.43%),克州最低(18.15%),且城镇化的主导类型以人口城镇化→土地城镇化→经济城镇化→社会城镇化的发展顺序转变;(2)新疆土地利用碳效应由负转正,净碳排放量年均增速达7.86×10⁶ t/a,变异系数以2004年为折点,呈倒"V"型变化趋势,2004年后各地(州、市)碳消耗的相对差异逐渐缩小。(3)经济、社会、土地是城镇化影响区域土地利用碳排放的3个重要维度,人均国内生产总值、第二产业增加值、社会消费品零售总额、全社会固定资产投资总额、建成区面积是其中的极重要因素。(4)各地(州、市)城镇化与土地利用碳排放的耦合度、耦合协调度均呈上升趋势,二者具有良好的共振性,且趋于同步发展,表明新疆城镇化发展过程中能源消耗的负向作用日益凸出。最后为提高新疆碳排放效率,促进城镇化绿色发展提出了建议和对策。     

北方常见农业土地利用方式对土壤螨群落结构的影响

土壤螨群落与土壤健康状况密切相关,农业土地利用方式会影响土壤螨的生存环境,进而影响螨的群落分布。在北方传统农业区研究了小麦玉米常规轮作农田,1年温室蔬菜大棚、4年温室蔬菜大棚和4年露天菜地下土壤主要理化指标和螨群落结构。研究结果表明露天菜地和温室大棚的利用方式均会提高土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,同时温室大棚的长期利用会增加土壤有效磷含量。螨群落分析显示常规农田中甲螨亚目为优势类群;常规农田转变为温室大棚后,由于施肥造成土壤营养物质含量增加,以及人类对土壤扰动程度的提高,无气门亚目取代甲螨亚目成为温室内螨优势类群。但随着温室年限的延长,螨多样性和粉螨科丰度都要有所下降,这可能是磷累积和强扰动效应的共同后果。常规农田转变为露天菜地后,加强的人类扰动也会降低甲螨亚目丰度,但与温室螨群落相比,4个亚目分布要相对均匀。温室在3种土地利用类型中对土壤螨的负面影响最为明显,从土壤功能的自我维持和修复方面来讲是十分不利的,温室内土壤生物多样性的保护尤其值得人们关注和重视。     

山东半岛城市群城镇化与生态环境耦合协调发展的时空格局

城镇化与生态环境耦合协调发展研究,是目前国际研究的热点与前沿领域。以山东半岛城市群为研究对象,建立城镇化系统和生态环境系统指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型定量分析山东半岛城市群2000—2016年城镇化与生态环境耦合协调发展时空格局。结果表明:(1)2000—2016年城镇化水平不断提高,多年平均值表现为空间城镇化>人口城镇化>经济城镇化>社会城镇化,生态环境水平呈现出波动中上升的趋势,生态压力子系统曲线下降,生态状态和生态保护子系统曲线不断上升,生态环境总体有了一定的改善和提高;(2)2000—2016年耦合协调度逐渐增强,依次经历了严重不协调、基本不协调、基本协调、中度协调、高级协调5个阶段,实现了从极度不协调向优质协调的转变,子系统耦合协调特征从严重不协调-城镇化滞后型向高级协调-生态环境滞后型演变;(3)17地市城镇化以中等水平城镇化区为主要类型,高水平城镇化区集中在济南、青岛"双核"地区和北部的东营,较低水平城镇化区范围逐渐缩小,低水平城镇化区消失;生态环境优质区主要集中在东部沿海城市带威海、青岛、烟台、日照和中部泰安,生态环境中等区从胶济城市带轴线向南北扩散,...     

中国农用地集约度与农业气候适宜度的空间关系研究

通过构建指标体系,对全国30个省(区、市)农用地集约度做了评价计算;基于前人的研究成果,运用空间插值的方法计算了农业气候适宜度;并在此基础上对二者的空间关系进行了研究。主要结论是:(1)总体而言,我国农用地集约度东部地区大于西部地区,农业气候适宜度由东南向西北递减。从某种程度上说,农业气候适宜度制约着我国农用地集约度的空间布局,但是集约度的提高也可以改变农用地集约利用对气候条件的依赖性。(2)1995～2005年我国农用地集约度总体提高12.6%;农业气候适宜度低的省(区、市)提高最明显,适宜度中等的省(区、市)次之,适宜度高的省(区、市)最不明显。(3)根据农业气候适宜度的空间关系,就因地制宜地对农用地进行集约经营提出两点建议。     

The influence of rapid urbanization and land use changes on terrestrial carbon sources/sinks in Guangzhou,China

Complex changes in carbon sources and sinks caused by rapid urbanization have been observed with extensive changes in the quantity, structure, and spatial pattern of land use types. Based on the modified Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach model and on gray relational analysis, we analyzed the influence of land use changes on carbon sinks and emissions in Guangzhou from 2000 to 2012. The aim was to identify suitable options for built-up land expansion that would allow for minimal carbon losses. The key results were as follows: (1) Built-up land increased by 118.91% in Guangzhou city over the study period, with this expansion taking the form of concentric circles extending around the old Yuexiu district. (2) Carbon emissions over the period of analysis significantly exceeded carbon sink capabilities. The total carbon sink decreased by 30.02%, from 535.40 × 10³ t to 374.6 × 10³ t. Total carbon emissions increased by 1.89 times, from 13.73 × 10⁶ t to 39.67 × 10⁶ t; 80% of carbon emissions were derived from energy consumption. (3) There were large differences in the extent of carbon sink losses at different scales of built-up land expansion and land use change. In Guangzhou, the loss of carbon sink is small when cultivated land (though not prime farmland) and water bodies are converted to built-up land on a small scale. The loss of carbon sink is much smaller when grasslands are converted to built-up land on a large scale. However, forested land, which has excellent carbon sink functions, should not be converted. (4) Changes in carbon sinks were mainly affected by natural factors and land urbanization. Changes in carbon emissions were mainly affected by population urbanization, economic urbanization, and land urbanization. (5) To achieve “economical and intensive use of land”, “urban growth boundary” and “ecological red lines” should be determined for government policies on land use management. These factors have great significance for “increasing carbon sinks and reducing carbon emissions” in urban ecological systems.     

Impact of urbanization on pollution-related agricultural input intensity in Hubei,China

Agricultural input intensity increases significantly during the rapid urbanization in China, which has contributed to the increasingly serious non-point pollution. Using the vector autoregression (VAR) model, this study analyzes the impact of urbanization on pollution-related agricultural input intensity in Hubei, China. Results of an impulse response function analysis reveal that pesticide use intensity continues to rise following shocks from the urban population proportion and the secondary and tertiary industry proportion. Responses of chemical fertilizer intensity first decrease and then increase subjected to the shocks from the urban population proportion and secondary and tertiary industry proportion. The intensity of agricultural plastic film use first increases and then decreases when receives the shocks from the urban population proportion which is the opposite to the response to the shock from the secondary and tertiary industry proportion. In addition, the responses of pesticide use intensity, chemical fertilizer use intensity and agricultural plastic film use intensity trend decrease following their own shocks after positive initial responses. The variance decomposition results demonstrate that the shocks due to pesticide use intensity, chemical fertilizer use intensity and agricultural plastic film use intensity generally explain the largest proportion of their own variation over the 10-year horizon. However, an increase in the urban population proportion plays a critical role in determining the variations of pesticide use intensity in late periods, it account for 56.88% the variations in the tenth period. And the contribution of the urban population proportion to the variations in agricultural plastic film use intensity increases consistently, it account for 33.74% of the variations in the tenth period. Therefore, the hidden drivers of these phenomena need to be further understood regarding the relationships between urbanization and diffuse pollution from agricultural production.     

Ecological and environmental effects of land use change in rapid urbanization: The case of hangzhou,China

Land use changes sharply under rapid urbanization, yet its ecological and environmental effects are often neglected in land use decisions. Using the case of Hangzhou, China, we analyze the ecological and environmental effects of land use changes, including ecosystem services value (ESV) and carbon emissions, based on Landsat TM images from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014. We found significant ecological and environmental effects of land use changes under rapid urbanization. The value of ecosystem services in Hangzhou decreased from 546.7 million USD in 1995 to 448.97 million USD in 2014, and the ratio of ESV to GDP decreased from 5.8% to 0.6%. The net carbon emissions associated with land use changes increased from 4.26 million tons in 1995 to 15.10 million tons in 2014, mainly due to the increase of built-up land carbon emissions and the decrease of forest land carbon sink. The ESV is unevenly distributed spatially and low ESV spread from the central to the peripheral area. We use scenario analysis to illustrate that economic growth and environmental protection could be coordinated by bringing ecological and environmental effects into land use decisions.     

中国未来土地利用变化对地上植被生物量的影响

土地利用变化通过改变生态系统结构对植被生物量产生很大影响.采用土地利用动态模型模拟了沿历史趋势情景(未来土地利用面积变化由1988-2005年的历史趋势推衍而来)和规划情景下(未来土地利用面积变化基于国家尺度上的土地利用规划来制定)中国至2030年土地利用变化的时空分布格局,基于此格局并结合密度法估算了植被生物量空间分布.模拟结果表明:沿历史趋势情景下,森林面积将减少,但随着林龄的增长,森林生物量密度增加,至2030年中国植被生物量为14619 Tg,比2005年增加了251.19 Tg;规划情景下,森林面积将增加,至2030年中国植被生物量为15468Tg,比2005年增加了1100Tg.在规划情景下,由于人工林面积较大,林龄普遍较低,导致至2030年植被生物量密度低于沿历史趋势情景,因此规划情景下中国植被作为碳汇的潜力更大.     

快速城镇化地区土地利用及生态效率测算与分析

如何以较小的生态资源损耗获得较大的经济社会效益,是我国新型城镇化与生态文明建设关注的核心议题之一。以快速城镇化的湖北省为典型研究区,引入随机前沿分析(Stochastic Frontier Analysis,SFA)测度各县域的土地利用效率、生态绩效指数和生态效率。结果表明:(1)对比分析非约束模型与约束模型的检验结果可知,前者在本研究中有更好的解释能力,加入生态变量后县域土地利用效率平均值增加1.4%;(2)湖北省县域土地利用效率平均值为0.882,土地利用效率总体水平较高,且生态绩效指数(Ecological Performance Index,EPI)大于0的县域占75.73%,EPI随着土地利用效率(Land Use Efficiency,LUE)的增加表现出先增后减的倒U型变化;(3)湖北省县域的生态效率(Ecological Efficiency,EE)分布在0.778-0.989之间,空间格局特征明显,效率高值县域在空间上呈现出以武汉城市圈和沿长江、汉江为点轴的A型分布特征。本研究揭示了快速城镇化区域土地利用、生态系统和经济效益之间的关系,可为新型城镇化发展、土地资源高效利用和生态资源保护提供参考。     

深圳市大鹏半岛土地利用变化对植被覆盖动态的影响

城市化背景下的植被覆盖动态研究对于区域生态保护工作具有重要的指导意义.利用深圳市1995-2007年的遥感数据以及1996和2007年土地变更调查资料,基于归一化植被指数轨迹追踪分析和叠图代数计算方法,对大鹏半岛植被覆盖动态类型及其空间分异、土地利用变化结构和格局特征以及土地利用变化与植被覆盖动态之间的响应关系进行研究.结果表明：1995-2007年,研究区65%的地区植被覆盖发生显著改变,植被覆盖状况总体趋于好转;城市化和商品农业发展是该区土地利用动态变化的主要成因,研究时段内31%的地表发生了用地功能转变;土地利用变化是区内植被覆盖发生改变的重要成因之一,约35%的植被覆盖出现退降过程区域与土地功能转变有关;55%的用地功能转变区域因机械干扰导致植被覆盖退化,但至研究期末,大多数退化区域已经进入植被覆盖显著改善阶段.     

Effects of agricultural land use on water chemistry of mire pools in the Ishikari Peatland, northern Japan

Concomitant with farmland development in the Ishikari Peatland of northern Japan, deterioration of water chemistry has become increasingly evident at mire pools there. Using spatial analysis methods with a geographic information system and a statistical methodology, this study examined the effects of agricultural land use on the pool water chemistry. A water chemistry survey of several pools showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-solid concentrations were remarkably higher than those in pools that had been undisturbed or less-disturbed by land-use development. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to summarize water chemistry variables. Correlation analysis was conducted between the principal component (PC) scores and land-use variables to clarify land-use effects. Results of the PCA showed that the water chemistry variances were accounted for by the first two PCs: PC1 included farmland subsurface drainage containing nitrogen, specifically nitrate, and mineral ions; PC2 included farmland surface drainage containing soil particles and ammonium nitrogen. These PC scores were also affected by the number of inflow ditches and the total area of farmland located within the drainage catchment of inflow ditches leading to the pools. Results suggest that farmland subsurface and surface drainage water flowing into the pools degraded the water chemistry. The extent of the effects of drainage water depended on agricultural practices such as fertilizer application and paddy-field puddling (i.e., mechanical homogenization of water-saturated soil). Accordingly, water chemistry of the study pools was affected by agricultural practices and by the amount of farmland in the drainage basin, engendering eutrophication, and the deterioration of water chemistry. Therefore, preservation of water chemistry necessitates changes in agricultural practices, such as improving fertilizer application methods, along with measures related to land-use planning such as changing the drainage ditches’ flow direction.     

土地利用变化对海南土壤水源涵养功能的影响

热带地区已有大量原始林转变为其他土地利用类型,影响了陆地生态系统的水源涵养功能.为了明确热带原始林转变为其他土地类型对土壤水源涵养功能的影响,在海南中部山区选择4种典型土地利用类型,包括林龄大于100年的原始林(VF)、10年生次生林(SF)、12年生槟榔林(AF)和35年生橡胶林(RF),评估土地利用变化对土壤持水性能和水源涵养功能指数(SWI)的影响.结果表明: 与原始林相比,表层土壤(0～10 cm)中,其他土地类型土壤持水性能指标均降低,12年槟榔林各土层指标均最低.土壤含水量和最大持水量与植被郁闭度、土壤有机质和土壤容重显著相关,表明郁闭度、土壤有机质和紧实度的改变是土壤持水性能变化的重要原因.与原始林相比,次生林、槟榔林和橡胶林土壤水源涵养功能分别减少27.7%、54.3%和11.5%,不同土层的差异各异,橡胶林仅表层土壤水源涵养功能显著降低.植被郁闭度、土壤有机质和土壤容重可解释土壤水源涵养功能变量的83.3%.土地利用转变显著改变了土壤持水性能和土壤水源涵养功能,相比12年槟榔林,35年橡胶林能更好地保持土壤水分,土地管理中增加土壤有机质和减少土壤紧实度可改善土壤持水性能及水源涵养功能.     

快速城市化过程中杭州市土地利用景观格局动态

基于1996、2000、2003和2006年杭州市SPOT高分辨率影像,运用多时相直接主成分分析（PCA）与合成分类器相结合的方法准确获取了研究区土地利用变化信息,并利用景观格局指数分析了研究期间杭州市土地利用景观格局的演化过程及特征.结果表明：1996—2006年间,快速城市化过程引发了研究区巨大的景观转化,在人为活动的强烈干扰下,景观格局已由1996年的以农业景观为主逐步变成2006年的以人工景观为主,且景观格局动态呈现多样性和复杂性;期间,耕地景观受城市化的影响最为严重,已经大规模、连片消失;园地景观本身规模很小,人为干预对其斑块结构的影响不是非常明显;林地景观主要呈大面积斑块聚集分布,景观格局对人为干扰的响应不是很敏感;水体景观受人为活动的影响很大,但由于是成片的消失,水体景观的破碎程度变化不明显;该区城市用地是变化规模最大、变化速度最快的景观类型,城市化过程对其结构产生了显著影响.     

The impact of agricultural land use changes on soil organic carbon dynamics in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of China

Aims

Over recent decades, a large uncultivated area has been converted to woodland and shrubland plantations to protect and restore riparian ecosystems in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area, a water source area of China’s Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Besides water quality, afforestation may alter soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and stock in terrestrial ecosystems, but its effects remain poorly quantified and understood.

Methods

We investigated soil organic C and nitrogen (N) content, and δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N values of organic soil in plant root-spheres and open areas in an afforested, shrubland and adjacent cropped soil. Soil C and N recalcitrance indexes (RIC and RIN) were calculated as the ratio of unhydrolyzable C and N to total C and N.

Results

Afforestation significantly increased SOC levels in plant root-spheres with the largest accumulation of C in the afforested soil. Afforestation also increased belowground biomass. The C:N ratios in organic soil changed from low to high in the order the cropped, the shrubland and the afforested soil. The RIC in the afforested and shrubland were higher than that in cropped soil, but the RIN increased from the afforested to shrubland to cropped soil. The δ¹⁵N values of the organic soil was enriched from the afforested to shrubland to cropped soil, indicating an increased N loss from the cropped soil compared to afforested or shrubland soil. Changes in the δ¹³C ratio further revealed that the decay rate of C in the three land use types was the highest in the cropped soil.

Conclusions

Afforestation increased the SOC stocks resulted from a combination of large C input from belowground and low C losses because of decreasing soil C decomposition. Shifts in vegetation due to land use change could alter both the quantity and quality of the soil C and thus, have potential effects on ecosystem function and recovery.     

新疆城镇化与土地资源产出效益的空间分异及其协调性

通过探索性空间分析以及协调发展度函数对1995-2008年新疆城镇化水平和土地资源产出效益的空间效应及两者之间的协调发展程度进行了系统分析,得出结论:(1)新疆各县市城镇化水平和土地资源产出效益在空间上均呈现明显的空间集聚。总体而言天山北坡和南疆铁路沿线是城镇化和土地资源产出效益热点相对集中的区域。(2)从协调发展度来看,整体上呈现纺锤体结构,"弱者恒弱"的马太效应难以打破,南北疆城镇呈现不同的演变轨迹。(3)将新疆所有城镇分为同步协调型、城镇化滞后型、土地效益滞后型、逐步磨合型、低级协调型五种类型,其中同步协调型城镇较少,其他类型的城镇数量较为均等。     

成都平原不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面钾素分布的影响

为探索快速城市化背景下土地利用方式变化对土壤剖面钾素变化的影响,本研究选取成都平原4种典型土地利用方式(稻-麦、稻-蔬、稻-油和园林),基于187个土壤剖面数据,分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤剖面速效钾、缓效钾、矿物钾和全钾4种不同形态钾的含量特征及相互关系.结果表明: 从表层土壤来看,相较传统轮作(稻-麦、稻-油)而言,土地利用方式显著影响了土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量变化,稻-蔬轮作提高了表层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,园林用地则加剧了土壤速效钾和缓效钾的消耗.对于较为稳定的土壤矿物钾和全钾而言,其含量在不同土地利用方式间均无显著差异.从深层土壤来看,稻-蔬轮作方式下速效钾含量随土层加深下降最为明显,传统轮作土壤速效钾含量显著高于园林用地,缓效钾变化趋势与速效钾相反.不同土地利用方式土壤矿物钾和全钾含量差异较小.在4种土地利用方式中,稻-蔬轮作方式下表层土壤速效钾和缓效钾占全钾比例相对其他3种土地利用方式较高,20～40 cm土层,不同土地利用方式下速效钾占全钾比例均显著下降,缓效钾随土层向下比例变化与速效钾变化趋势恰好相反.矿物钾占全钾比例在不同土地利用方式下无显著差异.可见,不同土地利用方式对成都平原土壤速效钾和缓效钾在剖面中的分布具有显著影响.     

银川盆地土地利用变化对景观格局脆弱性的影响

景观格局脆弱性能反映生态系统的不稳定性和对外界干扰的敏感性,有助于了解生态环境的状态和变化趋势.以银川盆地为研究对象,结合景观敏感性和景观适应性2个维度获取2001和2013年研究区景观格局脆弱度的分布情况,并探讨土地利用程度综合指数、综合土地利用动态度、土地利用变化重要性指数和多种土地转移类型对景观格局脆弱度的影响.结果表明： 土地利用程度综合指数的增加主要由耕地、林地、建设用地引起,耕地、林地的比例越高脆弱度越低,建设用地作用相反;随着综合土地利用类型动态度的增加,建设用地显著提高景观格局脆弱度,其次是草地,林地显著降低景观格局脆弱度,其次是耕地;随着土地利用变化重要性指数的增加,耕地显著降低景观格局脆弱度,其次是林地,草地有较弱趋势,规律不明显,建设用地显著提高景观格局脆弱度;耕地、林地、草地为主要转移类型时,建设用地的增加会提高景观格局脆弱度,建设用地为主要转移类型时,林地和草地会提高景观格局脆弱度,耕地作用相反.土地利用类型数量的变化在一定程度上可以影响土地空间结构变化,为合理开发利用土地资源提供参考依据.三元图能有效地反映多种土地利用变化类型对景观格局脆弱度的影响,丰富了土地利用变化研究的内容.